CMBUkTI5

5-1

]]ssµµ ½½nn GG aa ss ee ss

esckþIepþIm enAeRkamlkçxNÐxøHénsItuNðPaB nigsMBaF sarFatuPaKeRcInGacmanGtßiPaBkñúgPaB NamYykñúgcMeNamPaBTaMgbIénrUbFaturwgrav nig]sµ½n. ]TahrN_ TwkGac CaTwkkkrwg Twkrav b¤cMhayTwk. lkçN³rUbrbs;sarFatumYyKWGaRs½ynwg PaBrbs;va. kmµvtßúkñúgCMBUkenHKIsikSaGMBI]sµ½n EdlmanlkçN³gayRsYlCagGgÁFaturwgb¤GgÁFatu ravtamviFICaeRcIn. clnam:UelKul]sµ½nKWmanlkçN³\tsNþab;Fñab; ehIykMlaMgTMnajrvag m:UelKul]sµ½nKWexSayNas;EdlCaehtueFVIeGaym:UelKulvanImYy²pøas;TIedayesrI ehIyCa BiessKWminGaRs½ynwgm:UelKuldéTeToteLIy. PaBGaRs½yeTAnwgbMErbMrYlénsItuNðPaB nigsMBaF]sµ½nmanlkçN³EdlGacTsSn¾Tay)aneRcInCagGgÁFaturwgnigGgÁFatuuuuuu uuu uuu urav. c,ab;sþI GMBIlkçN³enHmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarBRgIkRTwsþIGatUménrUbFatu nigRTwsþIsuIenTicén m:UelKulrbs;]sµ½n.

1 sarFatuEdlsßitenACaPaB]sµ½n 2 sMBaFén]sµ½n 3 c,ab;]sµ½n 4 smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ 5 sÞWsüÚemRTI]sµ½n 6 c,ab; Dalton sþIGMBIsMBaFedayEpñk 7 RTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulén]sµ½n 8 lMgakBIlkçN³brisuT§

1 sarFatuEdlsßitenACa]sµ½n eyIgrs;enA)atsmuRTénxül;EdlmansmasPaBKitCamaDKWGasUt78% GuksuIEsn 21% nigén]sµ½nepSg²eTot 1% rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg]sµ½nCO2pg. enAkñúgTsvtSqñaM1990 KImIén l,ay]sµ½nRTRTg;CIvit)ankøayeTACaRbPBéncMNab;;GarmµN_y:agxøaMg edaysarEtplxUcxat

]sµ½n

5-2

énPaBkgVk;brisßan. kñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgsikSaeTAelIlkçN³TUeTAénsarFatuEdlsßitenACa ]sµ½neRkamlkçxNÐbriyakasFmµta KWsItuNðPaB 25

0C nigsMBaF 1atm.

rUb1bgðajBIFatuEdlCa]sµ½nenAeRkamlkçxNÐbriyakasFmµta. cUrKYrkt; sMKal;fa GuIRdUEsn GasUt GuksuIEsn PøúyGr nigkørsßitenACa]sµ½nm:UelKulDIGatUm³ H2,N2, F2 nig Cl2. vismrUbénGuuksIuEsn GUsUn (O3) KWCa]sµ½nEdrenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;BiesaF. FatuTaMgLayenA kñúgRkum 8A Ca]sµ½nkMrm:UNUGatUm³ He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe nig Rn.

1 18 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

rUbPaBTI rUbPaBTI rUbPaBTI rUbPaBTI 1 FatuEdlsßitenACaFatuEdlsßitenACaFatuEdlsßitenACaFatuEdlsßitenACa]]]]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBsµ½nenAsItuNðPaBsµ½nenAsItuNðPaBsµ½nenAsItuNðPaB 250000C nigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaF 1 atm. ]. ]. ]. ]sµ½nkMr ¬FatuRkumsµ½nkMr ¬FatuRkumsµ½nkMr ¬FatuRkumsµ½nkMr ¬FatuRkum 8A¦¦¦¦

KWCaRbePTKWCaRbePTKWCaRbePTKWCaRbePTFFFFatumatumatumatum:: :: UNUGatUmUNUGatUmUNUGatUmUNUGatUm FatuepSgeTotsßitenACaFatuepSgeTotsßitenACaFatuepSgeTotsßitenACaFatuepSgeTotsßitenACammmm:::: UelKulUelKulUelKulUelKulDIGatUmDIGatUmDIGatUmDIGatUm. . . . GUsUnGUsUnGUsUnGUsUn (O3) k¾Cak¾Cak¾Cak¾Ca]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nEdrEdrEdrEdr....

smasFatuGIuy:UnicminsßiitenACa]sµ½neT enAsItuNðPaB 250C nigsMBaF 1atm eday

sarEtkacugnigGaj:úgkñúgGgÁFaturwgGIuy:UnicenApþúMKñaedaykMlaMgeGLicRtUsþaTicrwgmaM. edIm,I bMEbkkMlaMgTMnajenH eyIgRtUvpþl;famBleRcInEdlkñúgkarGnuvtþ KWmann½yfa eyIgRtUvdut kMedAGgÁFaturwgeGay)anxøaMgkøa. enAeRkamlkçxNÐFmµta EdleyIgGaceFVI)anKWrMlayGgÁFatu rwg. ]TahrN_ NaCl rlayenAsItuNðPaBx<s;KW 810

0C. edIm,IrMlay NaCl eyIgRtUvEtdut

kMedAeGaysItuNðPaBeLIgelIsBI 10000C.

lkçN³énsmasFatum:UelKulKWmanlkçN³ERbRbYlxøaMg. smasFatum:UelKulmYy cMnYnCa]sµ½n ]TahrN_ dUcCa³ CO, CO2, HCl, NH3 nig CH4 ¬emtan¦ b:uEnþsmasFatum:Uel- KulPaKeRcIn KWCaGgÁFaturavb¤]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;BiesaF. eTaHbICay:agenHkþIenAeBldut kMedA smasFatuTaMgenaHRtUv)anbMEbøgCa]sµ½nmanlkçN³gayRsYlCagsmasFatuGIuy:Unic. mü:agvijeTot tamFmµtasmasFatum:UelKulBuHenAsItuNðPaBTabCagsmasFatuGIuy:Unic. Kµan viFangayEdlGacCYyeyIgedIm,IkMNt;fa smasFatum:UelKulmYycMnYnCa]sµ½nenAeRkam lkçxNÐbriyakasFmµtaeT. edIm,IeFVIkarkMNt;enH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvyl;BIFmµCati nigTMhMén kMlaMgTMnajenAkñúgcMeNamm:UelKulénsmasFatuenaHEdleKehAfa kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul.

CMBUkTI5

5-3

CaTUeTA kalNakMlaMgTMnajkan;EtxøaMg lkçN³smasFatuEdlGac sßitenACa]sµ½nkan;Ettic enAsItuNðPaBFmµta. ]sµ½nEdlmankñúgtaragTI 1 KWmanEtGuksuIEsn O2 eT EdlsMxan;sMrab;CIviteyIg. ]sµ½nGuIRdUEsns‘ulpY(H2S) nig]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnsüanY(HCN) KWCa]sµ½nBulGacbNþaleGay søab;)an. ]sµ½nCaeRcIneTot dUcCa CO, NO2, O3 nig SO2 KWmanlkçN³BulticCag. cMeBaH ]sµ½n He Ne nig Ar Ca]sµ½nnicltamn½yKImI KWmineFVIRbtikmµCamYysarFatudéTeToteT. ]sµ½nPaK eRcInKWKµanBN’elIkElgEt]sµ½n F2, Cl2 nig NO2. BN’etñatRkemAén]sµ½n NO2 CYnkalGacemIleXIjkñúgxül;kxVk;. ]sµ½nTaMgGs;manlkçN³rUbdUcxageRkam³ - ]sµ½nmanmaDnigRTg;RTaytamvtßúEdlpÞúkva. - ]sµ½n KWGacRtUv)anbENÑn)anCageKénPaBrUbFatu. - ]sµ½nnwglaybBa©ÚlKñaTaMgRsug eBlpÞúkvaenAkñúgvtßúEdlpÞúkvaEtmYy. - ]sµ½nmandg;suIetTabCagGgÁFaturavnigGgÁFaturwg. tarag 1 sarFatumYycMnYnEdlsßitenACa]sµ½nenAsMBaF 1atm nigsItuNðPaB 250C

Fatu smasFatu H2 m:UelKulGuIRdUEsn N2 m:UelKulGasUt

O2 m:UelKulGuksuIEsn O3 GUsUn

F2 m:UelKulPøúyGr Cl2 m:UelKulkør

He eGlüÚm

Ne enGug

Ar Gakug

Kr RKIbtug

Xe esNug

Rn r:adug

HF GuIRdUEsnPøúyG‘rY HCl GuIRdUEsnkørY

HBr GuIRdUEsnRbUmY HI GuIRdUEsnGuIy:UdY CO kabUnm:UNUGuksuIt

CO2 kabUnDIGuksuIt

NH3 Gam:Uj:ak; NO GasUtGuksuIt

NO2 GasUtDIGuksuIt

N2O nIRTWGuksuIt

SO2 s<an;F½rDIGuksuIt

H2S GuIRdUEsns‘ulpY HCN GuIRdUEsnsüanY

]sµ½n

5-4

2 sMBaFén]sµ½n

]sµ½ndak;bEnßmsMBaFeTAelIépÞGVIepSg²edayvab:HCamYynwgvtßúenaHBIeRBaH m:UelKul ]sµ½nKWmanclna\tQb;Qr. mnusSeyIg)anbnSúaMsrIrsaRsþ (Physiologically) y:agRbéB eTAnwgsMBaFxül;enACuMvijxøÜneyIg EdlCaFmµtaeyIgmin)andwgeT KWRtIk¾Gacmin)andwgBI sMBaFTwkeTAelIxøÜnvaEdr. vagayRsYlkñúgkarbgðajBIsMBaFbriyakas. ]TahrN_RbcaMéf¶mYy KWbMNinjaMú ePsC¢³edayeRbIbMBg;bWt. karbWtxül;ecjBIbMBg;)anbnßysMBaFenAkñúgbMBg. sMBaF briyakaseTAelIGgÁFaturavx<s;CagGgÁFaturaveGayrt;eLIgcUlkúñgbMBg;eTAkEnøgEdlxül;RtUv )aneKbWtecj.

RbB½n§xñatGnþrCati SI énsMBaF sMBaFKWCalkçN³mYykñúgcMeNamlkçN³CaeRcInén]sµ½nEdlgayvas;CageK. edIm,I eGayyl;faetIeyIgvas;sMBaF]sµ½n)anedayviFINa eyIgRtUvsÁal;xñaténrgVas;sMBaF. eyIg sikSaeTAelIel,ÓnnigsMTuH. el,ÓnKWRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMgaybMlas;TIeFobnwgry³eBl mann½yfa xñat SI rbs;el,ÓnKW m/s b:uEnþeyIgeRbI cm/s pgEdr. sMTuHKWCabMErbMrYlel,ÓneFobnwgry³eBl sMTuH =

xñatsMTuHRtUv)anKitCa m/s2 b¤ cm/s2.

c,ab;TI2énclna EdlRtUv)antak;EtgeLIgeday Sir Isaac Newton enAcugstvtSTI 17 kMNt;edayBaküepSgeTot EdlxñatsMBaFRtUv)anbegáIteLIg KWeGayeQµaHfakMlaMg. tam c,ab;enHKW kMlaMg = m:as x sMTuH enAkñúgbribTenH xñat SI rbs;kMlaMg KWjÚjÚjÚjÚtun tun tun tun (N) Edl 1 N = 1 kg m/s2.

cMgaybMlas;TI ¬cr¦ ry³eBl

el,Ón =

bMErbMrYlel,Ón ry³eBl

CMBUkTI5

5-5

CaTIbBa©b; eyIgeGayniymn½y sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF KWCakMlaMgGnuvtþn¾elImYyxñatépÞKW sMBaF =

xñat SI rbs;sMBaF KW ):):):):asáalasáalasáalasáal; ; ; ; (Pa) Edl 1Pa = 1 N/m2.

sMBaFbriyakas GatUmnigm:UelKulén]sµ½nenAkñúgbriyakas dUcKñanwgrUbFatuTaMgLayEdr KWCakmµvtßú énTMnajEpndI. Caplvi)ak briyakasKWENnxøaMgenACitRsTab;EpndICagenAry³kMBs;x<s;. ¬xül;enAxageRkAynþehaHenAkMBs; 9km eFVIeGayBi)akdkdegðImNas;¦. tamBitdg;suIet xül;fycuHy:agrh½seBlEdlry³kMBs;BIdIekIneLIg. karvas;Evg)anbgðajfa RbEhl 50%

énbriyakaslatsn§wgkñúg 6,4km énépÞEpndI 90% kñúg 16km nig99% kñúg32km. KµanGVI cMELkeT kalNaxül;kan;EtENnKWsMBaFGnuvtþn¾kan;EtxøaMg. kMlaMgRtUv)anBiesaFedayépÞ EdlRtUvnwgbriyakasEpndIKWesµInwgTMgn;KUssr¬column¦énxül;xagelIva. sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFbriyakasbriyakasbriyakasbriyakas KWCasMBaFRtUv)ansgát;edaybriyakasEpndI. tMélBiténsMBaFbriyakas KWGaRs½ynwg lkçxNÐTIkEnøg sItuNðPaB nigGakasFatu. etIsMBaFbriyakasRtUv)anvas;EvgedayviFINa? ))))arararar:: :: UEmUEmUEmUEm::::RtRtRtRt KWRbEhlCa]bkrN_Edl eKFøab;sÁal;CageKsMrab;karvas;sMBaFbriyakas. )ar:UEm:RtsamBaØrYmmanbMBg;EkvEvgmYy mancugmçagbiTCit nigbMeBjeday)art. RbsinebIbMBg;EkvRtUv)aneKpáab;kñúgcan)artEdl xül;mincUlkñúgbMBg;Ekv )artxøHnwghUrecjBIbMBg;EkvcUlkñúgcan begáItCasuBaØkasenAkMBUl xagelI ¬rUb 3¦. TMgn;én)artEdlenAsl;kñúgbMBg;EkvRtUv)anRTRTg;edaysMBaFbriyakas manGMeBIelIépÞén)artenAkñúgcan. sMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada (1atm) KWesµInwgsMBaFRTRTg;ssr )artkMBs;760mm (b¤ 76cm) enAsItuNðPaB 0oC enAkMritkMBs;TwksmuRT. niyaymü:ageTot briyakassþg;daesµInwgsMBaF760mmHg Edl mmHg KWtageGaysMBaFEdlRtUv)ansgát; edayssr)artkMBs;1mm. xñat mmHgKWRtUv)aneKehAfa t½r ¬torr¦ Edl)anmkBIeQµaH GñkviTüasaRsþCnCatiGuItalIeQµaH Evangelista Torriceli EdlCaGñkbegáIt)ar:UEm:Rt. dUcenH 1torr = 1mmHg nig 1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr

TMnak;TMngrvagxñatsMBaF nig):asáal;KW

kMlaMg épÞ

]sµ½n

5-6

1atm = 101 325Pa = 1,01325 x 105Pa

nigeday 1000Pa = 1kPa (kilopascal)

1atm = 1,01325 x 102kPa

]TahrN_xageRkambgðajbMElgxñatBI mmHg eTACa atm nig kPa. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 1

sMBaFxageRkAynþehaH EdlkMBugehaHehIrenAry³kMBs;x<s;Føak;cuHeRkamsMBaFbriya kassþg;da. dUcenHxül;enA kñúgynþehaHRtUvEtRtUv)anrkSasMBaFedIm,IkarBarGñkdMeNIr. etIsMBaFbriyakaskñúgynþehaHesµIb:unµan atm RbsinebIGMNan)ar:UEm:RtKW 688mmHg? cMelIy cMelIy cMelIy cMelIy sMBaFkñúgbriyakas;kñúgynþehaHRtUúv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³ sMBaF = 688mmHg x

= 0,905atm

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ cUrbMEbøg 749mmHg eTACasMBaF atm. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TI TI TI TI 2

sMBaFbriyakasenA San Francisco kñúgéf¶mYyKW 732mmHg. etIéf¶enaHmansMBaF b:unµan kPa? cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy tamsmIkarbMElg eyIg)an

1atm

760 mmHg

rUbrUbrUbrUbTITITITI 3 ))))arararar:: :: UEmUEmUEmUEm::::RtsMrabRtsMrabRtsMrabRtsMrab;;;;vasvasvasvas;;;;sMBaFbriyasMBaFbriyasMBaFbriyasMBaFbriyakaskaskaskas. . . . enABIelIenABIelIenABIelIenABIelI))))artkñúgbMBgartkñúgbMBgartkñúgbMBgartkñúgbMBg;;;;KWCaKWCaKWCaKWCasuBaØkassuBaØkassuBaØkassuBaØkas. . . . ssrssrssrssr))))artRtUvartRtUvartRtUvartRtUv))))ananananRTRTgRTRTgRTRTgRTRTg; ; ; ; edaysMBaFbriyakasedaysMBaFbriyakasedaysMBaFbriyakasedaysMBaFbriyakas....

CMBUkTI5

5-7

1atm = 1,01325 x 105Pa = 760mmHg

eyIgGacKNnasMBaFbriyakastam sMBaF = 732 mmHg x

= 9,76 x 104 Pa = 97,6 kPa

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ cUrbMEbøg 295mmHg eTACa kPa.

rUbrUbrUbrUbTI TI TI TI 4 mmmm::::aNUEmaNUEmaNUEmaNUEm::::RtRtRtRtBIrBIrBIrBIrRbePTRbePTRbePTRbePTeRbIsMrabeRbIsMrabeRbIsMrabeRbIsMrab;; ;;vasvasvasvas;;;;sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . (a) sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF]]]]sµ½nticCagsµ½nticCagsµ½nticCagsµ½nticCagsMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakas. . . . (b) sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF]]]]sµ½nFMCagsMBaFsµ½nFMCagsMBaFsµ½nFMCagsMBaFsµ½nFMCagsMBaFbriyakasbriyakasbriyakasbriyakas....

mmmm::::aNUEmaNUEmaNUEmaNUEm::::RtRtRtRt (manometer) KWCa]bkrN_mYyEdleKeRbIedIm,Ivas;sMBaF]sµ½nepSgeTot eRkABIbriyakas. eKalkarN_énkareRbIR)as;m:aNUEm:RtKWRsedogKñanwg]bkrN_)ar:UEm:RtEdr. manm:aNUEm:RtBIrRbePT dUcbgðajkñúgTI 4. m:aNUEm:RtbMBg;biTCit (closed-tube manometer)

CaFmµtaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;vas;sMBaFTabCag sMBaFbriyakas¬rUb4a¦ cMENkÉm:aNUEm:RtbMBg; cMh (open-tube manometer) KWeRbIsMrab;vas;sMBaFEdlx<s;Cagb¤esµInwgsMBaFbriyakas¬rUb

4b¦. esIÞrEtRKb;)ar:UEm:RtTaMgGs; nigm:aNUEm:RtPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;)artCasarFaturav fVIebIva CasarFatuBulEdlcMhayGacbgáeGaymaneRKaHfñak;k¾eday. mUlehtuKWedaysar)artman dg;suIetx<s;xøaMg (13,6g/ml) ebIeFobnwgGgÁFaturavdéTeTotPaKeRcIn. edaysarEtkMBs;én

1,01325 x 105 Pa

760 mmHg

]sµ½n

5-8

GgÁFaturavkñúgbMBg;smamaRtpÞúynwgdg;suIetGgÁFaturaveTIbeyIgGaceFVI)ar:UEm:Rtnigm:aNUEm:Rt tUc²)an.

3 c,ab;]sµ½n c,ab;]sµ½nEdleyIgnwgelIkmkeFVIkarsikSaenAkñúgCMBUkenH KWCalT§plénBiesaFn_rab; minGs;BIlkçN³rUbén]sµ½nEdlRtUv)andMeNIrkarenAeRcInRbeTs. TUeTAkmµnImYy² KWcMeBaH lkçN³m:aRkUsáÚBiténsarFatu]sµ½ntageGaydMNak;kalsMxan;kñúgRbvtþisaRsþénviTüasaRsþ. vaedIrtYnaTIrYmKñakñúgkarGPivDÆTsSn³CaeRcInkñúgKImIviTüa.

TMnak;TMngsMBaF-maD³ c,ab;b ‘y (BOYLE)

enAstvtSTI17 elak Robert Boyle )aneFVIkarsikSaBIlkçN³én]sµ½nCaRbB½n§nig brimaN. kñúges‘rIénkarsikSamYyelak Boyle )antamRsavRCavTMnak;TMngsMBaF-maDénPaK sMNak]sµ½nedayeRbI]bkrN_mYydUc)anbgðajkúñgrUbTI 5.

rUbrUbrUbrUb5 ]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____sMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;;;;sikSaBITMnaksikSaBITMnaksikSaBITMnaksikSaBITMnak;;;;TMngTMngTMngTMngrvagsMBaFrvagsMBaFrvagsMBaFrvagsMBaFnigmaDénnigmaDénnigmaDénnigmaDén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . (a) sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF]]]]sµ½nesµInwgsMBaF sµ½nesµInwgsMBaF sµ½nesµInwgsMBaF sµ½nesµInwgsMBaF briyakasbriyakasbriyakasbriyakas. . . . sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF))))anananansgsgsgsgááááatatatat;;;;elIelIelIelI]]]]sµ½nekIneLIgBI sµ½nekIneLIgBI sµ½nekIneLIgBI sµ½nekIneLIgBI (a) eTA eTA eTA eTA (d) eBlEdleBlEdleBlEdleBlEdl))))artRtUvartRtUvartRtUvartRtUv))))aneKbEnßm aneKbEnßm aneKbEnßm aneKbEnßm nignignignigmaDmaDmaDmaD]]]]sµ½nfycuHsµ½nfycuHsµ½nfycuHsµ½nfycuHdUckardUckardUckardUckarTsSTsSTsSTsSnnnn¾¾¾¾TayedaycTayedaycTayedaycTayedayc,,,,abababab;;;; Boyle. . . . sMBaFelIssMBaFelIssMBaFelIssMBaFelIssgsgsgsgáááátttt;;;;elIelIelIelI]]]]sµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUv))))ananananbgðajbgðajbgðajbgðaj edaykMritxusKñaénedaykMritxusKñaénedaykMritxusKñaénedaykMritxusKñaén))))art art art art (h mmHg). . . . sItuNðPaBénsItuNðPaBénsItuNðPaBénsItuNðPaBén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nRtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anrkSaeGayenAefranrkSaeGayenAefranrkSaeGayenAefranrkSaeGayenAefr. . . . kñúgrUbTI5 (a) sMBaF)ansgát;elI]sµ½nedaykarbEnßm)arteTAkñúgbMBg;KWesµInwgsMBaF briyakas. kñúgrUbI5 (b) kMeNInsMBaFbNþalmkBIkarbEnßm)artKWnaMeGaymaD]sµ½nfycuH

CMBUkTI5

5-9

ehIyvaminesµInwgkMritén)artenAkñúgbMBg;eT. elak Boyle )ankt;sMKal;eXIjfaeBlEdl sItuNðPaBefrmaD (V)énbrimaN]sµ½nenHfycuHxN³EdlsMBaFGnuvtþn¾ (P) srub ¬KWsMBaF briyakasbUknwgsMBaFEdlbNþalmkBIkarbEnßm)art¦ekIneLIg. TMnak;TMngrvagsMBaFnig maDenHRtUv)anbgðajeGayeXIjkñúgrUbTI 5 (b), (c) nig (d). pÞúyeTAvijRbsinebIsMBaF Gnuvtþn_fycuH maD]sµ½nekIteLIgvij. lT§plénrgVas;sMBaF-maDmYycMnYnRtUv)anpþl;kñúg taragTI2.

taragTItaragTItaragTItaragTI2 TMnakTMnakTMnakTMnak;;;;TMngsMBaFTMngsMBaFTMngsMBaFTMngsMBaF----maDmaDmaDmaDtYytYytYytYy::::agagagagEdlTTYlEdlTTYlEdlTTYlEdlTTYl))))ancancancanc,,,,abababab;;;;b‘yb‘yb‘yb‘y P (mmHg) 724 869 951 998 1230 1893 2250

