chapter 5 exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) problem set 4
DESCRIPTION
Syntax Slide. Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) Problem Set 4 Goals for syntax chapter Not responsible for Section 4 (Verb raising) or how to do passive sentences You should know how to do the following: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) Problem Set 4
Goals for syntax chapter Not responsible for Section 4 (Verb raising) or how to do passive sentences You should know how to do the following:
identify the lexical/syntactic category of word construct phrases and simple sentences and sentences with embedded sentences (draw trees for these structures) apply different movement operations to derive surface structure forms from deep structure
Syntax
Slide
Syntax The part of the grammar that combines words into sentences The study of the system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation.The goal of syntax is to come up with universal principles (Universal Grammar) that describes all languages phrase formation proceduresSyntax is responsible for the hierarchical structure of phrases and their creation
1
Syntax
Slide
Syntactic Categories Lexical categories: Noun (N), Verb (V), Adjective (A), Preposition (P) and Adverb (Adv) Nonlexical Categories: Determiner (Det); Auxiliary Verb (Aux) - Modal and Nonmodal; Conjunction (Con); Degree word (Deg) Table 5.1, p. 153 Harder to define nonlexical words (the or so compared to hill or book) Some words can belong to more than one category - examples? like/fond
Syntax
Syntax
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Syntax
Syntax
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Lexical:words that have semantic contentwords that can be inflectedan open class to which new members can be addedincludes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions
SyntaxNonlexical:words that have gramatical functionwords that do not have morphologywords that resist changea closed class to which new members are not addedincludes determiners, auxiliary verbs, degree words, qualifiers, pronouns, conjunctions, complementizers, and particles
Syntax
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SyntaxHow to determine syntactic category - MEANINGNoun = person, place or thing (Jeff, classroom, book)Verb = action, sensation, state of being (run, loves, sees, be)Adjective = describes a noun (green, ugly)Adverb = describes a verb (quickly, slowly)Preposition = describes physical location (to, for, from, on, in)
Syntax
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SyntaxHow to determine syntactic category – INFLECTION TESTOnly certain inflectional suffixes attach to certain lexical categoriesThere are some words that belong to these syntactic categories that do not take these suffixes (*funner, *intelligenter)
Category Inflectional Affix
Examples
N (Noun) plural -s books, chairs, doctors
possessive -’s John’s, (the) man’s
V (Verb) past tense -ed arrived, melted, hopped
progressive -ing arriving, melting, hopping
3rd person sing. -s arrives, melts, hops
A (Adjective)
comparative -er taller, faster, smarter
superlative -est tallest, fastest, smartest
Syntax
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SyntaxHow to determine syntactic category – DISTRIBUTION - SPECIFIERSDeterminer = specifies a noun (the, a, these, that)Adverbs = specifies a verb (always, often, never)Degree = specifies an adjective or preposition (very, quite, really)So you can tell a N if it can occur after a DetA V can occur with an Aux verbAn Adjective with a degree word
Syntax
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SyntaxNoun phrases (NP)presidents - contains only the head nounthe presidents - contains a specifier and head nounpresidents of the USA - contains the head N and a complement prepositional phrasethe presidents of the USA - contains a specifier, head N, complement PP
The complement PP of the USA contains the head P of and a complement NP. The NP the USA contains the specifier and head N
Syntax
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SyntaxVerb Phrases (VP)sings - contains only the head verboften sings - contains a specifier and head verbsings a ballad - contains the head V and a complement NPoften sings a ballad - contains a specifier, head V, complement NP
The complement NP a ballad contains the head N ballad and specifier a.
Syntax
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SyntaxAdjective Phrases (AP)happy - contains only the head adjective (A)very happy - contains a specifier and head Ahappy with the results - contains the head A and a complement PPvery happy with the results - contains a specifier, head A, complement PP
The complement PP with the results contains the head P and complement NP the results. The NP contains specifier and head N.
Syntax
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SyntaxPrepositional Phrases (PP)in - contains only the head preposition (P)almost in - contains a specifier and head Pin the car - contains the head P and a complement NPalmost in the car - contains a specifier, head P, complement NP
The complement NP the car contains the head N and specifier.
Syntax
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SyntaxPhrase structure rules
The preceding examples show that any given phrase can be composed of a mandatory head and optional complement and optional specifier. This is written as:
XP (Spec) X (Comp)
The optional components are written in ()s.
From previous examples we have the following:
Can you think of any other possibilities?
AP (Deg) A (PP)
PP (Deg) P (NP)
NP (Det) N (PP)
VP (Adv) V (NP)
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure - units of words, but not sentences = phrases Each phrase consists of the head, a specifier and a complement
The way the book groups phrases is called X' (X bar) where X stands for whatever category you’re dealing with (Noun, Verb, etc)
XP
X'
X (Complement)head
(Specifier)
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure The heads of a phrase are mandatory
NP
N′
N
dog
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Specifiers can occur before the head (in English) and are optional
the
Det
NP
N′
N
dog
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Complements can occur after the head (in English) and are optional
the
Det
NP
N′
N
dog in the house
PP
s are only used when it is not necessary to show the internal structure of that phrase. Assume that it is NOT OK to use s.