V 1,50 1,33 1,22 1,16 0,94 0,61 0,51 (arbitrary units)

PV 1,09 x 103 1,16 x 103 1,16 x 103 1,16 x 103 1,2 x 103 1,2 x 103 1,1 x 103

Tinñn½y P-V Edl)ankt;RtakñúgtaragTI2 KWRsbCamYynwgkenSamKNitviTüaenHEdl bgðajBITMnak;TMngRcas³

PV

1∝

EdlsBaØa ∝ mann½yfasmamaRtnwg. edIm,IbþÚrsBaØa ∝ eTACasBaØaesµIvijeyIgRtUv sresr³ V = k1 x (1a)

Edl k1 efr ehAfaefrsmamaRt. smIkar (1a) KWCakenSaméncccc,,,,abababab; ; ; ; Boyle EdlEcg famaDénbrimaN]sµ½nkMNt;EdlrkSaenAsItuNðPaBefr KWsmamaRtRcasnwgsMBaF]sµ½n. eyIgGacsresrsmIkar (1a) eTACa PV = k1 (1b) TMrg;énc,ab; Boyle enHeBalfaplKuNénsMBaFnigmaDrbs;]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBefr KWCaefr. bBaØatþiénbrimaNmYyEdlsmamaRtnwgbrimaNmYyeTot nigkareRbIefrsmamaRtGac RtUv)anbBa¢ak;tamkareRbobeFobsTisPaBxageRkam. R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMéf¶rbs;eragPaBynþ mYyKWGaRs½yelItMélsMbuRt ¬KitCaduløar¦ nigcMnYnsMbuRtEdllk;)an. ]bmafaeragPaBynþ enaH lk;sMbuRtTaMgGs;kñúgtMélEtmYyRbePT enaHeyIgGacsresr

1

P

]sµ½n

5-10

R)ak;cMNUl = ¬duløar/sMbuRt¦ x cMnYnsMbuRtlk;)an edaysarEtcMnYnsMbuRtlk;)anERbRbYlBImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ dUcenHR)ak;cMNUlenAéf¶; mYyKWsmamaRtnwgcMnYnsMbuRtlk;)an³ R)ak;cMNUl ∝ cMnYnsMbuRtlk;)an = C x cMnYnsMbuRtlk;)an Edl C ¬efrsmamaRt¦ KWCatMélkñúgsMbuRtmYy. rUb6 bgðajBIviFIFmµtaBIry:agénkarbgðajlT§plrbs;elak Boyle enAelIRkab. rUb6 (a) KWCaRkabtageGaysmIkar PV = k1 rIÉrUb 6 (b) KWtageGayRkabénsmIkarsmmUl

VkP

11 ×= . KYrkt;sMKal;fa RkabTI2KWCasmIkarlIEnEG‘énsmIkarEdlmanTMrg; y = mx +

bEdl b = 0.

rUbrUbrUbrUb6 RkabRkabRkabRkabbgðajBIbMErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakbgðajBIbMErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakbgðajBIbMErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakbgðajBIbMErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNak]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nCamYyCamYyCamYyCamYysMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsgsgsgsgáááátttt;;;;elIelIelIelI]]]]ssssµ½nenHµ½nenHµ½nenHµ½nenH enAenAenAenAsItuNðPaBefrsItuNðPaBefrsItuNðPaBefrsItuNðPaBefr. . . . (a) RkabRkabRkabRkabtageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF P nigmaD nigmaD nigmaD nigmaD V . . . . KYrktKYrktKYrktKYrkt;;;;sMKalsMKalsMKalsMKal;;;;famaDénfamaDénfamaDénfamaDén]]]]sµ½nekIneTVsµ½nekIneTVsµ½nekIneTVsµ½nekIneTVeBlEdlsMBaFfycuHBakeBlEdlsMBaFfycuHBakeBlEdlsMBaFfycuHBakeBlEdlsMBaFfycuHBak; ; ; ; kNþalkNþalkNþalkNþal. . . . (b) RkabRkabRkabRkabtageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF tageGaysMBaF P nigmaD nigmaD nigmaD nigmaD 1/V. . . .

eTaHbICatMélmYy²énsMBaFnigmaDGacERbRbYlxøaMgsMrab;PaKsMNak]sµ½nEdlpþl; eGayrYmCamYysItuNÑPaBenAefrnigbrimaNén]sµ½nminERbRbYlk¾edayplKuN P x V KWCa nic©kalesµInwgcMnYnefrdUcKña. dUcenHsMrab;PaKsMNak]sµ½npþl;eGaymYyenAeRkamlkçxNÐBIr epSgKñaenAsItuNðPaBefr eyIg)an P1V1 = k1 = P2 V2

b¤ P1V1 = P2V2 (2)

Edl V1 nig V2 CamaDenAsMBaF P1 nig P2tamerogKña.

CMBUkTI5

5-11

bMerIbMras;FmµtamYyénc,ab; Boyle KWCakarTsSn¾TayfaetImaDén]sµ½nnwgrg\T§iBl edaykarERbRbYlsMBaF b¤sMBaFsgát;EdleRbIeday]sµ½nnwgrg\T§iBledaykarERbRbYlmaD y:agdUcemþcedayEp¥kelIsmIkar(2). ]TahrN_3 bgðajBIrebobedaHRsaylMhat;edayeRbI c,ab; Boyle. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 3 e):age):agpøMúxül;rYcmYymanmaD 0,55L enAkMritkMBs;smuRT(1,0atm) nigRtUv)anbegðaH eLIgdl;kMBs; 6,5km EdlmansMBaFRbEhl 0,40atm. edaysnµtfa sItuNðPaBenAefr etIe):age):agenHmanmaDb:unµan? cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy eyIgeRbIsmIkar (2)³ P1V1 = P2V2 Edl lkçxNÐedIm lkçxNÐcugeRkay P1 = 1,0 atm P2 = 0,40 atm V1 = 0,55 L V2 = ?

dUcenH V2 = V1 x 2

1

P

P

= 0,55 L x atm 0,40

atm 1,0

= 1,4 L

karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; enAeBlEdlsMBaFRtUv)anbnßy¬enAxN³EdlsItuNðPaBefr¦ maDekIneLIg. maDcug eRkayKWFMCagmaDedImrbs;va. dUcenHcMelIyenHKWsmehtupl. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ PaKsMNak]sµ½nkørmanmaD 946mL enAsMBaF 726mmHg. KNnasMBaFén]sµ½n ¬KitCa mmHg¦RbsinebImaDRtUv)anbnßymkenARtwm 154mL enAxN³EdlsItuNðPaBvaefr.

TMnak;TMngsItuNðPaB-maD³ c,ab;qal(Charles) nigc,ab;ékluysak; (Gay-Lussac) c,ab;b‘yGaRs½yelIsItuNðPaBénRbB½n§EdlrkSaeGayenAefr. b:uEnþ]bmafasItuNð- PaBERbRbYl etIbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBman\T§iBlGVIeTAelImaDnigsMBaFén]sµ½n? CadMbUgcUreyIg RkeLkemIl\TæiBlénsItuNðPaBelImaDén]sµ½n. GñksikSaRsavRCavdMbUgbMputénTMnak;TMng enH KWCaGñkviTüasaRsþCnCati)araMgeQµaH Jacques Charles nig Joseph Gay-Lussac. karsikSarbs;Kat;)anbgðajfa enAsMBaFefr maDénPaKsMNak]sµ½nrIkmaDeBlRtUvkMedA nig

]sµ½n

5-12

rYmmaDeBlRtUvRtCak;¬rUb7¦. TMnak;TMngbrimaNEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBnigmaD ]sµ½nkøayeTACaCak;lak;KYreGaykt;sMKal;. ]TahrN_ eyIgsegát)atuPUtKYreGaycab; GarmµN_enAeBleyIgsikSaBITMnak;TMngsItuNðPaB-maDenAlkçxNÐsMBaFepSg²Kña. enAlkç½NÐ sMBaFnImYy²RkabénmaDeFobnwgsItuNðPaBeGayplCabnÞat;Rtg;. edaybnøaybnÞat;Rtg;enH eGaydl;cMnucmaDesµIsUnüeyIgrkeXIjcMnucEdlkat;CamYyG½kSsItuNðPaBenARtg; -273,150C.

enAsMBaFepSgeTotNak¾eday eyIgTTYl)anbnÞat;Rtg;epSgKñasMrab;RkabmaD-sItuNð PaB b:uEnþeyIgenAEtTTYl)anmaDsUnüCYbsItuNÑPaBenARtg;cMnuc -273,150C dUcKñaEdr¬rUb8¦. kñúgkarGnuvtþ eyIgGacvas;maD]sµ½n)anEtkñúgcenøaHsItuNðPaBkMNt;NamYyEtb:ueNÑaH BIeRBaH ]sµ½nkCaejIsenAsItuNðPaBTab edIm,IbegáItCaGgÁFaturav.

rUbrUbrUbrUb8 bMErbMrYlmaDPaKsMNakbMErbMrYlmaDPaKsMNakbMErbMrYlmaDPaKsMNakbMErbMrYlmaDPaKsMNak]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nCamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBenAenAenAenAsMBaFefrsMBaFefrsMBaFefrsMBaFefr. . . . ExSExSExSExSnImYynImYynImYynImYy²²²² tageGaytageGaytageGaytageGay bMErbMrYlbMErbMrYlbMErbMrYlbMErbMrYlenAenAenAenAsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFCakCakCakCak;;;;laklaklaklak;;;;.... sMBaFekInBIsMBaFekInBIsMBaFekInBIsMBaFekInBIP1eTA eTA eTA eTA P4. . . . enATIbBa©benATIbBa©benATIbBa©benATIbBa©b;; ;; ]]]]sµ½nTaMgGssµ½nTaMgGssµ½nTaMgGssµ½nTaMgGs;;;;kCaejIskCaejIskCaejIskCaejIs ¬køayCarav¦ ¬køayCarav¦ ¬køayCarav¦ ¬køayCarav¦

RbsinebIvacuHRtCakRbsinebIvacuHRtCakRbsinebIvacuHRtCakRbsinebIvacuHRtCak;;;;dldldldl;;;;kMritsItuNðPaBTabkMritsItuNðPaBTabkMritsItuNðPaBTabkMritsItuNðPaBTabRKbRKbRKbRKb;;;;RKanRKanRKanRKan;;;;. . . . EpñkénExSKUsditEpñkénExSKUsditEpñkénExSKUsditEpñkénExSKUsdittageGaytageGaytageGaytageGaysItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBenAenAenAenA elIcelIcelIcelIcMNuckMNejIsMNuckMNejIsMNuckMNejIsMNuckMNejIs. . . . eBleBleBleBlExSExSExSExSTaMgenHTaMgenHTaMgenHTaMgenHRtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))aneKKUsbnøay ¬EpñkKUsdacaneKKUsbnøay ¬EpñkKUsdacaneKKUsbnøay ¬EpñkKUsdacaneKKUsbnøay ¬EpñkKUsdac;;;;²²²²¦ mkkat¦ mkkat¦ mkkat¦ mkkat;;;;KñaKñaKñaKñaRtgRtgRtgRtg;;;;cMnucmancMnucmancMnucmancMnucmanmaDmaDmaDmaD

esµI esµI esµI esµI 0 0 0 0 nigsItuNðPaBesµInwgnigsItuNðPaBesµInwgnigsItuNðPaBesµInwgnigsItuNðPaBesµInwg -273,15oC....

rUbrUbrUbrUb7 bMbMbMbMErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNakErbMrYlmaDénPaKsMNak]]]]s½µneTAtams½µneTAtams½µneTAtams½µneTAtamsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaB enAeBlEdlsMBaFefrenAeBlEdlsMBaFefrenAeBlEdlsMBaFefrenAeBlEdlsMBaFefr. . . . sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsegsegsegsegáááátelItelItelItelI]]]]sµ½n KWCapsµ½n KWCapsµ½n KWCapsµ½n KWCaplbUklbUklbUklbUkénénénén sMBaFbriyakasnigsMBaFsMBaFbriyakasnigsMBaFsMBaFbriyakasnigsMBaFsMBaFbriyakasnigsMBaFbNþalmkBIbNþalmkBIbNþalmkBIbNþalmkBITTTTMgnMgnMgnMgn;;;;énénénén))))artartartart....

CMBUkTI5

5-13

enAqñaM 1848 elak Lord Kelvin )andwgBIsar³sMxan;én)atuPUtenH. Kat;)anrkeXIj fa -273,150C Ca sItuNðPaBsUnüdacsItuNðPaBsUnüdacsItuNðPaBsUnüdacsItuNðPaBsUnüdac;;;;xatxatxatxat (absolute zero) EdlCasItuNðPaBTabbMputtam RTwsþI. bnÞab;mkKat;)anbegáIt maRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdac;;;;xatxatxatxat Edl\LÚvenH eKehAfa maRtdæanmaRtdæanmaRtdæanmaRtdæan sItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaB Kelvin edaymancMnucsItuNðPaBsUnüdac;xatCacMnucepþIm. enAelImaRtadæan Kelvin mYy Kelvin KWesµInwgTMhMmYyGgSa Celsius (C). cMnucxusKñarvagmaRtadæan sItuNðPaBdac;xat nigmaRtadæanGgSaC KWfaTItaMgcMnucsUnüRtUv)anrMkilEtb:ueNÑaH. cMnucsMxan; enAelImaRtadæanTaMgBIr KWRtUvKñanwgcMnucdUcxageRkam³ sItuNðPaBsUnüdac;xat³ 0 K = -273,150 C

sItuNðPaBkMNkénTwk³ 273,15 K = 00 C

sItuNðPaBrMBuHénTwk³ 373,15 K = 1000 C kñúgkarKNnaPaKeRcIn eyIgnwgeRbIcMnYn 273 CMnYseGaycMnYn 273,15 énTMnak;TMng K

nig 0C. edayGnuelamtamkarÉkPaBKña eyIgeRbI T edIm,ItageGaysItuNðPaBdac;xat Kelvin nig t tageGay`sItuNðPaBelImaRtadæan Celsius. maDén]sµ½nEdlGaRs½yelIsItuNðPaB KWGacKNnatam V ∝ T V = k2T

b¤ T

V= k2 (3)

Edl k2CaefrsmamaRt. smIkar(3) RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCacccc,,,,abababab;;;; Charles nignignignig Gay-

Lussac b¤GacehA)any:agxøIfacccc,,,,abababab;;;; Charles. c,ab; Charles EcgfamaDénbrimaNkMNt; rbs;]sµ½nEdlrkSaenAsMBaFefrKWsmamaRtedaypÞal;eTAnwgsItuNðPaBdac;xatén]sµ½nenH. dUcEdleyIg)anGnuvtþn_cMeBaHTMnak;TMngsMBaF-maDenAlkçxNÐsItuNðPaBefr eyIg GaceRbobeFobTMnak;TMnglkçxNÐmaD-sItuNðPaBBIrcMeBaHPaKsMNak]sµ½npþl;eGayEdl sMBaFefr. BIsmIkar (3) eyIgGacsresr

2

22

1

1

T

Vk

T

V== b¤

2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V= (4)

Edl V1nig V2 CamaD]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaB T1nig T2 ¬KitCa Kelvin¦erogKña. kúñgkar KNnaCabnþbnÞab; eyIgsnµtfasItuNðPaBpþl;eGayKitCa 0C KWCacMnYnBit dUcenHvaminman \T§iBlelIcMnYnénelxsMxan;²eT (significant figures).

]sµ½n

5-14

]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIkareRbIc,ab; Charles.

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 4 PaKsMNak]sµ½nPøúyGr 452-mL RtUv)andutkMedABIsItuNðPaB 220C rhUtdl; 1870C enAsMBaFefr. etI]sµ½nPøúyGrmanmaDb:unµaneRkayBIdutkMedA? cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy eyIgeRbIsmIkar (4)

2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V=

Edl lkçxNÐmundutkMedA lkçxNÐeRkaydutkMedA V1 = 452 mL V2 = ? T1 = (22 + 273) K = 295 K T2 = (187 + 273) K = 460 K

dUcenH V2 = V1 x 1

2

T

T

= 452 mL x K

K

295

460

= 705 mL karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; dUcEdlGñk)andwgehIyfa eBl]sµ½nRtUv)aneKdutkMedAenAsMBaFefr varIkmaD. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ PaKsMNakén]sµ½nkabUnm:UNUGuksuItmanmaD 3,20L enAsItuNðPaB 1250C. cUrKNna sItuNðPaBEdl]sµ½nnwgmanmaD 1,54L ebIsMBaFenAefr.

TMnak;TMngmaD-brimaN³ c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU (Avogadro) kargarrbs;GñkviTüasaRsþCnCatiGuItalIeQµaH Gav:UkaRdU (Amedeo Avogadro))an bMeBjbEnßmelIkarsikSarbs;elak Boyle Charles nig Gay-Lussac. enAqñaM 1811 Kat;)an pSBVpSaynUvsmµtikmµmYyEdlEcgfa enAlkçxNÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña]sµ½nepSgKña Edl manmaDesµIKñamancMnYnm:UelKuldUcKña ¬b¤cMnYnGatUmdUcKñaRbsinebI]sµ½nenHCam:UNUGatUm¦. vaGnuelamtamGVIEdlfamaDén]sµ½npþl;eGayRtUvEtsmamaRteTAnwgcMnYnm:UlénmU:elKulEdl manvtþman KWmann½yfa³ V ∝ n V = k3n (5)

Edl n tageGaycMnYnm:Ul nig k3 KWCaefrsmamaRt.

CMBUkTI5

5-15

smIkar (5) KWCakenSamKNitviTüaén cccc,,,,abababab;;;;GavUGavUGavUGavU:: ::kaRdUkaRdUkaRdUkaRdU Edl)anEcgfa enAlkçxNÐsMBaF nigsItuNðPaBefr maDén]sµ½nsmamaRtnwgcMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½nenaHEdlmanvtþman. BIc,ab; GavU:kaRdU eyIgdwgfaeBlEdl]sµ½nBIrmanRbtikmµCamYyKña maDEdlcUlrYmRbtikmµrbs;vaman pleFobgaycMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk. RbsinebIplitplCa]sµ½n maDrbs;vaKWTak;TgnwgmaD énFatuRbtikrtampleFobgaymYy ¬ehtukarN¾RtUv)anbgðajedayelak Gay-Lussac BI xagedIm¦. ]TahrN_ sikSaelIkrNIsMeyaKénGam:Uj:ak;BIm:UelKulGuIRdUEsnnigGasUt³ 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) 3 mol 1 mol 2 mol edayehtufa enAlkçxNÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKñamaDén]sµ½nKWsmamaRtnwgcMnYnm:Ul én]sµ½nenaH eyIgGacsresr³ 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) 3 volumes 1 volume 2 volumes

pleFobmaDénm:UelKulGIuRdUEsneTAnwgm:UelKulGasUtKW3:1 ehIypleFobmaDénm:UelKul Gam:Uj:ak; ¬plitpl¦eTAnwgm:UelKulGuIRdUEsn nigm:UelKulGasUt ¬FatuRbtiikr¦KW 2:4 b¤ 1:2

¬rUb 9¦.

rUbrUbrUbrUb 9 TMnakTMnakTMnakTMnak;;;;TMngmaDTMngmaDTMngmaDTMngmaD]]]]sµ½nkñúgRbtikmµKImIsµ½nkñúgRbtikmµKImIsµ½nkñúgRbtikmµKImIsµ½nkñúgRbtikmµKImI.... pleFobmaDénmpleFobmaDénmpleFobmaDénmpleFobmaDénm:::: UelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsneTAmaDéneTAmaDéneTAmaDéneTAmaDénnwgmnwgmnwgmnwgm:::: UelKulUelKulUelKulUelKul GasUtKW GasUtKW GasUtKW GasUtKW 3:1 ehIypleFob mehIypleFob mehIypleFob mehIypleFob m:::: UelKUlGamUelKUlGamUelKUlGamUelKUlGam:::: UjakUjakUjakUjak; ; ; ; ¬¬¬¬plitpl¦ plitpl¦ plitpl¦ plitpl¦ eTAnwgeTAnwgeTAnwgeTAnwgmmmm:::: UelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsnUelKulGuIRdUEsnnigGasUtrYmKña nigGasUtrYmKña nigGasUtrYmKña nigGasUtrYmKña ¬¬¬¬FatuRbtikr¦ KW FatuRbtikr¦ KW FatuRbtikr¦ KW FatuRbtikr¦ KW 2:4 b¤ b¤ b¤ b¤ 1:2....

4 smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ \LÚveyIgsegçbc,ab;]sµ½nEdleyIg)anBiPakSaknøgmkdUcxageRkam³ c,ab; Boyle : V

P

1∝ ¬enAlkçxNÐ n nig T efr¦ c,ab; Charles : V ∝ T ¬enAlkçxNÐ n nig P efr¦

]sµ½n

5-16

c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU Avogadro : V ∝ n ¬enAlkçxNÐ P nig T efr¦ eyIgGacbBa©ÚlkenSamTaMgbIrYmKñaedIm,IbegáItCasmIkarEtmYysMrab;lkçN³én]sµ½n³ V∝

P

nT

V = RP

nT

b¤ PV = nRT (6)

Edl R CaefrsmamaRt KWRtUv)anehAfa efrefrefrefr]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. smIkar (6) EdlRtUv)anehAfa smIkarsmIkarsmIkarsmIkar]]]]sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§ BiBN’naGMBITMnak;TMngrvagGefrTaMgbYn P, V, T, nig n. ]]]]sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§ KWCa ]sµ½nsmµtikmµEdllkçN³sMBaF-maD-sItuNðPaBGacRtUv)anBnül;rYc ehIyedaysmIkar ]sµ½nbrisuT§. m:UelKulén]sµ½nbrisuT§minrgnUvTMnajb¤cMranrvagKñaeT ehIymaDrbs;vaGac ecal)anebIeFobnwgmaDénvtßúEdlpÞúkva. eTaHbICaenAkñúgFmµCatiKµanGVIEdlCa]sµ½nbrisuT§enaH k¾edayPaBminRsbKñalkçN³]sµ½nBitelIlMdab;sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFehtuplsmminman \T§iBlelIkarKNnaeLIy. dUcenHeyIgGac eRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§edIm,IedaHRsaylMhat; ]sµ½nCaeRcIn. muneBleyIgGacGnuvtþsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§eTAelIRbB½n§Bit)an eyIgRtUveGaytMél efr]sµ½n R sin. enAsItuNðPaB 0oC (273,15K) nigsMBaF latm ]sµ½nBitCaeRcInmanlkçN³ dUc]sµ½nbrisuT§. BiesaFn_bgðajfa enAeRkamlkçxNÐTaMgenH lm:Ulén]sµ½nbrisuT§manmaD 22,414L EdlmanmaDFMCagmaDrbs;)al;e)aHdUc)anbgðajkñúgrUb10.

rUbrUbrUbrUb10 kareRbobeFobmaDmkareRbobeFobmaDmkareRbobeFobmaDmkareRbobeFobmaDm:::: UlenAlkçxNÐ UlenAlkçxNÐ UlenAlkçxNÐ UlenAlkçxNÐ STP ¬EdlmanmaDRbEhl ¬EdlmanmaDRbEhl ¬EdlmanmaDRbEhl ¬EdlmanmaDRbEhl 22,4 L¦¦¦¦ CamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwg))))alalalal; ; ; ; eeee))))aHaHaHaHmYymYymYymYy....

CMBUkTI5

5-17

lkçxNÐsItuNðPaB 0oC nigsMBaF latm RtUv)anehAfasItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaFsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;da da da da EdlsresrCaGkSrkat; STP. BIsmIkar (6) eyIgGacsresr³ R =

nT

PV

= )15,273()1(

)414,22()1(

Kxmol

Lxatm

= 0,082057 mol .K

atm . L

= 0,082057 L.atm/K.mol

kñúgkarKNnaPaKeRcIn eyIgsMrYlelxeRkayek,ósrbs; R eTACa (0,0821

L.atm/K.mol) nigeRbI 22,41L CamaDm:Ulén]sµ½nenA STP. ]TahrN_xageRkambgðajfa RbsinebIeyIgdwgbrimaN maD nigsItuNðPaBén]sµ½nmYy eyIgGacKNnasMBaFrbs;vaedayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§.