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Rules XP (specifier) X (complement)*
the
Det
NP
N′
N
dog in the house
PP
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Rules AP Deg A
quite
Deg
AP
A′
A
happy
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Rules VP Adv V
always
Adv
VP
V′
V
eats
Syntax
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Syntax Phrase Structure Rules PP P NP
couch
NP
PP
P′
P
on Det N'
Nthe
Syntax
Slide 20
Syntax VP Deg V PP; PP P NP
couch
NP
PP
P′
P
on Det N'
Nthe
always
Adv
VP
V′
V
eats
MERGE
Syntax
Slide 21
Syntax VP Deg V PP; PP P NP
couch
NP
PP
P'
P
on Det N'
Nthe
always
Adv
VP
V'
V
eats
Syntax
Slide 22
Simple sentences
The sentence or IP is the highest level in the sentence structure.
These elements are mandatory for an English Sentence.
IP NP (subject ) I’ (inflection)
I’ I VP (predicate)
I + or - Past and/or a Modal
Lines will never intersect
NP to the left
VP to the right
Syntax
Slide 23
Steps in drawing trees. • Step 1 - assign each word to the appropriate category.
Syntax
Syntax
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Steps in drawing trees. • Step 2 – working from right to left (for English), write the
appropriate phrasal structure. Specifiers go directly to XP level.
Syntax
Syntax
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Steps in drawing trees. • Step 3 – There is no complement for the NP that man so move on to the
previous VP. The NP is a complement for the VP so attach the NP to V′
Syntax
Syntax
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Steps in drawing trees. • Step 4 – The VP is not a complement of the NP. Draw the final
NP.
Syntax
Syntax
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Steps in drawing trees. • Step 5 – Connect the predicate VP and the subject NP as the
complement and specifier (respectively) of IP
Syntax
Syntax
Slide 28
Sentences (IP)
Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book
The students hated the textbook
NDetVDet N
Syntax
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Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book
The students hated the textbook
NDetVDet N
N'
NP
Syntax
Slide 30
Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book
The students hated the textbook
NDetVDet N
N'
NP
V'
VP
Syntax
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Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book
The students hated the textbook
NDetVDet N
N'
NP
V'
VP
I'
+PstI
IP
Syntax
Slide 32
The students hated the textbook
N
N'
NP
DetVDet N
V'
VP
I'
+PstI
IP
N'
NP
Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book
Syntax
Slide 33
The students will hate the textbook
N
N'
NP
DetVDet N
V'
VP
I'
- PstI
IP
N'
NP
Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students will hate the book
Syntax
Slide 34
Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The housewives kept the secrets
The housewives kept the secrets
N
N'
NP
DetVDet N
V'
VP
I'
+PstI
IP
N'
NP
Syntax
Slide 35
Sentences (IP)Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The housewives can keep the secrets
The housewives can keep the secrets
N
N'
NP
DetVDet N
V'
VP
I'
- PstI
IP
N'
NP
Syntax
Slide 36
SubcategorizationFancy term for what complements any XP can or must take
Verbs that can take a complement are transitive (eat, read, look) She read a book
Verbs that do not are intransitive (sleep, lie, laugh) He slept
See Table 5.5, p. 163 for what complements certain verbs can take
Syntax
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Complement Clauses (embedded sentences)
Think about this sentence I wonder if she will take the test.
How do we incorporate the second sentence: she will take the test?This second sentence (called a complement clause or CP) is serving as the
complement of the V wonderLike all other syntactic structures, CPs consist of: CP C ' and C ' C IP Words such as that, whether and if are known as complementizers (C).The specifier position is open for Move operations (discussed later)Matrix clauses are the largest clause that contain the CP(s)
[I wonder [if she will take the test.]]
Syntax
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Example of a complement clause
Syntax
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Example of a complement clause
Syntax
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If we want to keep the structures the same for the theory, then it is posited that all IPs are actually CPs with or without a C (like we have I whether or not it actually gets filled with a surface form).
A Bit Theoretically Bizarre
Syntax
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Following our rules for sentence structure how do we account for questions?
Is the man intelligent?
Can you come to dinner?
In the first example, there is no NP to the left of the IP and in the second, the modal is before the subject.
To explain this we will use the theory of: Deep Structure.
Questions?
Syntax
Slide 42
Deep Structure
Accounting for sentences such as questions and passives with a new set of rules would be messy.
Transformational grammar accounts for the differences with transformations (move). All sentences in deep structure (before the move) will follow our previous phrasal rules.
How do we know deep structure exists?
Syntax
Slide 43
Arguments for Deep Structure
What will you say?
In this sentence What is functioning as the object of the sentence.