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 5 s<an;F½rGicsaPøúyGrY (SF6) KWCa]sµ½nKµanBN’ Kµankøin nigGskmµµ. KNnasMBaF ¬KitCa atm¦ EdlRtUv)aneKbBa©Úl l,82m:Ulén]sµ½nkñúgepIgelah³mYyEdlmanmaD 5,43L enAsItuNðPaB 69,50C. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy tamsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ eyIg)an P =

V

nRT

= L 5,43

K 273) mol)(69,5 .atm/K . L 1mol)(0,082 (1,82 +

= 9,42 atm

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn_³ cUrKNnamaD ¬KitCa L¦ én]sµ½nGasUtm:UNUGuksuIt ¬NO¦ cMnYn 2,12m:UlenAlkç½NÐsMBaF 6,54atm nig 760 C. edaymaDm:Ulén]sµ½nenA STP manmaD 22,41L eyIgGacKNnamaD]sµ½nenA STP edaymincaM)ac;eRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 6 cUrKNnamaD ¬KitCa L¦én]sµ½n CO2Edlmanm:as 7,40genA STP.

]sµ½n

5-18

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy eday lm:Ulén]sµ½nbrisuT§manmaD 22,41LenA STP eyIg)an V = 7,40 gCO2 x

22

2

CO mol 1

41,22

CO g 44,01

CO mol 1 L×

= 3,77L

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __³ ³ ³ ³ etI]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnkørYmanmaD ¬KitCa L¦b:unµan ebIvamanm:as 49,8g enA STP? smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§mansar³sMxan;sMrab;lMhat;GMBIPaKsMNak]sµ½n EdlminTak;Tg nwgbMErbMrYlP, V, T nig n. b:uEnþeBlxøH eyIgRtUvkaredaHRsaylMhat;EdlTak;TgnwgbMErbMrYl sMBaFmaDnigsItuNðPaBb¤brimaNén]sµ½n. enAeBllkçxNÐERbRbYl eyIgRtUvEteRbIR)as;TMrg; smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§EdlTak;TgnwgbMErbMrYllkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐsMerc. BIsmIkar (6) eyIg GacTaj)an R =

11

11

Tn

VP ¬enAlkçxNÐedIm¦

nig R = 22

22

Tn

VP ¬enAlkçxNÐsMerc¦

dUcenHeyIg)an

22

22

11

11

Tn

VP

Tn

VP=

RbsinebI n1 = n2 ¬EdlCaFmµtavaesµIKña BIeRBaHcMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½nminERbRbYleT¦ smIkarenHGacsresr

2

22

1

11

T

VP

T

VP= (4.7)

karGnuvtþsmIkar (7) manenAkñúg]TahrN_BIrxageRkam. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 7

BBuH]sµ½ntUcmYyelcecjBI)atRtBaMg enAsItuNðPaB 80C nigsMBaF 6,4atm eTAelI épÞTwkEdlmansItuNðPaB 250C nigsMBaF 1atm. cUrKNnamaDsMerc ¬KitCa mL¦ én BBuH]sµ½nenH ebImaDedImrbs;va 2,1mL. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy eyIgcab;epþImedaysresr

CMBUkTI5

5-19

lkçxNÐedIm lkçxNÐsMerc P1 = 6,4 atm P2 = 1,0 atm V1 = 2,1 mL V2 = ? T1 = (8 + 273) K = 281 K T2 = (25 + 273) K = 298 K

brimaN]sµ½nenAkñúgBBuH]sµ½nKWenAefr dUcenH n1 = n2. edIm,IKNnamaDsMerc V2

eyIgGacsresrsmIkar (7) dUcxageRkam³ V2 = V1 x

1

2

2

1

T

T

P

P×

= 2,1 mL x K 281

K 298

atm 1,0

atm 6,4 ×

= 14 mL

dUcenH maDBBuH]sµ½nekInBI 2,1mL eTA l4mL KWedaysarsMBaFTwkfycuHnig sItuNðPaBekIneLIg. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ ]sµ½nmYymanmaDedIm 4,0 L enA l,2 atm nig 660C rgbMErbMrYlrhUtdl;)anmaDsMerc l,7 L enAsItuNðPaB 420C. etIsMBaFsMercrbs;vab:unµan? snµtfacMnYnm:Urbs;vaminERbRbYl. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 8 GakugCa]sµ½nniclEdleRbIkñúgGMBUlePøIgedIm,I BnüWtkarbgðÚténsréser:suIsþg;. GMBUlePøIgmYymanGakugenA sMBaF1,20atm nigsItuNðPaB180C RtUv)andutkMedArhUtdl; 850C enAmaDefr. cUrKNnasMBaFsMerc ¬KitCa atm¦. ccccMMMMelIyelIyelIyelIy edaymaDnigbrimaNrbs;]sµ½nminERbRbYl dUecñH V1 = V2 nig n1 = n2. dUcenHsmIkar (7)Gacsresr

2

2

1

1

T

P

T

P=

lkçxNÐedIm lkçxNÐsMerc P1 = 1,20 atm P2 = ? T1 = (18 + 273) K = 291 K T2 = (85 + 273) K = 358 K

sMBaFsMercKW P2 = P1 x

1

2

T

T

GMBUlePøIgGKÁisnICaFmµtabMeBj GMBUlePøIgGKÁisnICaFmµtabMeBj GMBUlePøIgGKÁisnICaFmµtabMeBj GMBUlePøIgGKÁisnICaFmµtabMeBj edayedayedayeday]]]]sµ½nGakugsµ½nGakugsµ½nGakugsµ½nGakug....

]sµ½n

5-20

= 1,20 atm x K 291

K 358

= 1,48 atm

karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; enAlkçxNÐmaDefr sMBaFénbrimaN]s½µnpþl;eGayKWsmamaRtpÞal;eTAnwgsItuNðPaB dac;xat K. dUcenHkñúg ]TahrN_enH sMBaFekInKWsmehtupl. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ PaKsMNak]sµ½nGuksuIEsnenA 0,97atmRtUv)anbBa©úHRtCak;BIsItuNðPaB 210C eTA -680C enAmaDefr. etIsMBaFsMerc¬KitCa atm¦rbs;vamanb:unµan?

karKNnadg;suIet RbsinebIeyIgsresrsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§eLIgvij eyIgGacKNnadg;suIetrbs;]sµ½ntam³

RT

P

V

n =

cMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½n n GacKNnatam n = M

m

Edl m Cam:as]sµ½n KitCa g ehIyµ Cam:asmU:l. dUcenH RT

P

MV

m = edaysardg;suIet d KWCam:askñúgmYyxñatmaD eyIgGacsresr d =

RT

PM

V

m = (8)

mindUcmU:elKulkñúgGgÁFaturwgnigraveT m:UelKul]sµ½nKWenAdac;BIKñaedaycMgaymYy Edl FMebIeFobnwgTMhMrbs;va. dUcenHehIy)anCadg;suIet]sµ½nTabxøaMgNas;enAeRkamlkçxNÐ briyakas. edaymUlehtuenH dg;suIet]sµ½nRtUveKKitCa g kñúg 1L (g/L) CaCagKitvaCa g kñúg

lmL (g/mL) dUcbgðajkñúg]TahrN_xageRkam. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 9 cUrKNnadg;suIeténGam:Uj:ak; (NH3)KitCa g/L enAsMBaF 752mmHg nigsItuNðPaB 550C. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy edIm,IbMEbøgsMBaFxagelIenHeTACasMBaFbriyakas eyIgsresr P = 752 mmHg x

mmHg 760

atm 1

= (752/760) atm

edayeRbIsmIkar (8) nig T = 273 + 55 = 328 K eyIg)an

CMBUkTI5

5-21

d = RT

PM

= K) mol)(328 .atm/K . L (0,0821

g/mol) (17,03 x atm (752/760)

= 0,626 g/L

karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; kúñgxñat g/mL dg;suIet]sµ½nKW 6,26 x 10-4 g/mL EdlCacMnYnd¾tUcbMput. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ etIdg;suIet¬KitCag/L¦rbs;G‘uyr:aj:ÚmGicsaPøúyGrYmanb:unµan enA779mmHgnig620C?

m:asm:UlénsarFatu]sµ½n BIGVIEdleyIg)anelIkeLIgknøgmk GñkGacmanGarmµN_BIm:asm:Ulrbs;sarFatumYy RtUv)anrkeXIjedaykarBinitüelIrUbmnþrbs;va nigbUkm:asm:UlénGatUmFatubgárbs;va. b:uEnþ viFIenHeRbI)ancMeBaHrUbmnþBiténsarFatuRtUv)aneKsÁal;Etb:ueNÑaH. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgKImI- viTUEtgEtelIkykkrNIsarFatuEdlsmasPaBminsÁal; b¤smasPaBRtUv)ankMNt;Eteday Epñk. RbsinebIsarFatuEdlminsÁal;Ca]sµ½n m:asm:Ulrbs;vaGacRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkar ]sµ½nbrisuT§. TaMgGs;KWRtUvkartMéldg;suIetEdlkMNt;edayBiesaFn_¬b¤Tinñn½ym:asnigmaD¦ sMrab;]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFsÁal;. tamsmIkar (8) eyIg)an³ M =

P

dRT (9)

kñúgBiesaFn_tYy:ag GMBUlmYyEdlsÁal;maDRtUv)anbMeBjedaysarFatu]sµ½nEdlkMBug sikSa. sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFrbs;PaKsMNak]sµ½nRtUv)aneKkt;Rta ehIym:assrubrbs;GMBUl bUknwgPaKsMNak]sµ½nRtUv)aneKKNna¬rUb11¦. bnÞab;mkGMBUlenHRtUv)aneKbWtykxül; ecjGs;nigføwgsarCafµI. pldkm:asrvagm:asG¿BUleBjedayPaKsMNak]sµ½nCamUynwg m:asGMBUlKWCam:asrbs;]sµ½n. dg;suIetén]sµ½nKWesµInwgm:asrbs;vaEckeGaymaDrbs;GMBUl. CafµImþgeTot ebIeyIgsÁal;dg;suIet]sµ½nmYy eyIgGacKNnam:asm:UlénsarFatuenH)an eday eRbIsmIkar (9). ]TahrN_ 10 bgðajBIkarKNnaenH.

]sµ½n

5-22

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 10

KImIviTUmñak;)ansMeyaKsmasFatu]sµ½nBN’ébtg-elOgénsmasFatu]sµ½nkørnig GuksuIEsn ehIyrkeXIjfadg;suIetrbs;vaKW 7,71g/L enAsItuNðPaB 360C nig 2,88atm. cUrKNnam:asm:Ulrbs;smasFatuenH nigkMNt;rUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;va. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy eyIgCMnYskñúgsmIkar (9))an³ M =

P

dRT=

atm 2,88

K 273) mol)(36 .atm/K . L 1g/L)(0,082 (7,71 + = 67,9 g/mol

eyIgGackMNt;rUbmnþm:UelKulénsmasFatuenHtamBiesaFn_nigPaBlMeGog edayeRbI EtcMeNHdwgGMBIm:asm:Ulrbs;kør(35,45g)nigGuksuIEsn(16,00g). eyIgdwgfa smasFatuEdl manGatUm Cl mYy nigGatUm O mYymanm:asm:Ul 51,45g EdlmantMélTabxøaMg b:uEnþebIm:as m:UlénsmasFatuenHbgáeLIgBIGatUmClBIr nigGatUmOmYyenaHKW 86,90g EdlCatMélx<s; eBk. dUcenHsmasFatuenHRtUvEtmanGatUm ClmYy nigGatUm OBIr nigmanrUbmnþm:UelKul ClO2 EdlRtUvnwgm:as 67,45g. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ ___ dg;suIeténsmasFatusrIragÁ]sµ½nmYyKW 3,38g/L enAsItuNðPaB 400C nig 1,97atm. etIm:asm:Ulrbs;vamanb:unµan? smIkar (9) CasmIkarkøaymkBIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ eyIgGacKNna)anEdrnUvm:as m:UlsarFatu]sµ½n edayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ dUc)anbgðajxageRkam. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 11

karviPaKFatuKImIénsmasFatu]sµ½nmYy)anbgðajeGayeXIjfa smasFatuenHman 33,0% Si nig 67,0%F KitCam:as. enAsItuNðPaB 350C maD 0,210L énsmasFatuenHman

rUbrUbrUbrUb11 ]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____sMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;;;;vasvasvasvas;;;;dgdgdgdg;;;;suIeténsuIeténsuIeténsuIetén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . GMBUlEdlGMBUlEdlGMBUlEdlGMBUlEdlsÁalsÁalsÁalsÁal;;;;maD maD maD maD RtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anbMeBjedayanbMeBjedayanbMeBjedayanbMeBjeday]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nEdlkMBugEdlkMBugEdlkMBugEdlkMBugsikSaenAsikSaenAsikSaenAsikSaenAsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaFnigsMBaF CakCakCakCak;;;;laklaklaklak;;;;mYymYymYymYy. . . . dMbUgGMBUlRtUvdMbUgGMBUlRtUvdMbUgGMBUlRtUvdMbUgGMBUlRtUv))))anføwganføwganføwganføwgrYcRtUvrYcRtUvrYcRtUvrYcRtUv))))ananananbWtxülbWtxülbWtxülbWtxül;;;;ecj ecj ecj ecj ehIyehIyehIyehIy føwgmþgføwgmþgføwgmþgføwgmþgeToteToteToteTot. . . . plsgmplsgmplsgmplsgm::::asKWCamasKWCamasKWCamasKWCam::::asénasénasénasén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . edaydwgmaDénedaydwgmaDénedaydwgmaDénedaydwgmaDén]]]]sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n eyIgGacKNnadgeyIgGacKNnadgeyIgGacKNnadgeyIgGacKNnadg;;;;suIetsuIetsuIetsuIet]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n))))anananan. . . .

CMBUkTI5

5-23

sMBaF 1,70atm. ebIm:asén 0,210L rbs;smasFatuenHmanm:as 2,38g cUrKNnarUbmnþ m:UelKulénsmasFatuenH. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy dMbUgeyIgkMNt;rkrUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatuenHmunsin nSi = 33,0 g Si x

Si g 28,09

Si mol 1 = 1,17mol Si

nF = 67,0 g F x F g 19,00

F mol 1 = 3,53mol F

dUcenH rUbmnþgayénsmasFatuenHKW Si1,17F3,53 b¤ SiF3. bnÞab;mkeyIgKNnarkcMnYn m:UlEdlmankñúgm:assmasFatu 2,38g. BIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ eyIg)an n =

RT

PV

= K) mol)(308 .atm/K . L (0,0821

L) atm)(0,210 (1,70 = 0,0141mol

dUcenH m:asm:Ulrbs;smasFatuenHKW M =

mol 0,0141

g 2,38 = 169g/mol

m:asm:UlrUbmnþgayrbs; SiF3 KW 85,09g. dUcenH rUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;smasFatu enHRtUvEtCa Si2F6 BIeRBaHfa 2 x 85,09 b¤ 170,2g KWmantMélRbhak;RbEhlnwg 169g. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ smasFatu]sµ½nmYyman 78,14% Bnig21,86% H. enAsItuNðPaB270CmaD74,3mL én]sµ½nmansMBaF 1,12atm. RbsinebI]sµ½nenHmanm:as 0,0934g etIvamanrUbmnþm:UelKul y:agdUcemþc? 5 sÞWsüÚemRTI]sµ½n eyIg)aneRbITMnak;TMngrvagbrimaN¬KitCam:Ul¦nigm:as¬KitCaRkam¦énFatuRbtikrnig FatukekIt¬plitpl¦ edIm,IedaHRsaylMhat;sÞWsüÚemRTI. enAeBlEdlFatuRbtikrnigFatu kekItCa]sµ½n eyIgGaceRbITMnak;TMngrvagbrimaN ¬KitCam:Ul n¦ nigmaD (V) kñúgkaredaH RsaylMhat;TaMgenaH¬rUbTI12¦. ]TahrN_ xageRkamenHbgðajBIviFIEdlc,ab;]sµ½nRtUv)an eRbIkñúgkarKNnaTaMgenH.

]sµ½n

5-24

rUbrUbrUbrUb12 karKNnakarKNnakarKNnakarKNnassssÞWÞW ÞWÞWssssüÚemRTIEdlTaküÚemRTIEdlTaküÚemRTIEdlTaküÚemRTIEdlTak;;;;TgnwgTgnwgTgnwgTgnwg]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 12 KNnamaDGuksuIEsn ¬KitCa L¦ enA STP EdlRtUvkarsMrab;cMehHsBVén 2,64L GaesTIELn¬C2H2¦enA STP:

2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy edayehtufa C2H2 nig O2 KWCa]sµ½nEdlRtUv)anvas;enAsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña tamc,ab;Gav:UkaRdÚmaDcUlrYmRbtikmµrbs;va KWTak;TgnwgelxemKuNkñúgtulüsmIkarKWman n½yfa 2Lén C2H2 manRbtikmµCamYy 5L én O2 . edaydwgpleFobelxemKuNenHeyIg GacKNnamaD¬KitCa L¦énO2 EdlnwgmanRbtikmµCamYy 2,64L énC2H2. maDO2 = 2,64 L C2H2 x

22

2

5

Η 2Ο

LC

L

= 6,60 L O2

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ edaysnµtfasItuNðPaBnigsMBaFminERbRbYl cUrKNnamaDO2 ¬KitCa L¦ EdlRtUvkar sMrab;cMehHsBVmaD 14,9L ]sµ½n C4H10:

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 13 sUdüÚmnIRTY (NaN3) RtUv)aneRbIkñúgeBagrfynþmYycMnYn. dMeNIrTgÁicKñaeFVIeGaypÞúHeLIg nUvRbtikmµbMEbk NaN3 dUcxageRkam³ 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

]sµ½nGasUtRtUv)anplity:agqab;rh½s eFVIeGayeBageLIge):agenAcenøaHGñkebIkbr nigkBa©k;xagmuxrfynþ. KNnamaD N2 )anekIteLIgenAsItuNðPaB21

0Cnig 823mmHg

tamRbtikmµbMEbkén 60,0g NaN3. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy BIsmIkarlMnwg eyIgeXIjfaman2m:UlNaN3 nig3m:UlN2. cMnYnm:Ulén N2 EdlkekItBI 60,0g NaN3 KW

brimaN FatuRbtikr

¬CaRkamb¤maD¦

cMnYnm:Ul FatuRbtikr

cMnYnm:Ul FatukekIt

brimaN FatukekIt

¬CaRkamb¤maD¦

CMBUkTI5

5-25

m:Ul N2 = 60,0 g NaN3 x 3

2

3

3

2

3

NaN 65,02g

1mol

molNaN

molNa×

ΝΝ

= 1,38 mol N2

maDén 1,38m:Ul N2 GacRtUv)anKNnatamsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§³ V =

P

nRT=

atm (823/760)

K) mol)(294 .atm/K . L 1mol)(0,082 (1,38 = 30,85L

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ smIkarsMrab;emtabUlIsbMEbkKøúykUs (C6H12O6) KWdUcKñanwgsmIkarcMehHKøúykUskñúg xül;Edr³ C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

cUrKNnamaD CO2 Edl)ankekItenAsItuNðPaB 370C nigsMBaF 1atm enAeBlEdl 5,60g KøúykUsRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Gs;kñúgRbtikmµ. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____ 14 sUluysüúgravénlIcUmGuIRduksuItRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbnSúT§xül;kñúgyanGvkasnignavamuC Twk BIeRBaHvaRsUbykkabUnDIGuksuIttamsmIkarRbtikmµ³ 2LiOH(aq) + CO2(g) → Li2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

sMBaFrbs; CO2 enAkñúgbnÞb;GvkasmanmaD 2,4 x 105L KW 7,9 x 10-3atm enA 312K. sUluysüúg LiOH EdlmaDrbs;vaGacecal)anRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgbnÞb;enH. enAeBlcugeRkaysMBaF CO2 fycuHmkenARtwmEt 1,2 x 10-4atm. etI Li2CO3 kekIt)an b:unµanRkamBIRbtikmµenH? cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy dMbUgeyIgKNnacMnYnm:Ul CO2 Edl)aneRbIkñúgRbtikmµ. karfycuHénsMBaFBI 7,9 x

10-3 mk 1,2 x 10-4 b¤ 7,8 x 10-3atm KWRtUvKñanwgbrimaN CO2 RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Rbtikmµ. tamsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ eyIg)an n =

RT

PV

= K) mol)(312 .atm/K . L (0,0821

L) 10 x atm)(2,4 01 x (7,8 53−

= 73 mol

]sµ½n

5-26

BIsmIkarenHeyIgeXIjfa 1 mol CO2 eyIgTTYl)an 1 mol Li 2CO3. dUcenH brimaN Li 2CO3 EdlkekItKW 73molEdr. eday Li2CO3 manm:asm:Ul 73,89g enaH eyIgGac KNnam:asrbs;va³ m:as Li 2CO3 kekIt = 73 mol Li2CO3 x

32

32

COLi mol 1

COLi g 73,89

= 5,4 x 103 g Li2CO3

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ PaKsMNak]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnkørY 2,14L enAsMBaF 2,61atm nigsItuNðPaB 280C KWrlay TaMgRsugkñúgTwk 668mL edIm,IbegáIt)anCasUluysüúgGasuItkørIRDic. cUrKNnam:ULarItén sUluysüúgGasuItenH.

6 c,ab;sMBaFedayEpñkrbs;dal;tun (Dalton) mkTl;RtwmenHeyIg)ansikSaBIlkçN³rbs;sarFatu]sµ½nsuT§ bu:EnþkarsikSatam BiesaFn_Cajwkjab;EtgEtTak;Tgnwgl,ay]sµ½n. ]TahrN_ karsikSaBIxül;kxVk; eyIgGac cab;GarmµN_cMeBaHTMnak;TMngsMBaF-maD-sItuNðPaBénPaKsMNakxül; Edlman]sµ½neRcIn RbePT. kñúgkrNIEbbenH nigral;krNITaMgLayEdlTak;Tgnwgl,ay]sµ½n sMBaF]sµ½nsrub KWTak;TgeTAnwg sMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñk mann½yfaCasMBaFén]sµ½nnImYy²kñúgl,ay. enAqñaM1801

elak Dalton)anbegáItc,ab;mYyEdlbc©úb,nñRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa cccc,,,,abababab;;;;sMBaFedayEpñkrbssMBaFedayEpñkrbssMBaFedayEpñkrbssMBaFedayEpñkrbs;;;; Dalton EdlEcgfasMBaFsrubénl,ay]sµ½nKWCaplbUkénsMBaFedayEpñknImYy². cUreFVIkarsikSaelIkrNIEdll,aymYyman]sµ½nBIr KW Anig B sßitenAkñúgvtßúpÞúkmYyman maD V. sMBaFrbs;]sµ½nA EdleyagtamsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§KW PA = An

V

RT

EdlnAKWCacMnYnm:Ul]sµ½nA. dUcKñaenHEdr sMBaF]sµ½nBKW PB = Bn

V

RT

kñúgl,ay]sµ½nAnigB sMBaFsrub PT KWCalT§plénkarTgÁicrbs;mU:elKul]sµ½nA nigBCamYyépÞvtßúpÞúkva. dUcenH tamc,ab; Dalton PT = PA + PB

= ( AnV

RT ) + ( BnV

RT )

CMBUkTI5

5-27

= V

RT( BA nn + )

= V

nRT

nCacMnYnm:Ulsrubén]sµ½n Edl n = nA + nB ehIy PAnigPBCasMBaFedayEpñkén ]sµ½nAnigBerogKña. dUcenH cMeBaHl,ay]sµ½nsMBaFsrubPTKWGaRs½yEtnwgcMnYnmU:lsrubén ]sµ½nminGaRs½yelIFmµCatiénm:UelKul]sµ½neT. CaTUeTA sMBaFsrubénl,ay]sµ½nRtUv)ankMNt;eday PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

Edl P1 P2 P3… CasMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½n 1 2 3…. edIm,IbgðajeGayeXIjfa sMBaFedayEpñkTak;TgnwgsMBaFsrub eyIgsikSaelIkrNIl,aymYyman]sµ½nBIrAnigB. edayEck PAnwgPT eyIg)an³

T

A

P

P =

VRTnn

VRTn

BA

A

/)(

/

+

= BA

A

nn

n

+

= XA

Edl XA ehAfaRbPaKm:Ulén]sµ½nA. RbPaKmRbPaKmRbPaKmRbPaKm:::: Ul Ul Ul Ul KWCacMnYnEdlbBa¢ak;BIpleFobén cMnYnm:Ul]sµ½nmYyeFobnwgcMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½nTaMgGs;kñúgl,ay. RbPaKm:UlCanic©kaltUcCag 1 elIkElgEtkñúgl,ay]sµ½nmanEt]sµ½n AmYyKt;. kñúgkrNIenH nB = 0 ehIy XA = nA/nA =

1. eyIgGacsresrsMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½n A nigBeday PA = XAPT nig PB = XBPT

KYrkt;sMKal;fa plbUkénRbPaKm:Ulrbs;l,ay]sµ½nmYyKWRtUvEtesµInwg1. RbsinebI l,aymYyman]sµ½nEtBIr eyIg)an XA + XB = [nA/(nA + nB)] + [nB/(nA + nB)] = 1

RbsinebIRbB½n§mYyman]sµ½neRcInCagBIr enaHsMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nTIi KWTak;Tgnwg sMBaFsrubtamry³ Pi = XiPT (10) Edl X i CaRbPaKm:Ulrbs;sarFatu i. etIsMBaFedayEpñkRtUv)anKNnatamviFINa? ]bkrN_m:aNUEm:tGacvas;)anEtsMBaF srubénl,ay]sµ½nEtbu:eNÑaH. edIm,IrksMBaFedayEpñkeyIgRtUvdwgRbPaKm:Ulrbs;smasPaK bgáEdlGaccUlrYmbegáItkarviPaKKImI. viFIpÞal;CageKénkarvas;sMBaFedayEpñkedayEpñkKW

]sµ½n

5-28

eRbIs,icRtUEm:tm:as. tg;suIeteFobénkMBUl(peak)enAkñúgs,iúcm:as KWsmamaRtedaypÞal; eTAnwgbrimaNnigRbPaKm:Ulrbs;]sµ½nEdlmanvtþman. BIRbPaKm:UlnigsMBaFsrub eyIgGacKNnasMBaFedayEpñkrbs;smasPaKeday ELk² dUcbgðajkñúg]TahrN_ 15. kareRbIc,ab;sMBaFedayEpñkrbs; Dalton cMeBaHkarBak; ]bkrN_muCTwkRtUv)anBiPakSakñúgGtßbTKImIGnuvtn¾þ (Chemistry in Action). ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 15

l,ay]sµ½nmYyman 4,46m:UlenGug (Ne) 0,74m:UlGakug (Ar) nig 2,15m:UlesNug (Xe). KNnasMBaFedayEpñkrbs;]sµ½n ebIsMBaFsrubKW 2,00atm enAsItuNðPaBCak;lak;. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy RbPaKm:Ulrbs; NeKW XNe =

XeArNe

Ne

nnn

n

++ =

molmol 2,15 + 0,74 + mol 4,46

mol 4,46 = 0,607

BIsmIkar (10) PNe = XNePT

= 0,607 x 2,00atm = 1,21atm

dUcKñaenHEdr PAr = 0,10 x 2,00atm

= 0,20 atm

nig PXe = 0,293 x 2,00atm

= 0,586atm

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ PaKsMNak]sµ½nFmµCatimYyman 8,24m:Ulénemtan (CH4) 0,421m:UleGtan (C2H6)

nig 0,116m:UlénRbU):an (C3H8). ebIsMBaFsrubrbs;]sµ½nKW 1,37atm cUrKNnasMBaFeday Epñkrbs;]sµ½n? c,ab;sMBaFedayEpñkrbs; Dalton mansar³sMxan;sMrab;KNnamaD]sµ½n EdlRtg)an enABIelITwk. ]TahrN_ eBlb:UtasüÚmkør:at(KClO3) RtUv)andutkMedA vabMEbkeTACa KCl nigO2³ 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

]sµ½nGuksuIEsnGacRtg)anenABIelITwkdUcbgðajkñúgrUb13. dMbUgdbpáab;RtUv)anbMeBj edayTwkeBj. eBlEdl]sµ½nGuksuIEsnkekIteLIg BBuH]sµ½neTACMnYsTwkkñúgdbenAEpñkxag

CMBUkTI5

5-29

elI. viFIRtgyk]sµ½nenHEp¥¥kelIkarsnµtfa]sµ½nenHminmanRbtikmµCamYyTwknigminrlaykñúg Twk.

rUbrUbrUbrUb13 ]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____sMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;;;;RtgykRtgykRtgykRtgyk]]]]sµ½nelIépÞTwksµ½nelIépÞTwksµ½nelIépÞTwksµ½nelIépÞTwk. . . . ]]]]sµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsn))))ananananekItBIkardutkMedAbekItBIkardutkMedAbekItBIkardutkMedAbekItBIkardutkMedAb:::: UtasüÚmkørUtasüÚmkørUtasüÚmkørUtasüÚmkør:: ::atatatat (KClO3) enAeBlenAeBlenAeBlenAeBlmanvtþmanbrimaNmmanvtþmanbrimaNmmanvtþmanbrimaNmmanvtþmanbrimaNm::::gggg;;;;kaENsDIGuksuIt kaENsDIGuksuIt kaENsDIGuksuIt kaENsDIGuksuIt (MnO2) tictYctictYctictYctictYcEdlCYyEdlCYyEdlCYyEdlCYybegáInelbegáInelbegáInelbegáInel,,,,ÓnÓnÓnÓn RbtikmµRtUvRbtikmµRtUvRbtikmµRtUvRbtikmµRtUv))))anbegáItCaBBuHanbegáItCaBBuHanbegáItCaBBuHanbegáItCaBBuHqøgkatqøgkatqøgkatqøgkat;;;;Twk ehIyRtUvTwk ehIyRtUvTwk ehIyRtUvTwk ehIyRtUv))))anRtgykkñúgdbdUcanRtgykkñúgdbdUcanRtgykkñúgdbdUcanRtgykkñúgdbdUc))))anbganbganbganbgðajkñúgrUbðajkñúgrUbðajkñúgrUbðajkñúgrUb. . . . TwkEdledImTwkEdledImTwkEdledImTwkEdledIm eLIymanenAkñúgdbRtUveLIymanenAkñúgdbRtUveLIymanenAkñúgdbRtUveLIymanenAkñúgdbRtUv))))anrujcUlanrujcUlanrujcUlanrujcUleTeTeTeTAkñúgepIgTwkedayAkñúgepIgTwkedayAkñúgepIgTwkedayAkñúgepIgTwkeday]]]]sµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsnsµ½nGuksuIEsn.... karsnµtenHKWmansuBlPaBcMeBaH]sµ½nGuksuIEsn b:uEnþminEmnsMrab;]sµ½ndUcCa NH3 rlay kñúgTwk. ]sµ½nGuksuIEsnEdlRtg)antamviFIenHminsuT§eT BIeRBaHcMhayTwkk¾manvtþmanenA kñúgdbenHEdr. sMBaFsrubrbs;]sµ½nKWesµInwgplbUkénsMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nGuksuIEsn nig cMhayTWk³ PT = OHO PP

22+

ehtudUcenH eyIgRtUvKitBIsMBaFEdlbNþalmkBIvtþmancMhayTwk eBleyIgKNna brimaN O2 kekIk. taragTI 3 bgðajBIsMBaFcMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaBepSg²Kña. Tinñn½yTaMg enHRtUv)anKUsCaRkabkñúgrUb14.

]sµ½n

5-30

]TahrN_16 bgðajBIrebobeRbIR)as;c,ab;Dalton edIm,IKNna brimaN]sµ½n EdlRtg)anenABIelITwk.

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 16

]sµ½nGuksuIEsnkekItBIRbtikmµbMEbkénb:UtasüÚmkør:atRtUv)an eKRtgykdUcbgðajkñúgrUb13. maDGuksuIEsn 128mL RtUv)an eKRtgenAsItuNðPaB240CnigsMBaFbriyakas762mmHg. KNna m:as¬KitCaRkam¦]sµ½nGuksuIEsnEdlTTYl)an. sMBaFcMhay TwkenA 240C KW 22,4 mmHg.

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy CMhandMbUg eyIgKNnasMBaFedayEpñkrbs; O2. eyIg dwgfa PT = OHO PP

22+

dUcenH OHTO PPP22

−=

= 762 mmHg – 22,4 mmHg = 740 mmHg

= 740 mmHg x mmHg 760

atm) (1

= 0,974atm

tamsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ eyIgGacsresr PV = nRT =

M

m x RT

Edl m nig M KWCam:asO2 EdlRtg)an nigm:asm:UlO2erogKña. eyIg)an m =

RT

PVM

=K 24) mol)(273 .atm/K . L (0,0821

g/mol) L)(32,00 atm)(0,128 (0,974

+

= 0,164 g

sItuNðPaB

(0C) sMBaFcMhayTwk

(mmHg) 0 4,58 5 6,54 10 9,21 15 12,79 20 17,54 25 23,76 30 31,82 35 42,18 40 55,32 45 71,88 50 92,51 55 118,04 60 149,38 65 187,54 70 233,7 75 289,1 80 355,1 85 433,6 90 525,76 95 633,90 100 760,00

taragTItaragTItaragTItaragTI3sMBaFcMhayTwkenAsMBaFcMhayTwkenAsMBaFcMhayTwkenAsMBaFcMhayTwkenA sItuNðPaBepSgsItuNðPaBepSgsItuNðPaBepSgsItuNðPaBepSg²²²²KñaKñaKñaKña

CMBUkTI5

5-31

rUbrUbrUbrUb14 sMBaFcMhayTwkCaGnuKmnsMBaFcMhayTwkCaGnuKmnsMBaFcMhayTwkCaGnuKmnsMBaFcMhayTwkCaGnuKmn____nwgsItuNðPaBnwgsItuNðPaBnwgsItuNðPaBnwgsItuNðPaB. . . . ktktktkt;;;;sMKalsMKalsMKalsMKal;;;;fa enAcMnucrMBuHrbsfa enAcMnucrMBuHrbsfa enAcMnucrMBuHrbsfa enAcMnucrMBuHrbs;;;;Twk Twk Twk Twk (100oC)

mansMBaF mansMBaF mansMBaF mansMBaF 760 mmHg EdEdEdEdllllesµInwg esµInwg esµInwg esµInwg 1 atm....

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ ]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnEdlkekIteLIgBIRbtikmµrvagelah³kal;süÚmCamYyTwkRtUv)aneKRtg ykdUckñúgrUb13. maD]sµ½nRtg)anKW641mLenAsItuNðPaB300CnigsMBaF988mmHg. etI ]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnEdlRtg)anmanm:as¬KitCaRkam¦b:unµan? ebIsMBaFcMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaB 300C KW 31,82 mmHg. 7 RTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulén]sµ½n c,ab;]sµ½nCYyeyIgkñúgkarTsSn¾TayBIlkçN³rbs;]sµ½n bu:EnþeKminBnül;BIGVIekIteLIg enAkMritm:UelKulEdlbNþaleGaymanbMlas;bþÚr EdleyIgsegáteXIjkñúgBiPBm:aRkUsáúBic. ]TahrN_ ehtuGVI)anCa]sµ½nrIkmaDenAeBlRtUvkMedA?

enAstvtSTI 19 rUbviTUmYycMnYndUcCaelak Ludwig Boltzmann nigelak James

Clerk Maxwell )anrkeXIjfalkçN³rUbrbs;]sµ½nGacRtUv)aneKbkRsayBnül;eTAtam clnaénm:UelKulnImYy². clnam:UelKulenHKWCaTMrg;énfamBlEdleyIgkMNt;n½yfaCa smtßPaBeFVIkmµnþ b¤begáIteGaymanbMlas;bþÚr. enAkñúgemkanickmµnþ KWesµInwgkMlaMgKuNnwg cMgaybMlas;TI. edaysarEtfamBlGacRtUveKvas;)andUcCakmµnþEdr eyIgGac sresr³ famBl = kmµnþ = kMlaMg x cMgaybMlas;TI

]sµ½n

5-32

s‘Ul s‘Ul s‘Ul s‘Ul (J) KWCaxñat SIrbs;famBl Edl 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

= 1 N.m

famBlGacKitCaKILÚs‘Ul (kJ) pgEdr eday 1 kJ = 1000 J

manRbePTfamBlCaeRcInRbePT. famBlsuIenTic famBlsuIenTic famBlsuIenTic famBlsuIenTic (KE) KWCaRbePTfamBl EdlekItBIclnarbs;vtßú b¤CafamBlénclna. rbkKMehIjrbs;elak Maxwell elak Boltzmann nigGñkdéTeTot)anpþl;nUvlkçN³ TUeTAmYycMnYnBIlkçN³rbs;]sµ½n EdlBIeBlenaHmkeKsÁal;faCaRTwsþImRTwsþImRTwsþImRTwsþIm:: :: UelKulsuIenTic UelKulsuIenTic UelKulsuIenTic UelKulsuIenTic énénénén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n b¤ehAfa RTwsþIsuIenTicén]sµ½n. RTwsþIsuIenTicsMxan;²RtUv)ansnµtdUcxageRkam³ 1. ]sµ½nRtUv)aneLIgedaym:UelKulEdlenAXøatBIKñaedaycMgaymYyFMCagvimaRtrbs; va. m:UelKulGacRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCacMnuc²Edlmanm:as b:uEnþmaDrbs;vaGacecal)an. 2. m:UelKul]sµ½nKWmanclna\tQb;Qr \tsNþab;Fñab; nigTgÁicKñaCaerOy². kar TgÁicKñakñúgcMeNamm:UelKul]sµ½nKWmanlkçN³Tn;Pøn;. pÞúyeTAvij famBlGacepÞrBIm::UelKul mYyeTAm:UelKulmYyeTot EdlCalT§plénkarTgÁicKña. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday famBlsrub énm:UelKulTaMgGs;enAkñúgenAEtdUcKña. 3. m:UelKul]sµ½nKµankMlaMgTMnajrWkMlaMgcMranelIKñaeTAvijeTAmkeT. 4. famBlsuIenTicmFüménm:UelKulTaMgLayKWsmamaRteTAnwgsItuNðPaBEdlKitCa Eklvin(Kelvins). ]sµ½nBIrenAmansItuNðPaBdUcKñanwgmanfamBlsuIenTicmFümesµIKña. famBlsuIenTicmFüménm:UelKulmYyRtUv)anKNnatam umKE

2

1= 2 Edl m Cam:asm:UelKul nig u Cael,Ónrbs;va. KMnUsr)aedkbBa¢ak;BItMélmFüm. brimaN u 2 ehAfael,ÓnmFümkaer EdlCatMélmFümkaerénel,Ónrbs;m:UelKulTaMgGs;³ u 2 =

N

uuuu N22

32

22

1 ...++++ Edl N KWCacMnYnm:UelKul

karsnµtTI 4GaceGayeyIgsresr)an KE ∝ T

um2

1 2 ∝ T

um2

1 2 = CT (11)

Edl C KWCaefrsmamaRt ehIy T KWCasItuNðPaBdac;xat (K). eyagtamRTwsþIm:UelKulsuIenTic sMBaF]sµ½nekItBIlT§plénkarTgÁicrvagm:UelKulnwg épÞén]bkrN_EdlpÞúkva. vaGaRs½ynwgeRbkg;énkarTgÁickñúgmYyÉktaépÞ nigkMlaMgTgÁicEdl

CMBUkTI5

5-33

m:UelKulTgÁicelIépÞenaH. RTwsþIenH)anpþl;pgEdrnUvbMNkRsayclnam:UelKultamsItuNðPaB. tamsmIkar (11) sItuNðPaBdac;xatrbs;]sµ½nmYyKWCargVas;énfamBlsuIenTicmFümrbs; m:UelKul. mü:agvijeTot sItuNðPaBdac;xatKWCakarbgðajBIPaB\tsNþab;Fñab;énm:UelKul mann½yfakalNasItuNðPaBkan;Etx<s; famBlm:UelKulkan;EtxøaMg. BIeRBaH vamanTMnak;TMng nwgsItuNðPaBénPaKsMNak]sµ½n clna\tsNþab;Fñab;énm:UelKulKWCYnkaleKsMedAelIclna kMedA.

bMerIbMras;c,ab;]sµ½n eTaHbICaRTwsþIsuIenTicén]sµ½nEpñkelIKMrUgayRsYlk¾eday karcUlrYménKNitviTüaman lkçN³sµúKsµajxøaMg. b:uEnþedayEp¥kelImUldæanKuNPaBeKGaceRbIRTwsþIenHedIm,IBnül;BI lkçN³TUeTAénsarFatukñúgPaBCa]sµ½n. ]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;va. - PaBbENÑnén]sµ½n³ edaysarm:UelKulkñúgPaBCa]sµ½nsßitenAXøatBIKña edaycenøaH FM² ¬tamkarsnµtTI1¦ ]sµ½nGacRtUv)anbENÑnmkmaDtUc)any:aggay. - c,ab;b‘y³ sMBaFEdlsgát;eday]sµ½nKWCalT§plénkarTgÁicm:UelKulrbs;vaCamYy épÞénvtßúEdlpÞúkva. kMriténkarTgÁicb¤cMnYnénkarTgÁicrbs;m:UelKulvaCamYyépÞkñúgmYyvinaTIKW smamaRteTAnwgdg;suIet¬mann½yfaCacMnYnm:UelKulkñúgmYyxñatmaD¦én]sµ½n. karbnßymaD énbrimaN]sµ½npþl;eGaybegáIndg;suIetrbs;va dUecñHkMriténkarTgÁicrbs;vak¾ekIneLIgEdr. cMeBaHehtuplenH sMBaFén]sµ½nKWsmamaRtpÞúynwgmaDrbs;vaKWfakalNamaDfycuHsMBaF ekIneLIgnigRcasmkvij. - c,ab;qal³ edayfamBlsuIenTicmFüménm:UelKul]sµ½nsmamaRtnwgsItuNðPaB rbs;PaKsMNak¬karsnµtTI4¦ kMenInsItuNðPaBbegáInfamBlsuIenTicmFüm. dUcenH m:UelKul nwgTgÁicCamYyépÞénvtßúEdlpÞúkvakan;EtxøaMgeLIgnigman\T§iBlxøaMgeLIgEfmeTot kalNa ]s½µnenHRtUv)aneKdutkMedA nigsMBaFk¾ekIneLIgEdr. ]sµ½nnwgrIkmaDrhUtdl;sMBaFrbs;]sµ½n enHmantulüPaBCamYynwgsMBaFxageRkAefr ¬emIlrUb7¦. - c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU³ eyIg)anbgðajfa sMBaF]sµ½nKWsmamaRtedaypÞal;nwgdg;suIet nig sItuNðPaBén]sµ½nenaH. BIeRBaHm:asrbs;]sµ½nKWsmamaRtedaypÞal;nwgcMnYnm:Ulrbs;va eyIg Gactagdg;suIet]sµ½neday n/V. dUcenHeyIg)an P ∝ T

V

n

]sµ½n

5-34

krNI]sµ½nBIr ]sµ½nTI1nigTI2 eyIgGacsresr

P1 ∝ 1

11

1

11

V

TnC

V

Tn= P2 ∝

2

22

2

22

V

TnC

V

Tn=

EdlCCaefrsmamaRt. dUcenH krNI]sµ½nBIrEdlsßitenAeRkamlkç½N+ÐsMBaF maD nigsItuNðPaBdUcKña ¬KWenAeBlEdl P1 = P2 T1 = T2 V1 = V2¦ vanaMeGay)an n1 = n2 EdlenaHCakenSamKNitviTüaénc,ab;Gav:UkaRdU. - c,ab;daltunénsMBaFedayEpñk³ RbsinebIm:UelKulminrgnUvTMnajb¤cMranKñaeT ¬karsnµtTI3¦ enaHsMBaFEdlsgát;edaym:UelKulmYyKWminman\T§iBledayvtþman]sµ½nepSg eToteT. ehtudUcenHsMBaFsrubRtUvesµInwgplbUksMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nnImYy².

r)ayénel,Ónm:UelKul RTwsþIsuIenTicén]sµ½nGaceGayeyIgsegátclnam:UelKuleGaykan;EtlMGitEfm eTot. ]bmafaeyIgmanm:UelKul]sµ½nmYycMnYnFM KW1m:UlenAkñúgepIg. enAxN³EdleyIgrkSa sItuNðPaBeGayenAefrenaH famBlsIuenTicmFümnigel,ÓnmFümnwgminmankarERbRbYltam eBlevlaknøgeTAeT. dUcEdlGñkGacrMBwgTuk clnam:UelKulKWmanlkçN³\tsNþab;Fñab;nig minGacTayTuk)aneT. enAkñúgry³eBlmYy etImanm:UelKulb:unµanEdlpøas;TIenAkñúgel,Ón edayELk? edIm,IeqøIynwgsMnYrenH m:akSEv:l(Maxwell))anviPaKelIlkçN³énm:UelKul]sµ½n enAsItuNðPaBxus²Kña. rUb15 bgðajBIRbePTExSekagr)ayel,Ónm:ak;Ev:lcMeBaH]sµ½nbrisuT§enAsItuNðPaBBIr epSgKña. enAsItuNðPaBmYy ExSekagr)ayR)ab;eyIgBIcMnYnm:UelKulEdleFVIclnaenAel,Ón Cak;lak;mYy. kMBUlénExSekagnImYy²tageGayel,ÓnEdlsmRsbbMput KWel,Onénm:UelKul eRcInbMput. KYrkt;sMKal;faenAsItuNðPaBx<s;Cag¬rUb15(b)¦el,ÓnEdlsmRsbbMputKWFMCag krNIenAsItuNðPaBTabCag ¬rUb15(a)¦. edayeFVIkareRbobeFobEpñk(a)nig(b) eyIgeXIjfa enAeBlsItuNðPaBekIneLIgvaminRKan;EtkMBUleT EdlrMkileTAxagsþaMb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþExSekag k¾rabcuHpgEdrEdlbgðajfa m:UelKulcMnYneRcInCagpøas;TIedayel,ÓnelOnCag.