This can be demonstrated by trying to add an object after the verb.
* What will you say goodbye.
In this sentence, the verb requires an object, so omitting it in the non-question form does not work
* You will say
Syntax
Slide 44
Arguments for Deep Structure
Deep structure for this sentence is You will say what?
To arrive at deep structure Merge -> Deep Structure Deep Structure -> Move Surface structure
Surface structure trees must show traces of units original position.
Syntax
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D-Structure and S-Structure
Syntax
Slide 46
Movement
2 types of movement:Inversion (yes/no question)
That guy should eat an apple Should that guy t eat an apple?
Wh- Movement + Inversionthe students should read what for class What should the students t read t for class?
Syntax
Slide 47
Movement - Inversion
studentthat should study
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
Syntax
Slide 48
Movement - Inversion
studentthat t study
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
should
I-pst
Syntax
Slide 49
Movement - Inversion and Do insertion
studentthat studied
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I+pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
did study
Syntax
Slide 50
Movement - Inversion and Do insertion
studentthat study
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I+pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
I+pst
did t
Syntax
Slide 51
Movement - Inversion and Wh- movement
studentthat
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
should study
N
N'
syntax
NP
Syntax
Slide 52
Movement - Inversion and Wh- movement
studentthat
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
t study
N
N'
syntax
NPI
-pst
should
Syntax
Slide 53
Movement - Inversion and Wh- movement
studentthat
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
t study
N
N'
what
NPI-pst
should
Syntax
Slide 54
Movement - Inversion and Wh- movement
studentthat
VDet
V'
VP
I'
I-pst N
N'
NP
IP
CP
C '
C+Q
t study
N
N'
t
NPI-pst
should
N
N'
what
NP
Syntax
Slide 55
Practice Identifying D-Structure & S-Structure
In order to get the deep structure from the surface structure, follow these steps:
YOU SEE: YOU THINK: YOU DO:
A modal auxiliary verb ahead of the subject.
Inversion has taken place.
Put the modal aux back into its deep structure position in I.
A wh word or phrase. Wh Movement had taken place.
Examine each verb in the sentence. Determine if a verb is missing either subject or an object, and put the wh word or phrase into that position.
Examine each preposition in the sentence. Determine if a preposition is missing an object. Put the wh word or phrase into that position.
Syntax
Slide 56
Structural Ambiguity
We have been presenting different phrase structure trees to show the hierarchy and relationship of the different phrases in a sentence. What happens when the difference in the relationship of these phrases also causes a difference in the meaning/interpretation of a sentence?
When there are two or more interpretations of one sentence with the exact same words in the exact same order, we call this structural ambiguity (discussed in your text in Chapter 6, section 3.2).
Syntax
Slide 57
Structural Ambiguity
For example: Sam ate the cake in the kitchen. (See handout for answers)What are the 2 meanings? What is the relationship between the phrases in the sentence (what modifies what?)
Interpretation 1: Sam ate the cake that was in the kitchen.Relationship of phrases in the sentence: The PP in the kitchen modifies the N cake
Interpretation 2: Sam was eating the cake in the kitchen.Relationship of phrases in the sentence: The PP in the kitchen modifies the V ate
Syntax
Slide 58
Syntax PracticeFor each of the following phrases, determine the head of the phrase, any specifiers, and any complements.
the rat
in the barn
very small
awfully cute
swept the floor
the poem about love
rat the
in the barn
small very
cute awfully
swept the floor
poem the about love
Head Specifier Complement
Syntax
Practice 1
Draw phrase structure trees for the following:
1. the rat
2. men
3. in the barn
4. really mean
5. ran
6. ran into the shed
7. rather boring
8. hate those pancakes
9. the denial of the accusation
Syntax Practice
Syntax
Practice 2
Simple sentences
Practice drawing trees for the following sentences
• Dogs should always go for a walk.
• Those monsters were hiding under the bed.
• Abner concealed the document.
• Marge usually watches the sunset.
• The children are playing with a dinosaur.
Syntax Practice
Syntax
Practice 3
3.) The floor knew [that it would not stay clean].
2.) The janitor wondered [if the floor would stay clean].
1.) The teacher hopes [that the students will study hard].
Complement Clauses (embedded sentences)Identify the CP (Complement Phrase) in the following matrix sentences. Put a
bracket around the CP.
Syntax Practice
Syntax
Practice 4
Practice Drawing D-Structure & S-Structure
Can a dog bark?
Will the students be bored?
Will the trip be enjoyable?
Who can see the shore?
Syntax Practice
Syntax
Practice 5
Can a dog bark?
Will the students be bored?
Will the trip be enjoyable?
Who can see the shore?
a dog can bark can a dog t bark
the students will be bored will the students t be bored
the trip will be enjoyable will the trip t be enjoyable
who can see the shore who t can see the shore
Deep structure Surface structureSyntax Practice
Syntax
Practice 6