CMBUkTI5

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rUbrUbrUbrUb15 rrrr))))ayelayelayelayel,,,,ÓnrbsÓnrbsÓnrbsÓnrbs;;;;mmmm::::akakakakSSSSEvEvEvEv:: ::llllsMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;;;;]]]]sµ½nmYyenAsµ½nmYyenAsµ½nmYyenAsµ½nmYyenA (a) sItuNPaB sItuNPaB sItuNPaB sItuNPaB T1 nignignignig (b) sItuNðPaBxsItuNðPaBxsItuNðPaBxsItuNðPaBx<<<<ssss;;;;CagCagCagCag T2. . . . KYrsMKalKYrsMKalKYrsMKalKYrsMKal;;;;fafafafaExSekagrabcuHeExSekagrabcuHeExSekagrabcuHeExSekagrabcuHenAsItuNðPaBxnAsItuNðPaBxnAsItuNðPaBxnAsItuNðPaBx<<<<ssss;;;;CagCagCagCag. . . . tMbntMbntMbntMbn;;;;manmanmanmanRsemaltageGaycMnYnmRsemaltageGaycMnYnmRsemaltageGaycMnYnmRsemaltageGaycMnYnm:::: UelKul UelKul UelKul UelKul EdlEdlEdlEdlpøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TIenAelTIenAelTIenAelTIenAel,,,,OnOnOnOnFMCagb¤esFMCagb¤esFMCagb¤esFMCagb¤esµIelµIelµIelµIel,,,,ÓnÓnÓnÓnCakCakCakCak;;;;laklaklaklak;;;; u1. . . . sItuNðPaBkansItuNðPaBkansItuNðPaBkansItuNðPaBkan;;;;EtxEtxEtxEtx<<<<ssss;;;; cMnYnmcMnYnmcMnYnmcMnYnm:::: UelKulkanUelKulkanUelKulkanUelKulkan;;;;EteRcInEteRcInEteRcInEteRcIn

pøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TITITITIedayeledayeledayeledayel,,,,ÓnelOnÓnelOnÓnelOnÓnelOn....

r)ayel,Ónm:UelKulGacRtUv)anbgðajeday]bkrN_dUcbgðajkñúgrUb16. BnøWGatUm ¬b¤m:UelKul¦ ecjBILenAsItuNðPaBEdleKdwg ehIyqøgkat;rn§m¢úl¬edIm,ItMrg;BnøW¦. bnÞHrgVg; BIrEdldak;elIdgrgVildUcKñaRtUv)anbgViledaym:UT½rmYy. bnÞHTImYyehAfabnÞHtMrwm (chopper) nigbnÞHTIBIrehAfabnÞHkt;Rta (detector). eKalbMNgrbs;bnÞHtMrwmKWGnuBaØateGaybMENk GatUm¬b¤m:UelKul¦tUc²qøgkat;vaenAeBlrgVHrt;Rtg;CYrCamYyBnøW. kñúgbMEnknImYy²m:UelKul pøas;TIrh½snwgeTAdl;bnÞHkt;Rtamunm:UelKulpøas;TIywt. TIbBa©b;RsTab;kMNkKrnwgRbmUl pþMúenAelIbnÞHkt;Rta. edaysarEtbnÞHTaMgBIrviledayel,ÓndUcKña m:UelKulkñúgbMENkbnÞab; nwgeTAb:HbnÞHkt;RtaenAEk,kEnøgdUcKñadUcm:UelKul)anBIbMENkmunEdlmanel,ÓndUcKña. enA eBlmYykMNk RsTab;m:UelKulnwgkøayeTACaGacemIleXIj. dg;suIeténkMNkRsTab;bgðaj BIr)ayel,Ónm:UelKulenAsItuNðPaBedayELk.

]sµ½n

5-36

rUbrUbrUbrUb16(a) ]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____sMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;;;;sikSaBIrsikSaBIrsikSaBIrsikSaBIr))))ayelayelayelayel,,,,ÓnmÓnmÓnmÓnm:::: UelKulenAsItuNðPaBCakUelKulenAsItuNðPaBCakUelKulenAsItuNðPaBCakUelKulenAsItuNðPaBCak;;;;laklaklaklak;;;;mYymYymYymYy.... RbdabRbdabRbdabRbdab;;;;bUmbUmbUmbUm suBaØkaseFVIeGaysuBaØkaseFVIeGaysuBaØkaseFVIeGaysuBaØkaseFVIeGaymmmm:::: UelKulpøasUelKulpøasUelKulpøasUelKulpøas;;;;TIBIeqVgeTAsþaMdUckñúgrUbTIBIeqVgeTAsþaMdUckñúgrUbTIBIeqVgeTAsþaMdUckñúgrUbTIBIeqVgeTAsþaMdUckñúgrUb(b).... karBRgaykMNkelkarBRgaykMNkelkarBRgaykMNkelkarBRgaykMNkelIIIIbnbnbnbnÞÞÞÞHktHktHktHkt;;;;RtapþlRtapþlRtapþlRtapþl;;;;eGayeGayeGayeGay nUvlMdabnUvlMdabnUvlMdabnUvlMdab;;;;elelelel,,,,ÓnmÓnmÓnmÓnm:::: UelKul nigdgUelKul nigdgUelKul nigdgUelKul nigdg;;;;suIetkMNksuIetkMNksuIetkMNksuIetkMNkKWsmamaRtnwgRbPaKénmKWsmamaRtnwgRbPaKénmKWsmamaRtnwgRbPaKénmKWsmamaRtnwgRbPaKénm:::: UelKulUelKulUelKulUelKulpøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TITITITIedayeledayeledayeledayel,,,,ÓnxusÓnxusÓnxusÓnxus²²²²KñaKñaKñaKña....

el,Onb£skaermFüm (Root-Mean-Square Speed)

etIm:UelKulmYypøas;TIkñúgel,Óny:agdUcemþcKitCamFümenAsItuNðPaBT? viFImYyedIm,I kMNt;el,Ónm:UelKulKWRtUvKNna elelelel,,,,Ónb£skaermÓnb£skaermÓnb£skaermÓnb£skaermFümFümFümFüm(urms) EdlCael,ÓnmFümrbs; m:UelKul. lT§plmYykñúgcMeNamlT§plénRTwsþIsuIenTic]sµ½nKWfafamBlsuIenTicsrubénmYy m:Ul]sµ½nNamYy esµInwg

2

3RT . eyIg)aneXIjrUcmkehIyfa famBlsuIenTicmFümrbs;

m:UelKul mYyKW um2

1 2 ehIyeyIgGacsresr

NA( um2

1 2) = 2

3RT Edl NA KWCacMnYnGav:UkaRdU.

eday NAm = µ eyIg)an u 2 =

M

RT3

bMBak;b£skaerelIGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkar eyIg)an u 2 = urms = M

RT3 (12)

smIkar(12)bgðajfael,Onb¤skaermFümén]sµ½nekIneLIgCamYyb¤skaerén sItuNðPaBrbs;va ¬KitCaEklvin¦. BIeRBaH M enAkñúgPaKEbg vabgðajeGayeXIjfa kalNa]sµ½nkan;EtF¶n; m:UelKulvapøas;TIkan;EtyWt. RbsinebIeyIgCMnYsReday

CMBUkTI5

5-37

8.314J/K.mol ehIybþÚrxñatm:asm:UleTACa kg/mol enaH urms nwgRtUv)anKNnaKitCaEm:Rtkñúg mYyvinaTI (m/s) . ]TahrN_ 17 bgðajBIkarKNnaedayeRbIrUbmnþxagelI. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 17

cUrKNnael,Ónb£skaermFüménGatUmeGlüÚmnigm:UelKulGasUt KitCam/s enA sItuNðPaB 25oC. cMecMecMecMelIylIylIylIy eyIgRtUvkarsmIkar (12)sMrab;karKNnaenH. cMeBaH Hemanm:asm:Ul 4,003 g/mol = 4,003 x 10-3 kg/mol³ urms =

M

RT3 = kgJ

molkg

KmolJ/1086,1

/10003,4

) 63

×=×

)(298.Κ/ 3(8.314−

edayeRbIplKuNbMElgxñat (conversion factor) 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

eyIg)an urms = 226 ./1086,1 skgkgm× = 226 /sm 10 x 1,86 = 1,36 x 103 m/s

lMnaMenHmanlkçN³dUcKñaEdrcMeBaH N2 Edlvamanm:asm:Ul 28,02 g/mol = 2,802 x

10-2 kg/mol³ urms =

/ 10 × 2,802)Κ )(298 . Κ/ 3(8,314

− molkg

molJ2

= /sm 10 x 2,65 225 = 515 m/s

karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; BIeRBaHEtGatUmeGlüÚmmanm:astUcCagGasUt enaHvapøas;TI)an 2,6 (1360 ÷ 515 =

2,64) dgelOnCagm:UelKulGasUtenAsItuNðPaBdUcKña. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn_ cUrKNnael,Ónb£skaermFümrbs;m:UelKulkørKitCa m/senAsItuNðPaB 20oC. karKNnakñúg]TahrN_17manTMnak;TMngKYreGaycab;GarmµN_eTAnwgsmasPaKén briyakasEpndI. mindUcCapáayRBhs,t×eTEpndI KµanbrimaNGuIRdUEsnb¤eGlüÚmeRcIn enAkñúgbriyakasrbs;vaeT. ehtuGVI)anCamankrNIEbbenH? CaPBtUcCagpáayRBhs,t× EpndImankMlaMgTMnajexSayCagcMeBaHm:UelKulRsal²TaMgenH. karKNnaedaygay²bgðaj fa edIm,IeKcputBIEdnTMnaj m:UelKulmYyRtUvEtmanel,ÓnFMCagb¤esµI 1,1 x 104 m/s. BIeRBaHEtel,ÓnmFümrbs;eGlüÚmKWFMCagel,Ónm:UelKulGasUtb¤GuksuIEsneRcInenaHman GatUmeGlüÚmEfmeToteKcecjBIbriyakasEpndIcUlkñúglMhGakasxageRkA. ehtudUcenH

]sµ½n

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ehIy)anCaman brimaNeGlüÚmtictYcenAkñúgbriyakaseyIg. pÞúyeTAvij páayRBhs,t× Edlmanm:asFMCagm:asEpndIRbmaN 320dgrkSa)anTaMg]sµ½nF¶n;nigRsalenAkñúgbriyakas rbs;va. ]sµ½n karbgðajBIclna\tsNþab;Fñab;KWRtUv)anpþl;edayEdl CalMdab;énkarlaym:UelKul rbs;]sµ½nmYyCamYy]sµ½nmYyeTottamlkçN³m:UenTicrbs;va. sMNayPayCanic©kal dMeNIrkarBItMbn;EdlmankMhab;x<s;eTAtMbn;EdlmankMhab;Tab. eTaHbICaehtukarN¾Edl el,Ónm:UelKulKWFMNas;k¾eday lMnaMénsMNayPayRbRBwtþeTAkñúgry³eBlmYyEvgKYrsmedIm,I bBa©b;dMeNIrkar. ]TahrN¾ enAeBldbsUluysüúgGam:UBaJ:ak;;xab;mYyRtUv)anebIkKMrbenA Écugmçagéntu BiesaFn_mYyvaRtUvkareBlevlaxøHedIm,IeGayGñkEdlenAcugtumçageTotGac TTYlkøinva)an. mUlehtuenHKWfam:UelKulrgnUvlMnaMTgÁicKñaeRcIn enAeBlpøas;TIBI cugmçagéntu eTAcugmçageTotdUckñúgrUb17. dUcenH sMNayPay]sµ½nEtgEtekItmanbnþicmþg²ehIymin ekItmanPøam²dUcel,Ónm:UelKuleT. elIsBIenHeTot edaysarEtel,Ónb£skaermFümén ]sµ½nRsalelOnCagel,Ónb£skaerFmümén]sµ½nF¶n;Cag ¬emIl]TahrN_17¦]sµ½nRsal CagnwgsayPaykñúglMhelOnCag]sµ½nEdlF¶n;Cag. rUb18 bkRsaybgðajBIsMNayPay ]sµ½n.

rUb rUb rUb rUb 17 KnøgclnabMlasKnøgclnabMlasKnøgclnabMlasKnøgclnabMlas;;;;TIedaymTIedaymTIedaymTIedaym:::: UelKulUelKulUelKulUelKul]]]]sµ½nmYysµ½nmYysµ½nmYysµ½nmYy. . . . bMErbMrYlTisbMErbMrYlTisbMErbMrYlTisbMErbMrYlTisnImYynImYynImYynImYy²²²²tageGaykarTgÁicKñaCamYynwg tageGaykarTgÁicKñaCamYynwg tageGaykarTgÁicKñaCamYynwg tageGaykarTgÁicKñaCamYynwg mmmm:::: UelKulmUyeTotUelKulmUyeTotUelKulmUyeTotUelKulmUyeTot....

rUbrUbrUbrUb18 karbkRsaybMPøWBIsMNayPaykarbkRsaybMPøWBIsMNayPaykarbkRsaybMPøWBIsMNayPaykarbkRsaybMPøWBIsMNayPay]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . ]]]]sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n sµ½n NH3 ¬BIdbmYyEdlman¬BIdbmYyEdlman¬BIdbmYyEdlman¬BIdbmYyEdlman GamGamGamGam:::: UjUjUjUj::::akakakak;;;;rav¦ rav¦ rav¦ rav¦ cUlpSMKñaCamYycUlpSMKñaCamYycUlpSMKñaCamYycUlpSMKñaCamYy]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n HCl ¬BIdbmYyman¬BIdbmYyman¬BIdbmYyman¬BIdbmYyman GasuItkørIRDic¦GasuItkørIRDic¦GasuItkørIRDic¦GasuItkørIRDic¦ begáItbegáItbegáItbegáIt))))anCaGgÁFaturwg anCaGgÁFaturwg anCaGgÁFaturwg anCaGgÁFaturwg NH4Cl. . . . BIeRBaHEt BIeRBaHEt BIeRBaHEt BIeRBaHEt NH3 RsalRsalRsalRsalCagKWva CagKWva CagKWva CagKWva sayPayelOnCag sayPayelOnCag sayPayelOnCag sayPayelOnCag GgÁFaturwg GgÁFaturwg GgÁFaturwg GgÁFaturwg NH4Cl elcelcelcelc eLIgeLIgeLIgeLIgmunmunmunmunenAEkenAEkenAEkenAEk,,,,rdbrdbrdbrdb HCl ¬enAxagsþaM¦¬enAxagsþaM¦¬enAxagsþaM¦¬enAxagsþaM¦....

CMBUkTI5

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8 KMlatBIlkçN³brisuT§ c,ab;]sµ½nnigRTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulsnµtfam:UelKulsßitenAkñúgPaBCa]sµ½nminman kMlaMgNamYyeT KWminmankMlaMgTMnajb¤cMranrvagKña. karsnµtmYyeTotKWmaDrbs;mU:elKul mantMéltUcGacecal)an ebIeFobnwgmaDrbs;vtßúEdlpÞúkva. ]sµ½nEdlbMeBjlkçxNÐTaMgBIr enH RtUveKniyayfa)anbgðajBIlkçN³brisuT§. eTaHCaeyIgGacsnµtlkçN³]sµ½nBitdUcCa]sµ½nbrisuT§k¾eday eyIgminGacrMBwgfa va manlkçN³dUcKñaenARKb;lkçxNÐenaHEdr. ]TahrN_ ebIKµankMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul ]sµ½nminGac keTACaGgÁFaturav)aneT. sMnYrEdlsMxan; KWetIenAeRkamlkçxNÐNa Edl]sµ½nnwgsMEdgecj nUvlkçN³minbrisuT§? rUb19 bgðajfa

RT

PV )ansg;RkabCamYynwg P sMrab;]sµ½nBitbInig]sµ½nbrisuT§mYyenA sItuNðPaBkMNt;mYy. RkabenHbgðajBIkarsakl,génlkçN³]sµ½nbrisuT§. eyagtamsmIkar ]sµ½nbrisuT§ ¬cMeBaHmYym:Ulén]sµ½n¦

RT

PV esµInwg1 edayminKitBIsMBaF]sµ½nCak;Esþg. ¬eBl

n = 1 enaH PV = nRT køayeTACa PV = RT b¤ RT

PV = 1¦. cMeBaH]sµ½nBitvaBitEtenA

sMBaFTab¬≤ 5 atm¦. KMlatsMxan;²ekIteLIg enAeBlsMBaFekIneLIg. kMlaMgTMnajRbtibtþi kñúgcMeNamm:UelKuledaycMgayeFobxøI. enAlkçxNÐsMBaFbriyakas m:UelKulkñúg]sµ½nmYy KWenAXøatq¶ayBIKña ehIykMlaMgTMnajKWGacecal)an. enAsMBaFx<s; dg;suIet]sµ½nekIneLIg m:UelKulsßitenAkan;EtCitKña. kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKulGacmantYnaTIRKb;RKan;edIm,IeGayman \T§iBlelIclnam:UelKul ehIy]sµ½nnwgminmanlkçN³brisuT§eT. viFImYyeTotedIm,IsegátBIlkçN³minbrisuT§rbs;]sµ½nKWRtUvbBa©úHsItuNðPaB. kareFVI eGay]sµ½nmYycuHRtCak;KWbnßynUvfamBlsuIenTicmFümrbs;m:UelKul mann½yfapþac;m:UelKul edayCMrujeGayvabMEbkecjBITMnajeTAvijeTAmkrbs;va. edIm,IsikSaeGay)anCak;lak;BI]sµ½nBit eyIgRtUvEkERbsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§edayKitBI kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul nigkMnt;maDm:UelKul. karviPaKEbbenHKWRtUv)aneFVIeLIgCadMbUgeday rUbviTUCnCatihULg;eQµaH v:an;dWv:lS (J. D. van der Waals) enAqñaM1873. eRkABIlkçN³gay RsYlxagEpñkKNitviTüa karBiesaFrbs;elakv:an;dWv:lS)anpþl;eGayeyIgnUvkarbkRsay Bnül;BIlkçN³]sµ½nBitenAkMritmU:elKul.

]sµ½n

5-40

rUbrUbrUbrUb19 RkabRkabRkabRkabén én én én RT

PV CamYynwg CamYynwg CamYynwg CamYynwg Pén én én én 1 mol]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n enAsItuNðPaBenAsItuNðPaBenAsItuNðPaBenAsItuNðPaB0oC. . . . cMeBaH cMeBaH cMeBaH cMeBaH 1mol énénénén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n

brisuT§man brisuT§man brisuT§man brisuT§man RT

PV= 1eTaHCasMBaFeTaHCasMBaFeTaHCasMBaFeTaHCasMBaF]]]]sµ½nysµ½nysµ½nysµ½ny::::agNak¾edayagNak¾edayagNak¾edayagNak¾eday. . . . cMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaH]]]]sµ½nBit eyIgsegáteXIjmanKMlatsµ½nBit eyIgsegáteXIjmanKMlatsµ½nBit eyIgsegáteXIjmanKMlatsµ½nBit eyIgsegáteXIjmanKMlat

ERbRbYlBIPaBERbRbYlBIPaBERbRbYlBIPaBERbRbYlBIPaBbrisuT§enAbrisuT§enAbrisuT§enAbrisuT§enAsMBaFxsMBaFxsMBaFxsMBaFx<<<<ssss;;;;. . . . enAkrNIsMBaFTabxøaMgenAkrNIsMBaFTabxøaMgenAkrNIsMBaFTabxøaMgenAkrNIsMBaFTabxøaMg ]]]]sµ½nTaMgLaysMEdgnUvlkçNsµ½nTaMgLaysMEdgnUvlkçNsµ½nTaMgLaysMEdgnUvlkçNsµ½nTaMgLaysMEdgnUvlkçN³³³³brisuT§brisuT§brisuT§brisuT§manmanmanman n½yfa n½yfa n½yfa n½yfa

RT

PV mantMélxiteTArk mantMélxiteTArk mantMélxiteTArk mantMélxiteTArk 1 kalNakalNakalNakalNa P xiteTArk xiteTArk xiteTArk xiteTArk 0....

BinitüBIdMenIreq<aHeTAénm:UelKulCak;EsþgmYyeTArképÞvtßúEdlpÞúkva¬rUb20¦. kMlaMg kRnþak;Gnþrm:UelKulbegáIteLIyedaym:UelKulCitxagmanTMenareFVIeGaycuHexSaykarb:HTgÁic begáIteLIgedaym:UelKulenHCamYynwgépÞvtßúpÞúkva. plsrubKWsMBaF]sµ½nTabCagkar Edl eyIgrMBwgTukcMeBaH]sµ½nbrisuT§. elakv:an;dWv:lS)anesñIfasMBaFEdlekIteLIgeday]sµ½nbrisuT§ Pideal KWTak;TgnwgsMBaFEdl)anvas;edayBiesaFn_ Preal tamsmIkar

Pideal = Preal + 2

2

V

an

sMBaFtamkarsegát lkçxNÐkMENtMrUv Edl a Caefr ehIy n nig V KWCacMnYnm:Ul nigmaDrbs;]sµ½nerogKña. lkçxNÐkMEN tMrUvcMeBaHsMBaF

2

2

V

an GacRtUv)anyl;dUcteTAenH. Gnþrkmµrvagm:UelKulEdlbegáInlkçN³

minbrisuT§GaRs½yelIfa etIm:UelKulBIrxitCitrkKñajwkjab;y:agNa. cMnYnénkarTgÁicekIneLIg tamkaeréncMnYnmU:elKulkñúgmYyxñatmaD

2

V

n BIeRBaHvtþmanénm:UelKulnImYy²énm:UelKulBIr

kñúgtMbn;mYykMNt;KWsmamaRtnwgV

n . brimaN Pideal KWCasMBaFEdleyIgGacvas;)an Rbsin

CMBUkTI5

5-41

ebIKµanTMnajGnþrm:UelKul ehIy a KWCaefrsmamaRt.

kMENtMrUvepSgeTotTak;TgnwgmaDrbs;m:UelKul]sµ½n. enAkñúgsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ V tageGaymaDvtßúEdlpÞúkva. b:uEnþ m:UelKulnImYy²sßitenAkñúgmaDkMNt;xagkñúgeTaHbICatictYc k¾eday. dUcenHmaDRbsiT§iPaBén]sµ½nkøayeTACa (V – nb) Edl n CacMnYnm:Ulén]sµ½n nig b KWCacMnYnefr. Bakü nbtageGaymaDEdlkan;kab;eday n m:Ulén]sµ½n. edayKittamkMENtMrUvcMeBaHsMBaFnigmaD eyIgGacsresreLIgvijnUvsmIkar]sµ½n brisuT§dUcxageRkam³ (P +

2

2

V

an) (V - nb) = nRT (13)

kMENtMrUvsMBaF kMENtMrUvmaD smIkar (13) EdlTak;Tgnwg P V T nig n sMrab;]sµ½nminbrisuT§ RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa smIkarvsmIkarvsmIkarvsmIkarv:: ::anananan;;;;dWvdWvdWvdWv:: ::lSlSlSlS. efrv:an;dWv:lS anigb RtUv)aneRCIserIsedIm,Ipþl;nUvkarRBmeRBogKñad¾RbesIr rvagsmIkar (13) niglkçN³segátrbs;]sµ½nNamYy. tarag 4 bgðajtMél a nig bcMeBaH]sµ½nmYycMnYn. tMél a bBa¢ak;BIPaBxøaMgrbs; m:UelKulénRbePT]sµ½nmYyEdlmanTMnajeTAvijeTAmkCamYy]sµ½nmYyeTot. eyIgeXIjfa GatUmeGlüÚmmanTMnajCamYyGatUmepSgeTotexSaybMput BIeRBaHeGlüÚmmantMél a tUc bMput. manTMnak;TMngKñapgEdrrvagTMhMénm:UelKulnigtMélb.

rUbrUbrUbrUb20 \\\\T§iBlénkMlaMgGnþrmT§iBlénkMlaMgGnþrmT§iBlénkMlaMgGnþrmT§iBlénkMlaMgGnþrm:::: UelKulelIsMBaFEdlUelKulelIsMBaFEdlUelKulelIsMBaFEdlUelKulelIsMBaFEdlekIteLIgekIteLIgekIteLIgekIteLIgedayedayedayeday ]]]]sµ½nmYysµ½nmYysµ½nmYysµ½nmYy. . . . elelelel,,,,ÓnÓnÓnÓnmmmm:::: UelKulEdlUelKulEdlUelKulEdlUelKulEdlpøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TITITITIeeeeqqqq<<<<aHeTArkéaHeTArkéaHeTArkéaHeTArképÞvtßúEdlpÞúkva pÞvtßúEdlpÞúkva pÞvtßúEdlpÞúkva pÞvtßúEdlpÞúkva ¬EsV‘¬EsV‘¬EsV‘¬EsV‘BN’Rkhm¦RtUvBN’Rkhm¦RtUvBN’Rkhm¦RtUvBN’Rkhm¦RtUv))))ankatankatankatankat;;;;bnßyedaykMlaMgTMnajbnßyedaykMlaMgTMnajbnßyedaykMlaMgTMnajbnßyedaykMlaMgTMnaj EdlEdlEdlEdlbegbegbegbegáááá It It It It eLIgeLIgeLIgeLIgededededaymaymaymaym:::: UelKulenAEkUelKulenAEkUelKulenAEkUelKulenAEk,,,,rCitxagva ¬EsV‘rCitxagva ¬EsV‘rCitxagva ¬EsV‘rCitxagva ¬EsV‘BN’ébtg¦BN’ébtg¦BN’ébtg¦BN’ébtg¦. . . . ehtuehtuehtuehtuenH enH enH enH ehIyehIyehIyehIy))))anCaanCaanCaanCakarbkarbkarbkarb::::HHHHTgÁicrbsTgÁicrbsTgÁicrbsTgÁicrbs;;;;mmmm:::: UelKulenHCamYyépÞvtßúUelKulenHCamYyépÞvtßúUelKulenHCamYyépÞvtßúUelKulenHCamYyépÞvtßúpÞúkva KWva pÞúkva KWva pÞúkva KWva pÞúkva KWva minxøaMgdUcminxøaMgdUcminxøaMgdUcminxøaMgdUckrNIEdlvaKµanvtþmankMlaMgGnþrmkrNIEdlvaKµanvtþmankMlaMgGnþrmkrNIEdlvaKµanvtþmankMlaMgGnþrmkrNIEdlvaKµanvtþmankMlaMgGnþrm:::: UelKulUelKulUelKulUelKul. . . . CaTUeTACaTUeTACaTUeTACaTUeTA sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaF]]]]sµ½nEdlsµ½nEdlsµ½nEdlsµ½nEdl))))anvasanvasanvasanvas; ; ; ; KWCanic©KWCanic©KWCanic©KWCanic©kalTabCagsMBaFkalTabCagsMBaFkalTabCagsMBaFkalTabCagsMBaF]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n EdleRbI EdleRbI EdleRbI EdleRbI kñúgkrNIvamanlkçNkñúgkrNIvamanlkçNkñúgkrNIvamanlkçNkñúgkrNIvamanlkçN³³³³brisuT§brisuT§brisuT§brisuT§. . . .

]sµ½n

5-42

CaTUeTA kalNamU:elKul¬b¤GatUm¦kan;EtFM tMélbk¾kan;EtFMEdr b:uEnþTMnak;TMngrvag tMél bnigTMhMm:UelKulb¤GatUmminEmnCaTMnak;TMngsamBaØenaHeT. ]TahrN_xageRkameRbobeFobsMBaF]sµ½nEdlKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ nigsmIkarv:an;dWv:lS. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 18

eKeGayNH3 3,5m:UlEdlsßitkñugmaD 5,20 L enA 47oC. KNnasMBaFén]sµ½n ¬KitCa atm¦edayeRbI (a) smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ nig (b) smIkarv:an;dWv:lS. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy (a) eyIgmanTinñ½yxageRkam³ V = 5,20 L T = (47 + 273) K = 320 K n = 3,50 mol R = 0,0821 L. atm/K. mol

eyIgCMnYstMélTaMgenHkñúgsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§³ P =

V

nRT

= L 5,20

K) mol)(320 .atm/K . L 1mol)(0,082 (3,50

= 17,7 atm

(b) BItaragefrv:an;dWv:lSeyIgman a = 4,17 atm.L2/mol2 b = 0,0371 L/mol

vamanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarKNnalkçxNÐkMENtMrUvcMeBaHsmIkar (13) Camunsin. eyIg)an

2

2

V

an =

L) (5,20

mol) )(3,50/molL . atm (4,172

222

= 1,89 atm nb = (3,50 mol)(0,0371 L/mol) = 0,130 L

CaTIbBa©b; eyIgCMnYstMélxagelIkñúgsmIkarv:an;dWv:lS eyIgGacsresr (P + 1,89 atm)(5,20 L – 0,130 L) = (3,50 mol)(0,0821 L. atm/K.

mol)(320 K) P = 16,2 atm karbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnülkarbkRsayBnül;;;; sMBaFBitvas;enAeRkamlkçxNÐTaMgenHKW 16,0 atm. dUcenH sMBaFEdl)anKNna tamsmIkarv:an;dWv:lS (16,2 atm) KWmantMélRbhak;RbEhlnwgtMélBitCagtamkarKNna edayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ (17,7 atm).

CMBUkTI5

5-43

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ edayeRbITinñn½ykñúgtaragefrv:an;dWv:lS4 KNnasMBaFEdlsgát;eday 4,37 m:Ulén m:UelKulkørbgçaMgTukkñúgmaD 2,45L enAsItuNðPaB 38oC. cUreFVIkareRbobeFobsMBaFEdl KNnaedayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§.

segçbsmIkarKnøwH PV = k1 (1) c,ab;b‘y, T nig n efr. P1V1 = P2V2 (2) c,ab;b‘y, sMrab;karKNnarkbMErbMrYlmaD nigsMBaF.

2kT

V = (3) c,ab;qal, P nig n efr.

2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V= (4) c,ab;qal, sMrab;karKNnarkbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB nigmaD.

V = k3n (5) c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU, P nig T efr. PV = nRT (6) smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§.

2

22

1

11

T

VP

T

VP= (7) sMrab;karKNnarkbMErbMrYlsMBaF sItuNðPaB b¤maD eBlEdl n efr.

RT

PMd = (8) sMrab;karKNnarkdg;suIet b¤m:asm:Ul.

M = P

dRT (9) sMrab;KNnama:smU:lén]sµ½n.

Pi = Xi PT (10) c,ab;sMBaFedayEpñkrbs;dal;tun, sMrab;karKNnarksMBaFedayEpñk. CTumKE == 2

2

1(11) Tak;TgfamBlsuIenTicmFümén]sµ½nnwgsItuNðPaBdac;xat

rbs;va.

M

RTurms

3= (12) sMrab;karKNnarkel,ÓnmFümb£skaerrbs;m:UelKul]sµ½n.

nRTabVV

anP =−+ ))((

2

2

(13) smIkarv:an;dWvlSsMrab;karKNnarksMBaFén]sµ½nmin brisuT§.

segçbsegçbsegçbsegçbehtukarNehtukarNehtukarNehtukarN____nigbBanigbBanigbBanigbBaØØØØtþitþitþitþi 1. enAl½kçx½NÐ 25oC nwg 1 atm FatunigsmasFatum:UelKulmYycMnYnmanGtßiPaBCa]sµ½n.

smasFatu GIuy:ugKwCavtßúrwgenAlkçxNÐbriyakasFmµta. 2. ]sµ½nbegáItsMBaF edaysarEtm:UelKul]sµ½npøas;TIedayesrInigTgÁicedayCamYyépÞEdl

vab:H. xñatrbs;sMBaF]sµ½nKW):):):):asáalasáalasáalasáal; ; ; ; (Pa)Edl 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. sþg;dasMBaFbriyakas

]sµ½n

5-44

(1atm)KWesµInwgsMBaF Edlpþl;[edaykMBs;)artBitR)akd 760mm (b¤ 76 cm) kñúgbMBg; enAsItuNðPaB 0oC enAkMritkMBs;TwksmuRT. xñat mmHg KWRtUv)aneKehAfa t½r ¬torr¦ .

3. TMnak;TMngsItuNðPaB-maDrbs;]sµ½nbrisuT§RtUv)ankMNt;edayc,ab;b‘y KWmaDsmamaRt pÞúynwgsMBaF ¬enAeBl T nig n efr¦.

4. TMnak;TMngsItuNðPaB-maDén]sµ½nbrisuTæRtUv)anBiBN’naedayc,ab;qal nigc,ab;éKluysak; KWmaDsmamaRtnwgsItuNðPaB ¬eBl P nig n efr¦.

5. sItuNðPaBdac;xatsUnü (-273,15oC) KWCasItuNðPaBTabbMput EdlGacTTYl)antam RTwsþI. maRtdæansItuNðPaBEklvinkMNt;yk00KCasItuNðPaBdac;xatsUnü. kñúgkar KNnatamc,ab;]sµ½n sItuNðPaBTaMgGs;RtUv)anKitCaEklvin.

6. TMnak;TMngbrimaN-maDén]sµ½nbrisuT§RtUv)anBiBN’naedayc,ab;Gav:UkaRdU KW]sµ½nEdl manmaDesµIKñamancMnYnm:UelKulesµIKña ¬eBl T nig P dUcKña¦.

7. smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ PV = nRT pSMc,ab;b‘y c,ab;qal nigc,ab;Gav:UkaRdU. smIkarenH BiBN’naBIlkçN³én]sµ½nbrisuT§.

8. c,ab;dal;tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñkEcgfa]sµ½nnImYy²kñúgl,ay]sµ½nbegáItsMBaFdUcKña eBl]sµ½nenHenAEtÉg nigkan;kab;maDdUcKña.

9. RTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKul EdlCaviFIKNitviTüaBiBN’naBIlkçN³m:UelKul]sµ½n KWGaRs½yelI karsnµtxageRkam³ m:UelKul]sµ½nRtUv)anEjkBIKñaedaycMgaymYyEdlFMCagvimaRtrbs;va. vamanm:as EtmaDrbs;vaGacecal)an. vamanclnaefr nigTgÁicKñajwkjab;;CamYy]sµ½nepSgeTot. m:UelKulvaminrgnUvTMnaj b¤cMranKñaeT.

10. ExSekagr)ayel,Ónm:akSEv:l (Maxwell) bgðajBIcMnYnm:UelKulkMBugpøas;TIedayel,Ón epSg²KñaenAsItuNðPaBkMNt;mYy. eBlsItuNðPaBekIneLIg m:UelKulkan;EteRcInpøas;TI kan;EtelOn.

11. sMNayPay]sµ½nbkRsaybMPøWBIclna\tsNþab;rbs;m:UelKul. 12. smIkarv:an;dWvlSKWCakMENERbénsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ EdlCab;Tak;TgnwglkçN³min

brisuT§én]sµ½nBit. vaeFVIkarEksMrYlehtukarN_ Edlm:UelKul]sµ½nBitbeBa©jkMlaMgelIKña

CMBUkTI5

5-45

eTAvijeTAmk ehIyvamanmaDRtwmRtUv. efrv:an;dWvlS (van der Waals) RtUv)ankMNt; tamBiesaFn_cMeBaH]sµ½nnImYy².

BaküKnøwH maRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdacmaRtadæansItuNðPaBdac;;;;xatxatxatxat Absolute temperature scale 5-13

sItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsUnüsUnüsUnüsUnüdacdacdacdac;;;;xatxatxatxat Absolute zero 5-13

sMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakas Atmospheric pressure 5-5

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;GavGavGavGav:: :: UkaRdUUkaRdUUkaRdUUkaRdU Avogadro’s law 5-15

))))arararar:: :: UEmUEmUEmUEm::::RtRtRtRt Barometer 5-5

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;b‘yb‘yb‘yb‘y Boyle’s law 5-9

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;qal nigcqal nigcqal nigcqal nigc,,,,abababab;;;;éKluysakéKluysakéKluysakéKluysak; ; ; ; Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s law 5-14

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;qal qal qal qal Charles’ law 5-14

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;daldaldaldal;;;;tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk Dalton’s law of partial pressures 5-27

sMNayPaysMNayPaysMNayPaysMNayPay Diffusion 5-39

efrefrefrefr]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n Gas constant 5-16

]]]]sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§ Ideal gas 5-16

smIkarsmIkarsmIkarsmIkar]]]]sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§sµ½nbrisuT§ Ideal gas equation 5-16

s‘Ul s‘Ul s‘Ul s‘Ul J Joule J 5-33

maRtadæansItuNðPaB maRtadæansItuNðPaB maRtadæansItuNðPaB maRtadæansItuNðPaB Kelvin Kelvin temperature scale 5-13

famBlsuIenTicfamBlsuIenTicfamBlsuIenTicfamBlsuIenTic Kinetic energy KE 5-33

RTwsþIsuIenTicmRTwsþIsuIenTicmRTwsþIsuIenTicmRTwsþIsuIenTicm:::: UelKulénUelKulénUelKulénUelKulén]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n Kinetic molecular theory of gasses 5-33

mmmm::::aNUEmaNUEmaNUEmaNUEm::::RtRtRtRt Manometer 5-7

RbPaKmRbPaKmRbPaKmRbPaKm:::: UlUlUlUl Mole fraction 5-28

jÚjÚjÚjÚtun tun tun tun N Newton N 5-4

sMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñksMBaFedayEpñk Partial pressures 5-27

):):):):asáal asáal asáal asáal Pa Pascal Pa 5-5

sMBaF sMBaF sMBaF sMBaF Pressure 5-5

elelelel,,,,Ónb£Ónb£Ónb£Ónb£skaermFümskaermFümskaermFümskaermFüm Root-mean-square speed 5-37

]sµ½n

5-46

sMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassMBaFbriyakassþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada Standard atmospheric pressure, 1 atm 5-5

sItuNðPaB nigsMBaFsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada Standard temperature and pressure 5-17

smIkarvsmIkarvsmIkarvsmIkarv:: ::anananan;;;;dWvdWvdWvdWv:: ::lSlSlSlS Van der Waals equation 5-42

sMNYr niglMhat; sarFatuEdlsßitenAPaBCa]sµ½n sMNYrrMlwk 1 cUreGayeQµaHFatuR)aMnigsmasFatuR)aM EdlmanGtßiPaBCa]sµ½n enAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;

BiesaF. 2 cUreFVItaragbBa¢IlkçN³rUbrbs;]sµ½n. sMBaF]sµ½n sMNYrrMlwk 3 cUreGayniymn½msMBaF nigxñatFmµtarbs;sMBaF. 4 cUrBiBN’naBIvIFIeRbI)ar:UEm:Rt nigm:aNUEm:Rtkñúgkarvas;sMBaF. 5 ehtuGVI)anCa)artCasarFatuEdlsmRsbeRbIkñúg)ar:UEm:RtCagTwk? 6 cUrBnül;faehtuGVI)anCakMBs;)ar:tenAkñúg)ar:UEm:RtminGaRs½ynwgépÞmuxkat;rbs;bMBg;.

etI)ar:UEm:RtenAEtdMeNIrkarEdrb¤eT RbsinebIbMBg;RtUv)aneKdak;eTrmuM 15o¬emIlrUbP 3¦. 7 etIvamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarpwkTwkedayeRbIbMBg;bWtenAkMBUlPñMEverest b¤enAÉeCIgPñM?

cUrBnül;. 8 etIsMBaFbriyakasenAkñúgGNþÚgEr:EdlmanCMerA 500 m enAeRkamkMritkMBs;TwksmuRTFMCag

b¤tUcCag 1 atm? 9 etIvamanPaBxusKñay:agdUcemþcrvag]sµ½nnigcMhay? enAsItuNðPaB 25oC etIsarFatu

NamYyxageRkamenHsßitenACapas]sµ½nEdlRtUv)aneKehAfa]sµ½n nigNamYyEdlRtUv)an ehAfacMhay³ m:UelKulGasUt (N2) nig)art?

10 RbsinebICMerAGtibrmaEdlTwkRtUv)anbUmeLIgBIGNþÚgmYyman 34 ft (10,3 m) etIvaman lT§PaBGVIedIm,ITTYl)anTwknigeRbgBICMerArab;ryhVIt (ft) eRkamépÞdI?

CMBUkTI5

5-47

11 ehtuGVI)anCaGMNan)ar:UEm:RtFøak;cuHenAEpñkmYyénBiPBelak ehIyvaekIneLIgenAtMbn; epSg?

12 etIehtuGVI)anCaGñkyanGvkasRtUvesøókBak;karBar eBleKenAelIépÞzanRBHcnÞ? lMhat; 13 cUrbMElg 562 mmHg eTACa kPa nig 2,0 kPa eTACa mmHg. 14 sMBaFbriyakasenAkMBUlPñMm:ak;XInlI(McKinley)KW 606 mmHgenAéf¶xøH. cUrKNna

sMBaFKitCa atm nig kPa. c,ab;]sµ½n sMNYrrMlwk 15 cUreGayBMenalc,ab;]sµ½nteTAenH nigTMrg;smIkarpgEdr³ c,ab;b‘y c,ab;qal c,ab;

Gav:UkaRdU. kñúgkrNInImYy² cUrbBa¢ak;BIlkçxNÐEdlc,ab;GacGnuvtþ)an nigxñatkñúgsmIkar nImYy² pg.

16 cUrBnül;fa etIehtuGVI)anCae)a:ge):agsMrab;sÞg;FatuGakasEdleRbIeGlüÚmrIkmaDeBlva ehaHeTAkñúgxül;. snµt fasItuNðPaBenAefr.

lMhat; 17 ]sµ½nmYykan;kab;maD 725 mLenAsMBaF 0,970 atm Rtuv)anTukeGayrIkmaDenA

sItuNðPaBefr rhUtdl;sMBaFrbs;vafycuHdl; 0,541 atm. etIvamanmaDsMercb:unµan? 18 enAsItuNðPaB46oC PaKsMNak]sµ½nGam:Uj:ak;mansMBaF 5,3 atm. etIvamansMBaFb:unµan

eBlmaD]sµ½nfycuHmYyPaKdb; (0,10)énmaD]sµ½nedImenAsItuNðPaBdUcKña? 19 maD]sµ½nmYyKW 5,80 L vas;enA 1,00 atm. etIsMBaF]sµ½nKitCa mmHg esµIb:unµanRbsinebI

vamanmaD 9,65 L? ¬sItuNðPaBefr¦. 20 PaKsMNakxül;mYymanmaD 3,8 L enAsMBaF 1,2 atm. (a) etIxül;enHmanmaDb:unµanenA

sMBaF 6,6 atm? (b) etIvaRtUvkarsMBaFb:unµan edIm,IbENÑnvaeGaymanmaDRtwmEt 0,075 L? ¬sItuNðPaBRtUv)anrkSaeGayenAefr¦.

21 ]sµ½nemtanmanmaD 36,4L RtUv)andutkMedABI25oCrhUtdl;88oC enAxN³EdlsMBaFefr. etI]sµ½nenHmanmaDsMercb:unµan?

]sµ½n

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22 eRkamlkçxNÐsMBaFefr PaKsMNak]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnmYymansItuNðPaBedIm88oC nigmaD

9,6L RtUv)anbBa©úHRtCak;rhUtdl;)anmaD 3,4L. etIvamansItuNðPaBsMercb:unµan? 23 Gam:Uj:ak;eqHkñúg]sµ½nGuksuIEsn begáIt)anCanIRTicGuksuIt (NO) nigcMhayTwk. etI NO

manmaDb:unµan EdlTTYl)anBImYymaDénGam:Uj:ak; enAsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña? 24 m:UelKulkør nigm:UelKulPøúyGrpSMKñabegáIt)anCaplitpl]sµ½nmYy. enAeRkamlkçxNÐ

sItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña 1 maD Cl2 manRbtikmµCamYy 3 maD F2 begáIt)an 2 maD plitpl ¬GgÁFatukekIt¦. etIGgÁFatukekItmanrUbmnþy:agdUcemþc?

smIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ sMNYrrMlwk 25 cUrerobrab;BIlkçN³]sµ½nbrisuT§. 26 cUrsresrsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§ nigBMenalc,ab;]sµ½nbrisuT§. cUrpþl;xñatsMrab;Bakü(term)

nImYy²kñúgsmIkar. 27 etIsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFsþg;da(STP)CaGVI? etIsar³sMxan;énSTPkñúgTMnak;TMngCamYymaDén

1 m:Ul]sµ½nbrisuT§KWCaGVI? 28 etIehtuGVI)anCadg;suIet]sµ½nTabCagdg;suIetGgÁFaturavb¤rwg enAeRkamlkçxNÐbriyakas?

etIxñatGVIEdlRtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTAedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIdg;suIetén]sµ½n? lMhat ;; ³ 29 PaKsMNak]sµ½nGasUtRtUv)anrkSaTukkñúgFugmYymanmaD 2,3L enAsItuNðPaB 32oC man

sMBaF 4,7atm. cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ul]sµ½nEdlmanvtþman. 30 eKeGay]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksuIt 6 m:UlkñúgFugmYymanmaD 30,4 L etI]sµ½nenHmansMBaFb:unµan

¬KitCa atm¦ enAsItuNðPaB 62oC? 31 etIenAsItuNðPaB 128oC nigsMBaF 9,4atm ]sµ½ns<an;F½rGicsaPøúyGrY (SF6) 5,6 m:Ulman

maDb:unµan? 32 brimaN]sµ½nkñúgepIgEkvmYymansItuNðPaB 25oC nigsMBaF 0,800atm. ]bmafa epIgEkv

GacFn;)andl;sMBaF 2,00atm. etIGñkGactMeLIgsItuNðPaB)anx<s;dl;kMritNa edIm,IkuM eGayepIgEkvenHpÞúHEbk?

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33 e):age):agmYyEdleBjeday]sµ½nmanmaD 2,50LenAsItuNðPaB25oCnigsMBaF 1,2atm RtUv )aneKbegðaHeTAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;¬RbEhl30km BIépÞEpndI¦EdlmansItuNðPaB-23oC

nigsMBaF 3,00 x 10-3 atm. cUrKNnamaDsMercrbs;e):age):ag. 34 sItuNðPaBén]sµ½nmYymanmaD 2,5L enAlkçxNÐ STP dMbUgRtUv)anbegáInrhUtdl; 250 oC

EdlmanmaDminERbRbYl. cUrKNnasMBaFsMercrbs;]sµ½nenHKitCa atm.

35 sMBaFén 6,0L ]sµ½nbrisuT§enAkñúgepIgEkvmYyEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an RtUv)anbnßymk 1/3 én sMBaFedImrbs;va nigsItuNðPaBdac;xatrbs;vaRtUv)anbnßy1/2. etImaDsMercrbs;]sµ½nenH esµIb:unµan?

36 ]sµ½nmYyERbRbYlkñúgeBlel,IgKøúykUs ¬karplitRsa¦ manmaD 0,78L enA 20,1oC nig

1,00atm. etI]sµ½nenHmanmaDb:unµanenAsItuNðPaBel,Ig 36,5oC nigsMBaF 1,00atm. 37 ]sµ½nbrisuT§mYyenAPaBedImmansMBaF 0,85 atm nig 66oC RtUv)anTukeGayrIkmaDrhUt

dl;maDsMerc 94mL sMBaFsMerc 0,60atm nigsItuNðPaBsMerc 45oC. etI]sµ½nenHman maDedImb:unµan?

38 maDén]sµ½nmYyenA STP KW 488mL. cUrKNnamaDrbs;vaenAsItuNðPaB 150oC nigsMBaF

22,5 atm. 39 ]sµ½nmYyenAsItuNðPaB 35,0oC sMBaF 772atm manmaD 6,85L. cUrKNnamaDrbs;vaenA

STP. 40 Twkkks¶ÜtKWCakabUnDIGuksuItrwg. 0,050gPaKsMNakTwkkks¶ÜtRtUv)andak;kñúúgepIgTeTmYy

EdlmancMNuH4,6LenAsItuNðPaB 30oC. cUrKNnasMBaFxagkñúgepIgbnÞab;BITwkkks¶ÜtRtUv )anbMEbøgCa]sµ½n CO2 Gs;.

41 enA STP 0,280L én]sµ½nmYymanm:as 0,400g. cUrKNnam:asm:UelKul]sµ½n.

42 enAsMBaF 741 torr nigsItuNðPaB 44oC m:as 7,10 g rbs;]sµ½nmYykan;kab;maD 5,40L. etI]sµ½nenHmanm:asm:UelKulb:unµan?

43 m:UelKulGUsUnenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;RsUbykkaMrsµIEdlman\T§iBlGaRkk;BIRBHGaTitü. Cak;EsþgsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFrbs;GUsUnenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;KW 250K nig 1,0 x 10-3

atm erogKña. etIGUsUnb:unµanmU:elKulEdlmanvtþmanenAkñúg 1,0L xül; enAkñúglkçxNÐ enH?

]sµ½n

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44 ]bmafaxül;man 78% N2 21% O2 nig 1% Ar KitCamaD. etI]sµ½nnImYy²manb:unµan m:UelKulkñúgmaD 1,0 L xül;enA STP.

45 epIgmYymancMNuH 2,10L pÞúk 4,65g ]sµ½nmYyenAsMBaF 1,00atm nigsItuNðPaB 27,0oC. (a) KNnadg;suIet]sµ½nKitCag/L. (b) etI]sµ½nenHmanm:asm:Ulb:unµan? ]bmafavaman lkçN³brisuT§.

46 KNnadg;suIet]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnRbmY (HBr) KitCa g/L enAsMBaF 733mmHg nig sItuNðPaB 46oC.

47 fñaMsnøb;mYyRbePTman 64,9% C 13,5% H nig 21,6% O KitCam:as. enAsItuNðPaB

120 o C nigsMBaF 750mmHg maD 1L énsmasFatu]sµ½nmanTMgn; 2,30g. etIsmas FatuenHmanrUbmnþm:UelKuly:agdUcemþc?

48 smasFatumYymanrUbmnþgay SF4. enAsItuNðPaB 20oC m:as 0,100 g énsmasFatu ]sµ½nenHmanmaD 22,1 mL nigmansMBaF 1,02atm. etI]sµ½nenHmanrUbmnþm:UelKul y:agdUcemþc?

sÞWsüÚemRTI]sµ½n lMhat ; 49 smasFatu P nig F RtUv)anviPaKdUcxageRkam³ kardutkMedA 0,2324g énsmasFatuenHkñúgepIgmYycMNuH 378cm3 )anbMEbøgeTACa]sµ½n

Gs; EdlmansMBaF 97,3oC enAsItuNðPaB 77oC. bnÞab;mk]sµ½nenHRtUv)anlayCamYy sUluysüúgkal;süÚmkørY EdlbMEbøgFTaMgGs;eTACa CaF2 manm:as 0,2631g. cUrkMNt; rUbmnþm:UelKulénsmasFatuenH.

50 brimaN 0,225 g énelah³ M ¬m:asmU:l = 27,0g/mol¦ )anrMedaHm:UelKulGuIRdUEsn

0,303L ¬vas;enAsItuNðPaB 17oC nigsMBaF 741mmHg¦ ecjBIbrimaNGasuItkørIRDic elIs. tamry³Tinñn½yTaMgenHBIsmIkar cUrsresrrUbmnþGuksuItnigrUbmnþs‘ulpatrbs; elah³ M.

51 etIGgÁFaturwg NH4Cl EdlkekItmanm:asb:unµan enAeBlEdl 73,0g NH3 RtUv)anlay CamYy HCl Edlmanm:asesµIKña? etImaD]sµ½nenHenAsl;b:unµan Edl)anvas;enAsItuNðPaB

14,0oC nigsMBaF 752mmHg? etIvaCa]sµ½nGVI?

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52 karrMlayPaKsMNakminsuT§énkal;süÚmkabUNat 3,00g kñúgGasuItkørIRDicbegáIt)anCa kabUnDIGuksuIt 0,656L ¬enAsItuNðPaB 20,0oC nigsMBaF 792 mmHg¦. cUrKNnaPaKry Cam:asénkal;süÚmkabUNatkñúgPaKsMNak.

53 cUrKNnam:asKitCaRkamén]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnkørYEdlkekIt enAeBl 5,6L m:UelKulGuIRdUEsn vas;enA STP manRbtikmµCamYym:UelKul]sµ½nkørelIs.

54 eGtaNul (C2H5OH) eqHkñúgxül;³ C2H5OH (l) + O2 (g) → CO2 + H2O (l)

cUrføwgsmIkar nigkMNt;rkmaDxül;KitCalIRtenAsItuNðPaB 35,0oC nigsMBaF 790 mmHg

CatMrUvkar edIm,IcMehH 227 g éneGtaNul. ]bmafaxül;enaHman 21,0% O2KitCamaD. c,ab;dal;tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk sMNYrrMlwk 55 cUreGayBMenalc,ab;dal;tunsþIBIsMBaFedayEpñk nigBnül;faetIGVICaRbPaKm:Ul. etIRbPaK

m:UlmanxñateT? 56 PaKsMNakxül;mYymanEt]sµ½nGasUtnigGuksuIEsn EdlsMBaFedayEpñkrbs;vaKW

0,80atm nig 0,20 atm erogKña. cUrKNnasMBaFsrub nigRbPaKm:Ulrbs;]sµ½nTaMgenaH.

lMhat; 57 l,ay]sµ½nmYyrUmman 0,31 m:Ulemtan (CH4) 0,25 m:Ul CH4 nig 0,29 m:Ul C3H8.

sMBaFsrubKW 1,50atm. cUrKNnasMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nTaMgenaH. 58 EkvmancMNuH 2,5L mYyenAsItuNðPaB 15oC manl,ay N2, He nig Ne mansMBaFeday

Epñk 0,32atm sMrab;N2 0,15atm sMrab; He nig 0,42atm sMrab; Ne. (a) cUrKNnasMBaF srubénl,ay. (b) cUrKNnamaDKitCa L enA STP EdlRtUv)ankan;kab;eday He nig Ne RbsinebI N2 RtUv)aneKpþac;ecj.

59 xül;s¶ÜtenACitkMritkMBs;TwksmuRTmansmasPaBCamaD³ N2 (78,08%) O2 (20,94%)

Ar (0,93%) CO2 (0,05%). sMBaFbriyakasKW 1,00atm. cUrKNna (a) sMBaFeday Epñkén]sµ½nnImYy²KitCa atm nig (b)kMhab;]sµ½nnImYy²KitCam:Ul/L enAsItuNðPaB0oC. ¬KnøwHedaymaDsmamaRtnwgcMnYnm:UlEdlmanvtþman RbPaKm:Ulén]sµ½nGacRtUv)ankMNt; edaypleFobmaDenAsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña¦.

]sµ½n

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60 l,ay]sµ½neGlüÚmnigeNGugRtUv)anRtgelIépÞTwk enAsItuNðPaB28oC nigsMBaF 745mmHg. RbsinebIsMBaFedayEpñkéneGlüÚmKW368mmHg etIeNGugmansMBaFeday Epñkb:unµan? ¬sMBaFcMhayTwkenA 28oC = 28,3mmHg¦.

61 elah³sUdüÚmmYydMumanRbtikmµTaMgRsugCamYyTwkdUcxageRkam³ 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnkekIteLIgRtUv)anRtgykelIépÞTwkenAsItuNðPaB25,0oC. maD]sµ½n246mL RtUv)anvas;enAsMBaF1atm. cUrKNnacMnYnRkaménsUdüÚmEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgRbtikmµenH. ¬sMBaFcMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaB 25oC = 0,0313atm¦.

62 PaKsMNakelah³s½gásImanRbtikmµTaMgRsugCamYybrimaNGasuItkørIRDicelIs³ Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnEdlkekIteLIgRtUv)anRtgykenAsItuNðPaB25,0oC edayeRbIkarerobcMdUc kñúgrUb13. maD]sµ½nKW7,80L nigsMBaFKW0,980atm. cUrKNnabrimaNelah³s½gásIKitCa RkamEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgRbtikmµenH. ¬sMBaFcMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaB 25oC = 23,8

mmHg¦. 63 ]sµ½neGlüÚmRtUv)anlayCamYy]sµ½nGuksuIEsnsMrab;GñkmuCTwkeTAkúñgCMerAsmuRTeRCA².

cUrKNnaPaKryKitCamaDén]sµ½nGuksuIEsnkñúgl,ay RbsinebIGñkmuCTwkmuCeTAdl;CMerA Twk EdlmansMBaFsrub 4,2atm. sMBaFedayEpñkénGuksuIEsnRtUv)anrkSaeGayenA0,20

atm enACMerATwkenH. 64 PaKsMNaK]sµ½nGam:Uj:ak;(NH3)RtUv)anbMEbkTaMgRsugeTACa]sµ½nGasUtnigGuIRdUEsn elI

sMlIEdkdutkMedA. RbsinebIsMBaFsrubman 866mmHg cUrKNnasMBaFedayEpñkén ]sµ½n N2 nig H2.

RTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulén]sµ½n sMNYrrMlwk 65 etIkarsnµtCamUldæanénRTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulén]sµ½nmanGVIxøH? 66 etIRTwsþIsuIenTicm:UelKulBnül;GMBIc,ab;b‘y c,ab;qal c,ab;Gav:UkaRdU nigc,ab;dal;tun

sþIBIsMBaFedayEpñky:agdUcemþc? 67 etIExSekagtagr)ayel,Ónm:akSEvl (Maxwell) GaceGayeyIgdwgBIGVIxøH? etIRTwsþI

m:akSEvlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHPaKsMNakmYyEdlman200m:UelKul)anEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.

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68 cUrsresrkenSamel,Ónb£skaermFümrbs;]sµ½nmYyenAsItuNðPaB T. cUrkMNt;Bakü nImYy²kñúgsmIkar nigbBa¢ak;BIxñatEdleRbIkñúgkarKNnaenH.

69 etIBMenalNamYyteTAenHRtwmRtUv? (a) kMedARtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysarkarTgÁicKñaén m:UelKul]sµ½nKñaeTAvijeTAmk. (b) enAeBlEdl]sµ½nmYyRtUv)andutkMedA m:UelKulTgÁicKña kan;EtxøaMgeLIg.

70 G‘uyr:aj:ÚmGicsaPøúyGrY (UF6) KWCa]sµ½nEdlF¶n;Cag]sµ½neGlüÚm b:uEnþenAsItuNðPaBkMNt; mYy famBlsuIenTicmFüménPaKsMNak]sµ½nTaMgBIrdUcKña. cUrBnül;.

lMhat; 71 cUreRbobeFobel,Ónb¤skaermFümén O2 nig UF6 enAsItuNðPaB 65oC. 72 sItuNðPaBenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;(stratosphere) KW -23oC. KNnael,Ón b£skaermFüm

énm:UelKul N2,O2 nig O3 kñúgmNÐlenH. 73 cMgaymFüménbMlas;TIm:UelKulmYyevagkarTgÁicbnþbnÞab;KñaRtUv)anehAfa KnøgmFüm

esrI. cMeBaHbrimaNkMNt;én]sµ½nmYy etIKnøgmFümesrIrbs;]sµ½nmYyGaRs½yelI (a)dg;suIet (b)sItuNðPaBenAeBlmaDefr (c)sMBaFenAeBlsItuNðPaBefr (d)maDenA eBlsItuNðPaBefr nig (e)TMhMénGatUm?

74 enAsItuNðPaBCak;lak;mYy el,Ónénm:UelKul]sµ½ncMnYn 6 kñúgepIgmYy KW 2,0 m/s 2,2 m/s

2,6 m/s 2,7 m/s 3,3m/s nig 3,5m/s. cUrKNnael,Ónb£skaermFüm nigel,Ón mFümrbs;mU:elKul. tMélmFümTaMgBIrenHmantMélRbhak;RbEhlKña b:uEnþtMél b£skaermFüm KWCanic©kalCatMélFMCagéntMélTaMgBIr. etIehtuGVI?

KMlatBIlkçN³brisuT§ sMNYrrMlwk 75 cUrTajehtuplBIr edIm,Ibgðajfa]sµ½nTaMgLayminmanlkçN³brisuT§ enAeRkamlkçxNÐ

TaMgGs;. 76 etIenAeRkamlkçxNÐGVIEdl]sµ½nmYyRtUv)aneKrMBwgfamanlkçN³brisuT§bMputenaH? (a) enA

sItuNðPaBx<s; nigsMBaFTab (b) enAsItuNðPaBx<s; nigsMBaFx<s; (c) enAsItuNðPaBTab nigsMBaFx<s; (d) enAsItuNðPaBTab nigsMBaFTab.

]sµ½n

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77 cUrsresrsmIkarv:an;dWvlS (van der Waals) cMeBaH]sµ½nBit. cUrBnül;BIlkçxNÐkMENtMrUv cMeBaHsMBaFnigmaD.

78 (a) ]sµ½nBitmYyRtUv)anbBa©ÚlkñúgEkvmanmaD V mYy. etIkMENtMrUvmaD]sµ½nFMb¤tUcCag V?

(b) Gam:Uj:ak;mantMél a FMCagtMélrbs;eNGug ¬emIltarag 4¦. etIGñkGacTaj esckþIsnñidæanBITMnak;TMngPaBxøaMgénkMlaMgTMnajrvagm:UelKulGam:Uj:ak; nigrvagGatUm eNGugy:agdUcemþc.

lMhat ; 79 edayeRbITinñn½ykñúgtarag 4 KNnasMBaFEdleRbIeday 2,50 m:Ul én CO2 mankñúgepIgmaD

5,00L enAsItuNðPaB450K. cUreRbobeFobsMBaFenHeTAnwgkarTayTukedaysmIkar]sµ½n brisuT§.

80 enAsItuNðPaB27oC 10,0m:Ulén]sµ½nmYykñúgepIgcMNuH 1,50L eRbIsMBaF130atm. etI]sµ½n enHCa]sµ½nbrisuT§b¤eT?

lMhat;bEnßm 81 cUrBiPakSa)atuPUtxageRkamkñúgn½yCac,ab;]sµ½n³ (a)sMBaFekIneLIgenAkñúgeBaHevonkg;

rfynþeBléf¶ekþA (b)kareFVIeGaypÞúHEbkfg;Rkdas (c)karrIkmaDéne):age):agFatuGakas enAxN³EdlvaeLIgeTAkñúgxül; (d)lWsUrsMelgy:agxøaMgenAeBlGMBUlePøIgpÞúHEbk.

82 enAeRkamlkç½NÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña etI]sµ½nNamYykñúgcMeNam]sµ½nTaMgenHman lkçN³brisuT§CageK bMput³ Ne, N2 b¤ CH4? cUrBnül;.

83 nIRtUKøIesrInEdlCasmasFatupÞúHbMEbktamsmIkar 4C3H5(NO3)3 (s) → 12CO2 (g) + 10H2O (l) + 6N2 (g) + O2 (g) cUrKNnamaDsrubén]sµ½nEdlRtg)anenAsItuNðPaB 25oC nigsMBaF 1,2atm BI 2,6 x 102g

nIRtUKøIesrIn. etIGVIxøHCasMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nenAeRkamlkç½NÐTaMgenH? 84 rUbmnþgayénsmasFatumYyKW CH. enAsItuNðPaB 200oC m:as 0,145g énsmasFatu

enHmanmaD 97,2mLenAsMBaF 0,74atm. etIsmasFatuenHmanrUmnþm:UelKuly:agdUcemþc? 85 eBlGam:Uj:ÚmnIRTIt (NH4NO2) RtUvrgkardutkMedA vabMEbkeTACa]sµ½nGasUt. lkçN³enH

RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbMe):ag)al;tWnIsmYycMnYn. (a) cUrsresrtulüsmIkarcMeBaHRbtikmµenH. (b) KNnabrimaNNKitCaRkaménNH4NO2RtUvkaredIm,IbMe):ag)al;tWnIsmYyEdlmanmaD 86,2mL enAsMBaF 1,20atm nigsItuNðPaB 22oC.

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86 PaKryCam:asénb‘ÍkabUNat (HCO3-) enAkúñgplitpl Alka-Seltzer KW 35,2%. cUrKNna

maD CO2 EdlkekIt¬KitCa mL¦enAsItuNðPaB 37oC nigsMBaF 1,00atm eBlbuKÁlmñak; elbfñaMRKab; 3,29g. ¬karENnaM³RbtikmµenHKWekItmanrvag HCO3

- nigGasuIt HCl enAkñúg RkBH¦.

87 sItuNðPaBrMBuHrbs;GasUtravKW -196oC. edayEp¥kelImUldæanB’tmanenHEtmYy etIGñkKit fa GasUtCa]sµ½nbrisuT§Edrb¤eT?

88 kñúglMnaMelahusSakmµénkarbnSúT§elah³nIEkl dMbUgvaRtUv)anpSMCamYykabUnm:UNUGuksuIt edIm,IbegáIt)anCanIEkletRtakabUnIl EdlCa]sµ½nenAsItuNðPaB 43oC:

Ni (s) + 4CO (g) → Ni(CO)4 (g)

RbtikmµenHEjknIEklecjBIGgÁFaturwgminsuT§epSgeTot. (a) cab;epþImedaym:as 86,4g

én Ni cUrKNnasMBaF Ni(CO)4 kñúgepIgEkvmancMNuH 4,00L. ¬snµtfasmIkarxagelICa smIkarsBV¦. (b)enAsItuNðPaBelIsBI43oC sMBaFén]sµ½nenHRtUv)ansegáteXIjfaekIn eLIgy:agelOnCagkarTsSn_TayTukedaysmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§. cUrBnül;.

89 sMBaFedayEpñkrbs;kabUnDIGuksuItERbRbYledaysarmUlehtuCaeRcIn. etIGñkrMBwgfasMBaF edayEpñkenAGDÆeKalxageCIgekIneLIgx<s;enArdUvekþAb¤enArdUvrgar? cUrBnül;.

90 mnusSeBjv½ymansuxPaBl¥dkdegðImmþg²RsUbykl,ay]sµ½nEdlmanmaDRbEhl 5,0 x

102 mL. cUrKNnacMnYnm:UelKulEdlmanvtþmankñúgmaDenH enAsItuNðPaB37oC nigsMBaF 1,1 atm. cUrerobrab;smasPaKsMxan;²énl,ay]sµ½nenH.

91 sUdüÚmb‘ÍkabUNat (NaHCO3) EdleKehAfasUdadutnM(baking soda) BIeRBaHeBldutkMedA vabeBa©j]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksuIt EdlsMrab;eFVIeGaynMdutemSAnignMbu½geLIg. (a) KNnamaD KitCalIt (L) én]sµ½n CO2EdlkekItBIkardutkMedA 5,0g NaHCO3 enAsItuNðPaB 180oC nigsMBaF 1,3atm. (b) Gam:Uj:Úmb‘ÍkabUNat (NH4HCO3) RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgeKal bMNgdUcKñaEdr. cUrpþl;eyabl;BIKuNsm,tþimYynigKuNvibtþimYyénkareRbIR)as;NH4HCO3 CMnYseGaykareRbI NaHCO3 kúñgkardutnuM.

92 )ar:UEm:RtmYymanépÞmuxkat; 1,00 cm3 enAkMritkMBs;TwksmuRTvas;sMBaF 76,0cm )art. sMBaF EdleRbIedayssrbMBg;)artKWesµInwgsMBaFEdleRbIR)as;edayxül;elIépÞdI1cm2. eKeGaydgsuIet)artKW 13,6 g/mL nigRbEvgkaMmFümrbs;EpndIKW 6371km cUrKNna

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m:assrubbriyakasEpndIKitCaKILÚRkam(kg). ¬karENnaM³ épÞmuxkat;rbs;EsV‘KW 4πr2 Edl r CakaMrbs;EsV‘¦.

93 sarFatusMrab;sMGatbMBg;bgðÚrmYycMnYnmanl,aysUdüÚmGuIRduksuItnigemSAGaluymIj:Úm. enAeBlEdll,ayenHRtUv)ancak;cUlkñúgbMBg;bgðÚrEdlkksÞHvaekItmanRbtikmµdUc xageRkam³

2NaOH (aq) + 2Al (s) + 6H2O (l) → 2NaAl(OH)4 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

kMedAEdlekItkñúgRbtikmµenHCYyrMlaysarFatuEdlkksÞHdUcCaxøaj; ehIy]sµ½nGuIRdUEsn EdlPayecjeFVIeGayrBa¢Üydl;GgÁFaturwgEdlkksÞHbMBg;bgðÚr. cUrKNnamaD H2 kekItenA STP ebI 3,12 g Al RtUv)aneKdak;eGaymanGMeBICamYy NaOH elIs.

94 maDénPaKsMNak]sµ½n HCl suT§KW 189mL enAsItuNðPaB 25oC nigsMBaF 108mmHg. vaRtUv)anrMlayTaMgRsugkñúgmaD 60 mL Twk ehIyRtUv)aneGaymanGMeBICamYysUluysüúg NaOH. 15,7mL sUluysüúg NaOH RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbnSabGasuItHCl. cUrKNna m:ULarIetrbs;sUluysüúg NaOH.

95 RbU):an (C3H8) eqHkñúgxül;begáIt)an]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksuIt nigcMhayTwk. (a) cUrsresr smIkartulüPaBénRbtikmµenH. (b) cUrKNnabrimaNkabUnDIGuksuItvas;enA STP EdlGac RtUv)anplitBI 7,45 g C3H8.

96 cUrsikSa]bkrN_xageRkam. cUrKNnasMBaFedayEpñkéneGlüÚmnigenGug eRkayeBl Edlk,alr:Ub‘ÍenRtUv)anebIk. sItuNðPaBrkSaeGayenAefr 16oC.

97 nIRTicGuksuIt (NO) manRbtikmµCamYym:UelKulGuksuIEsndUcxageRkam³ 2NO(g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) dMbUg NOnigO2RtUv)anEjkdUcbgðajxageRkam. eBlEdlsnÞHbiTebIkRtUv)anebIk

RbtikmµQandl;TIbBa©b;Pøam. cUrkMNt;rk]sµ½nEdlenAsl;eBlRbtikmµcb; nigKNna sMBaFedayEpñkrbs;va. ]bmafasItuNðPaBRtUv)anrkSaeGayenAefr 25oC.

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98 cUrBinitüemIl]bkrN_bgðajxageRkam. eBlEdlbrimaNTwkbnþicRtUv)an)aj;bBa©ÚleTA

kñúgEkvedaykarRc)ac;GMBUlekAs‘UBIEb:tbnþk; Twk)an)aj;eLIgelIecjBIbMBg;EkvEvg. cUrBnül;BIkarsegátenH. ¬karENnaM³ ]sµ½nGuIRdUEsnkørYrlaykñúgTwk¦.

99 cUrBiBN’naBIviFIvas;sMBaFedayEpñkénl,ay]sµ½ntamviFIKImI nigviFIrUbénsmasPaBxag

eRkam³ (a) CO2 nig H2 (b) He nig N2. 100 smasFatuGuIRdaetmUymanrUbmnþ MgSO4.xH2O. brimaN 54,2 g énsmasFatuenH

RtUv)andutkMedAkñúgLsMgYtedIm,IbM)at;Twk. RbsinebIcMhayTwkkekIteLIgmansMBaF 3,55

atm enAkñúgepIgmYymancMNuHmaD 2,00L enAsItuNðPaB 120oC cUrKNnatMél x . 101 l,aymYyman Na2CO3 nig MgCO3 manm:as 7,63g manRbtikmµCamYyGasuItkørIRDic

elIs. ]sµ½ñn CO2 EdlkekIteLIgkan;kab;maD 1,67L enAsMBaF 1,24atm nigsItuNðPaB 26oC. BITinñn½yTaMgenH cUrKNnaPaKrysmasPaBCam:asrbs; Na2CO3 kñúgl,ayenH.

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102 ]bkrN_xageRkamenHRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ivas;el,ÓnGatUmnigel,Ónm:UelKul. ]bmafa BnøWénGatUmelah³RtUv)antMrg;TiseTArksuILaMgvilmYyenAkñúgsuBaØkas. rgVHtUcmYyenA kñúgsuILaMgpþl;lT§PaBeGayGatUmeTAb:HTg§icnwgtMbn;eKaledA. edaysarEtsuILaMgvil GatUmeFVIdMenIredayel,Ónxus²KñanwgTg§icelITItaMgeKaledAepSg²Kña. kñúgry³eBlRsTab; elah³nwgkkenAelItMbn;eKaledA ehIybMErbMrYlkMras;rbs;vaRtUv)anRbTHeXIjtamr)ay el,Ón Maxwell. enAkñúgBiesaFn_mYy vaRtUv)anrkeXIjfa enAsItuNðPaB 850oC GatUm b‘Ísµút (Bi) )ankkCab;nwgcMnuceKaledA 2,80cm BIcMnucsñamEdlenAQmmuxnwgrgVHenH. Ggát;p©itrbs;suILaMgKW15,0cm ehIyvavilkñúgel,Ón 130 CuMkñúgmYynaTI. (a) cUrKNna el,Ón (m/s) EdleKaledAvil. ¬karENnaM³ mNÐlrgVg;KW 2πr Edl r CakaMrgVg;¦. (b) cUr KNnary³eBl¬KitCavinaTI¦EdlvaRtUvcMNaysMrab;eGayeKaledAeFVIdMeNIr)an 2,80cm.

(c) cUrkMNt;el,ÓnGatUm Bi. cUreRbobeFoblT§plrbs;Gñkkñúg (c)CamYynwg urms rbs; Bi enA 850oC. cUrBnül;bkRsayBIPaBxusKñaenH.

Rotating cylinder Bi atoms Target

Slit

103 RbsinebI 10,00g TwkRtUv)anbBa©ÚlkñúgEkvsuBaØkasmYymanmaD 2,500L enAsItuNðPaB

65oC cUrKNnam:aséncMhayTwk. ¬karENnaM³ snµtfa maDénTwkravEdlenAsl;Gac ecal)an sMBaFcMhayTwkenAsItuNðPaB 65oC KWesµInwg 187,5mmHg ¦.

104 enAkñúgCMnYj ]sµ½nGuksuIEsnRtUv)anbENÑnlk;Rckkñúgdbelah³ragsuILaMg. RbsinebIdb suILaMgmYymancMNuHmaD 120L RtUv)anbMeBjedayGuksuIEsnenAsMBaF 132atm enA sItuNðPaB 22oC etI O2 manm:asb:unµan? etIman O2 b:unµan L enAsMBaF 1,00atm nig sItuNðPaB 22oC EdldbsuILaMgenHGacplit)an? ¬snµtfa vaCa]sµ½nbrisuT§¦.

105 sMbks‘utes¶arCYnkaleRbHbNþalmkBIkarrIkmaDrh½sénsMbkenHRtUvkMedAenAsItuNð PaBx<s;. cUrpþl;nUvehtuplmYyepSgeTotEdlbBa¢ak;fa ehtuGVI)anCasMbks‘uteRbHEbk enAeBles¶arva.

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106 ]sµ½neGTIELn (C2H4) RtUv)anbeBa¢jedayEpøeQI nigRtUv)aneKdwgfavaeFVIeGay EpøeQITuM. edayEp¥kelIBt’manenH cUrBnül;faehtuGVI)anCaeckmYysñitbnÞúMenAkñúgRbGb; RkdasbiTCitTuMelOnCagkarbnÞúMvaenAkñúgepIg.

107 brimaNRbEhlCa 8,0 x 106 etanénG‘uyer [(NH2CO] RtUv)aneRbICaCIqñaM. G‘uyerenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAsItuNðPaB 200oC enAeRkamlkçxNÐsMBaFx<s;BIkabUnDIGuksuIt nigGam:Uj:ak; ¬plitplEdlTTYl)anKWCaG‘uyernigcMhay¦. cUrKNnamaDGam:Uj:ak; ¬KitCalIt¦ vas;enAsMBaF 150 atm EdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIG‘uyer 1,0 etan.

108 b‘ícmYycMnYnmanrn§tUcmYyenAtYb‘ícenH. etIrn§tUcenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgkñúgeKalbMNg GVIEdr? 109 c,ab;]sµ½nmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHGñkmuCTwkedayeRbIbMBg;GuksuIEsn. sMBaFsgáat;

enACMerA 33 ft énCMerATwksmuRTKWesµInwg 1 atm. (a) GñkmuCTwkmñak;eLIgmkelIépÞTwk y:agelOnBICMerA 36 ft edaymin)andkdegðImbeBa©jxül;BIkñúgsYtKat;. etIedaysarktþaGVI EdlnwgeFVIeGaymaDsYtrbs;Kat;ekIneLIgenAeBlKat;eLIgmkdl;xag elIépÞTwk? ]bma fasItuNðPaBenAefr. (b) sMBaFedayEpñkrbs;]sµ½nGuksuIEsnkñúgxül; KWmanRbEhl 0,20

atm. ¬xül;man 20% GuksuIEsnKitCamaD¦. kñúgkarmuCeRCAeTAkñúgsmuRTsmasPaB énxül;EdlGñkmuCTwkdkdegðImRtUvEtERbRbYledIm,IrkSasMBaFedayEpñkenH. etIGuksIuEsn RtUvmanbrimaNb:unµan¬KitPaKryCamaD¦ enAeBlEdlsMBaFsrubsgáat;elIGñkmuCTwkKW4,0

atm? ¬enAlkç½NÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFefr maD]sµ½nsmamaRt nwgcMnYnm:Ul]sµ½n¦. ¬karENnaM³ emIlGtßbTKImIGnuvtþn_¦.

110 nIRTWGuksuIt(N2O)GacTTYl)antamry³kardutkMedAbMEbkGam:Uj:ÚmnIRtat (NH4NO3). (a) cUrsresrsmIkarlMnwgcMeBaHRbtikmµenH. (b) kñúgkarBiesaFCak;EsþgnisSitmñak;TTYl )an 0,340 L ]sµ½nenAsMBaF 718 mmHg nigsItuNðPaB 24oC. RbsinebI ]sµ½nenHmanTMgn; 0,580 g cUrKNnatMélefr]sµ½n.

111 epIgBIrmanpøak A nig B. epIg A man]sµ½nGam:Uj:ak;enAsItuNðPaB 70oC nigepIg B man]sµ½nNeenAsItuNðPaBdUcKña. RbsInebIfamBlsuIenTicmFümrbs;NH3KW 7,1 x 10-21 J/ m:UelKul cUrKNnael,ÓnmFümkaerrbs;GatUmenGugKitCa m2/s2.

112 etIm:UelKulNamYykñúgcMeNamm:UelKulteTAenHmantMél a CMCageKbg¥s;³ CH4 F2

C6H6 Ne?

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113 TRmg;karxageRkamenHKWCaviFImYygay fVIebIvaPaBrdibrdubxøH edIm,Ivas;m:asm:Ul]sµ½n. GgÁFaturavmYymanm:as 0,0184 g RtUv)aneKbUmcUlkñúgsWraMgdUcrUbbgðajxageRkam eday karcak;bBa©ÜltamcugekAs‘UedayeRbIm¢úl. bnÞab;mksWraMgenHRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgepIg TwkmYyEdldutkMedAdl; 45oC ehIyGgÁFaturavenHkøayCacMhay. maDénsMBaFsMerc ¬)anvas;edayclnaxageRkAénBIsþúgsWraMg¦ KW 5,58 mL nigsMBaFbriyakasKW 760

mmHg. eKeGayrUbmnþgayrbs;smasFatu CH2. cUrkMNt;m:asm:Ulrbs;smas FatuenH.

114 enAqñaM1995 bursmñak;)ansøab;edaykarfb;degðImeBlEdlKat;)anedIrkat;kEnøgEr:mYy EdleKe)aHbg;ecal enARbeTsGg;eKøs. enAeBlenaHmankarfycuHsMBaFbriyakasy:ag rh½sbNþalmkBIkarERbRbYlFatuGakas. cUrpþl;ehtuplfaetIGVIEdlGacbNþal eGaybursenHsøab;.

115 GuksuItGasuItdUcCakabUnDIGuksuItmanGMeBICamYyGuksuIt)asdUcCakal;süÚmGuksuIt

(CaO) nig)arüÚmGuksuIt (BaO) begáIt)anCaGMbil ¬kabUNatelah³¦. (a) cUrsresr smIkartagRbtikmµTaMgBIrenH. (b) nisSitmñak;)andak;l,aymYyman BaO nig CaO Edl manm:asrYmKña 4,88 g kñúgEkvcMNuH 1,46 L pÞúk]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksuIt enAsItuNðPaB 35oC nigsMBaF 746 mmHg. eRkayeBlEdlRbtikmµ)ancb;sBVRKb;nisSitrUbenaHrkeXIjfa sMBaF CO2 fycuHmkenA 252 mmHg. cUrKNnaPaKrysmasPaBCam:asénl,ay.

116 (a) etImaDxül;enAsItuNðPaB 22oC sMBaF 1,0 atm b:unµanEdlRtUvkaredIm,Isb;bMeBj kg;mYycMNuH 0,98 L mansMBaF 5,0 atm enAsItuNðPaBdUcKña? ¬sMKal; 5,0 atm CasMBaF Edl)anmkBIRbdab;vas; EdlxusKñarvagsMBaFenAkñúgsMbkkg; nigsMBabriyakas. muneBlsb;bMeBjsMBaFkñúgsMbkkg;KW 1,0 atm.¦ (b) etIenAkñúgsMbkkg;mansBaFsrub b:unµaneBl EdlRbdab;vas;Gan 5,0 atm? (c) kg;RtUv)anbUmedaykarbMeBjsuILaMgbUm edayédCamYy xül;enA 1,0 atm nigbnÞab;mkbENÑn]sµ½nkñúgsuILaMg bUkbEnßmxül;TaMg

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Gs;kñúgsñb;eTAnwgkñúgsMbkkg; RbsinebImaDsñb;KW33%énmaDrbs;kg;. etIRbdab;vas; sMBaFbgðaj sMBaFkñúgsMbkkg;b:unµan eRkayBIsb;bIsñb;eBj? snµtfa sItuNðPaBefr.

117 m:asuInrfynþkMBugeqHmYypþl;kabUnm:UNUGuksuIt (CO) ]sµ½nBulRbEhl 188 g CO kñúg mYyem:ag. rfynþmYyRtUv)anbeBaäHTukecalkñúgyandæanmYymanbeNþay 6,0 m TTwg 4,0

m nigkMBs;dMbUl 2,2 m enAsItuNðPaB 20oC. (a) cUrKNnaGRtaénkarplit CO KitCam:UlkñúgmYynaTI. (b) etIvaRtUvcMNayGs;eBlb:unµanedIm,IbegáIt)ankMhab;Edl bNþaleGaysøab; 1000 ppmv én CO?

118 lMhGnþrtaramanGatUmGuIRdUEsnPaKeRcInEdlmankMhab;RbEhl 1 GatUm/cm3. (a) cUrKNnasMBaFGatUm H. (b) cUrKNnamaDKitCa L Edlman 1,0 g énGatUm H. sItuNðPaBKW 3 K.

119 sMBaFbriyakasenAelIkMBUlPñM Mt. Everest KW 210 mmHg dg;suIetxül;KW 0,426

kg/m3. (a) cUrKNnasItuNðPaBxül; eKeGaym:asm:Ulxül;KW 29,0 g/mol. (b) edaysnµtKµankarERbRbYlsmasPaBxül; cUrKNnatMhycuHPaKry]sµ½nGuksIuEsn BInIv:UsmuRT eTAkMBUlPñM Mt. Everest.

120 sMenImeFobRtUv)ankMNt;edaypleFob¬sMEdgCaPaKry¦ énsMBaFedayEpñkrbs; cMhayTwkkñúgxül;eTAniglMnwgsMBaFcMhay¬emIltarag 3¦enAsItuNðPaBpþl;eGay. enAéf¶mYyénrdUvekþAenAPaKxageCIgkarU:lINa sMBaFedayEpñkéncMhayTwkkñúgxül;KW 3,9x103 Pa enAsItuNðPaB 30oC. cUrKNnasMenImeFob.

121 enAeRkamlkç½NÐsItuNðPaBnigsMBaFdUcKña ehtuGVI)anCamYylIRténxül;esImRsal CagmYylIRténxül;s¶Üt? kñugkarBüakrN_FatuGakas sMBaFTabenACYrmuxcUlCitmk dl;CaFmµtamann½yfaFøak;ePøogkñúgeBlqab;²enH. cUrBnül;.

122 xül;EdldkdegðImcUlkñúgsYtbBa©b;kñúgfg;tUc²EdleKehAfakUnfg;sYt. KWedaysarkUn fg;sYtenHEdlGuksuIEsnEckcayeTAkñúgQam. kaMmFüménkUnfg;sYtKW0,0050 cm ehIyxül;kñúgkUnfg;sYtman14% GuksuIEsn. edaysnµtfasMBaFkñúgkUnfg;sYtKW1,0 atm nigmansItuNðPaB37oC cUrKNnacMnYnm:UelKulGuksuIEsnkñúgkUnfg;sYtmYy. ¬karENnaM³ maDénEsV‘mYyEdlmankaM r KW 2

3

4rπ .¦

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123 nisSitmñak;eFVIeGayEbkETm:UEm:RtmYy nigeFVIeGaykMBb;)art(Hg)esÞIrEtTaMgGs;eTAelI kMral\dæénbnÞb;BiesaFEdlmanbeNþay 15,2 m TTWg 6,6 m nigkMBs; 2,4 m. (a) cUrKNnam:aséncMhay)art¬KitCaRkam¦kñúgbnÞb;enAsItuNðPaB 20oC. (b) etIkMhab;én cMhay)artmanbrimaNelIsb¤eT ebIc,ab;sþIGMBIKuNPaBxül; 0,050 mg Hg/m3 énxül;? (c) viFImYyedIm,IkMNt;brimaNtictYcén)artEdlkMBb; KWedaykar)acemSAs<an;F½reTAelI elah³enH. cUrpþl;ehtuplrUbnigKImIcMeBaHkarkMBb;)artenH. sMBaFcMhay)artenA sItuNðPaB 20oC KW 1,7 x 10-6 atm.

124 GasUtbegáItCaTMrg;GuksuIteRcIn. GuksuItmYykñúgcMeNamGuksuItTaMgenaHmandg;suIet

1,33g/L vas;enAsItuNðPaB150oC nigsMBaF 764mmHg. cUrsresrrUbmnþénsmas FatuenH.

125 GasUtDIGuksIut (NO2) minGacTTYl)anCaTMrg;suT§eTkñúgPaBCa]sµ½nKWBIeRBaHvaman GtßiPaBCa l,ay NO2 nig N2O4. enAsItuNðPaB 25oC nigsMBaF 0,98 atm dg;suIeténl,ay ]sµ½nenHKW 2,7 g/L. etI]sµ½nnImYy²mansMBaFedayEpñkb:unµan?

126 GtßbTKImIGnuvtþn¾sþIBI super cold atoms BiBN’naBIkareFVIeGaycMNayruyb‘düÚmRtCak; dl; 1,7 x10-7 k . cUrKNna el,Onb£skaermFümnigfamBlsIuenTicénGatUm Rb enAsItuNðPaBenH.

127 lIcUmGuIRdYmanRbtikmµCamYyTwkdUcxageRkam³ Li (s) + H2O (l) → LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)

kñúgGMLúgeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI II GñkebIkynþehaHGaemrik)annaMeTACamYynUvykbnÞH LiH. enAkñúgehtukarN_énkarFaøk;ynþehaHkñúgsmuRT LiHGacmanRbtikmµCamYy TwksmuRT ehIybMeBjExSRkv:at;sMrab;CYyCIvitnigTUkseRg§aHCIviteday]sµ½nGuIRdUEsn. etIeKRtUvkar LiH b:unµanRkamedIm,IbMeBjExSRkvat;sMrab;CYyCIvitmancMNuH 4,1 L enAsItuNðPaB 12oC nigsMBaF 0,97 atm?

128 briyakasenApáayRBHGgÁabgáeLIgedaykabUnDIGuksuItCacMbg. sItuNðPaBépÞelIKW 220

K nigsMBaFbriyakas KWRbEhl 6,0 mmHg. edayyktMélTaMgenHCa Martian

“STP” cUrKNnamaDm:UlCalIRtén]sµ½nbrisuT§ enApáayRBHGgÁar_.

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129 briyakasrbs;páayRBHsuRkbgáeLIgeday 96,5% CO2 3,5% N2 nig 0,015% SO2 KitCamaD. sMBaFbriyakassþg;darbs;vaKW 9,0 x 106 Pa. cUrKNnasMBaFedayEpñkrbs; ]sµ½nKitCa):asáal; (Pa).

130 nisSitmñak;BüayamkMNt;rkmaDénGMBUlmYy (rUb11). lT§plKWm:asénGMBUlEdl bMeBjedayxül;s¶ÜtKW91,6843 g enAsItuNðPaB 23oC nigsMBaF 744 mmHg = 91,6843

g m:asGMBUlEdlKµanxül; = 91,4715 g. snµtfasmasPaBénxül;man 78% N2

21% O2 nig 1% Ar. etIGMBUlenHmanmaDb:unµan ¬KitCamL¦? ¬karENnaM³ CadMbUgKNnam:asm:UelKulmFümrbs;xül; dUc)anbgðajkñúglMhat;TI 3.130.¦

131 edayeRbIcMeNHdwgrbs;GñkBIRTwsþIsuIenTic]sµ½ncMeBaHlkç½NÐxageRkam. (a) EkvBIrman maD V1 nig V2 ¬Edl V2 > V1¦ mancMnYnGatUmeGlüÚmesµIKña enAsItuNðPaBdUcKña. (i) cUreRbobeFobel,Ónb£skaermFüm (rms) nigfamBlsuIenTicmFümrbs;GatUmeGlüÚm enAkñúgEkv. (ii) cUreRbobeFobeRbkg;nigkMlaMgEdlGatUmeGlüÚmTgÁicKñaCamYyépÞénepIg EdlpÞúkva. (b) cMnYnGatUm He esµIKñaRtUv)andak;kñúgEkvBIrmanmaDdUcKñaenAsItuNðPaB T1 nig T2 ¬Edl T2 > T1¦. (i) cUreRbobeFobel,Ón rms énGatUmenAkñúgEkvTaMgBIr. (ii) cUreRbobeFobeRbkg; nigkMlaMgEdlGatUm He TgÁicCamYyépÞepIgEdlpÞúkva. (c) cMnYn GatUmHenigNeesµIKñaRtUv)andak;kñúgEkvBIrEdlmanmaDdUcKña nigsItuNðaPaB én]sµ½nTaMg BIrKW 74oC. cUreFVIkarbkRsaybMPøWBIsuBlPaBénBMenalxageRkam³ (i) el,Ón rms énHe KWesµInwgel,Ón rms én Ne. (ii) famBlsuIenTic mFümén]sµ½nTaMgBIresµIKña. (iii) el,Ón rms énGatUm He nImYy²KW 1,47 x 103 m/s.

132 eKniyayfaral;eBleyIgdkdegðIm KitCamFüm manm:UelKuleRcInRtUv)anbeBa©j eday Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791). karKNnateTAenHbgðajBI suBlPaBénBMenalenH. (a) cUrKNnacMnYnm:UelKulsrubkñúgbriyakas. ¬karENnaM³ eRbIlT§plkñúglMhat; 4.92 nig 29,0 g/mol Cam:asm:UelKulxül;.¦ (b) edaysnµtfa ral;maDEdleyIgdkdegðImcUlb¤ecjKW 500 mL cUrKNnacMnYnm:UelKuleBldkdegðImecj kñúgkardk degðImnImYy²enAsItuNðPaB 37oC EdlCasItuNðPaBsarBagÁkay. (c) RbsinebIGayurbs; elakMozart KW 35 qñaMKt; etImancMnYnb:unµanm:UelKul EdlKat;dk degðIm ecjkñúgry³ eBlenaH? ¬eKeGaycMnYnénkardkdegðImKW12dgkñúg1naTI.¦ (d) cUrKNna

]sµ½n

5-64

RbPaKm:Ul kñúgbriyakasEdlRtUv)andkdegðImecjeday Mozart. etImancMnYn m:UelKul Mozart EdleyIgRsUbcUlral;eBldkdegðImcUl? cUrsMrYlcMelIyrbs;Gñkeday ykEt 1 tYelx. (e) cUrerobrab;BIkarsnµtbIsMxan;²kñúgkarKNnaTaMgenH.

cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_ 1 0,986 atm. 2 39,3 kPa. 3 4,46 x 103 mmHg. 4 192 K b¤ -81oC. 5 9,29 L. 6 30,6 L.

7 2,6 atm. 8 0,68 atm. 9 13,1 g/L. 10 44,1 g/mol. 11 B2H6. 12 96,9 L. 13 4,75 L. 14 0,338 M. 15 CH4: 1,29 atm; C2H6: 0,0657 atm; C3H8: 0,0181 atm. 16 0,0653 g. 17

321 m/s. 18 30,0 atm; 45,5 atm edayeRbIsmIkar]sµ½nbrisuT§. cMelIylMhat;elxKUr 14. 0.797 atm. 18. 53 atm. 20. (a) 0.69 L (b) 61 atm. 22. 1.3 x l02 K 24. CIF3 30. 6.2 atm. 32.745 K 34. 1.9 atm. 36.0.82 L 38. 33.6 ml 40. 6.1xl0-3 atm. 42. 35.0 g/mol 44. N2: 2.l x 1022; O2: 5.7 x lO21; Ar: 3xl020 46.2.98 g/L 48. SF4 50. M + 3HC1- 1.5 Hz + MCI3• MZ03; MZ(S04h 52. 2.84 x l0-2 mol CO2; 94.7% 54. 1.71xl03 L 56. Nz: 0.80; O2: 0.20 58. (a) 0.89 atm. (b) 1.4 L 60. 349 mmHg 62. 19.8 g 64. Hz: 650 mmHg; N2: 217 mmHg 72. N2: 472 m/s; O2: 441 m/s; 03: 360 m/s 74. 2.8 m/s 80. No 82. Ne 84. C6H6 86.445 ml 88. (a) 9.53 atm. (b) Ni(CO)4 decomposes to produce CO which increases the pressure. 90. 1.3 x lO22 molecules; CO2, O2, N2, H20 92. 5.25xl018 kg 94. 0.0701 M 96. He: 0.16 atm.; Ne: 2.0 atm. 98. HCI dissolves in the water, creating a partial vacuum. 100. 7 102. (a) 61.2 m/s (b) 4.58xl0-4 s (c) 366.1 m/s 104. 1.58xl04 L 106. Higher partial pressure inside a paper bag. 108. To equalise the pressure as the amount of ink decreases. 110. 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol 112. C6H6 114. The low atmospheric pressure caused the harmful gases (CO, COz, CH4) to flow out of the mine, and the man suffocated. 116. (a) 4.90 L (b) 6.0 atm. (c) 1 atm. 118. (a) 5xl0-22 atm. (b) 5xl020 L 120. 91% 122. 1.7xl012 molecules 124. NO2, 126.3.5xl0-30 J 128. 2.3xl03 L 130. 1.8xl02 ml 132. (a) 1.09xl044 molecules (b) 1.18xl02 molecules/breath (c) 2.60x 1030 molecules (d) 2.39x 1014; 3x 108 molecules (e) Complete mixing of air; no molecules escaped to the outer atmosphere; no molecules used up during metabolism, nitrogen fixation, etc.

KImIGnuvtþn¾ karmuCTwk karmuCTwk karmuCTwk karmuCTwk Scuba nigcnigcnigcnigc,,,,abababab;;;;]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n

(Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) karmuCTwkKWCakILamYyEdlsb,ayrIkray nigsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;c,ab;]sµ½n. vaKWCa

skmµPaBmYy EdlmansuvtßiPaB edIm,Ibgðat;dl;buKÁlEdlmansuxPaBl¥. kar GnuvtþBIrénc,ab;]sµ½n EdlmanRbCaRbiyenAGtItkal KWCakarGPivDÆ énesckþIENnaMdl; karRtLb;mkelIépÞTwkvij)anedaysuvtßiPaB eRkayeBlmuCeTAkñúgCMerATwkenaH nigkarkMNt;

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énkarlayl,ay]sµ½nEdlsmRsbedIm,IbgáanUv lkçxNÐGacbNþaleGaysøab;kñúgGMLúg eBlénkarmuCTwk.

karmuCTwktYy:agGacmanCMerAdl;eTA 40eTA 65 ft (hVÚt) b:uEnþkarmuCTwkdl;CMerA 90 ft vaminEmn CaerOgxusEbøkBIFmµtaEdr. BIeRBaHfaTwksmuRTmandg;suIetx<s;Cagdg;suIet rbs;Twksab bnþic KWRbEhl 1,03 g/mL ebIeRbobeFobCamYyTwkEdlmanEt1,00 g/mL sMBaFEdleRbIR)as;edaybMBg;mYyenACMerATwksmuRT 33 ft KWesµInwgsMBaF 1 atm. sMBaFekIneLIgtam kMeNInénCMerATwk dUcenHenACMerATwk 66 ft sMBaFTwk KWRtUvnwg 2 atm. l.

A scuba diver

etImanGVIekIteLIg RbsinebIGñkmuCTwkeLIgmkelIIépÞTwkBICMerA 20 ft manlkçN³elOn edaymindkdegðIm? sMBaFsrubcMeBaHbMlas;bþÚrenHBICMerATwkKW (20 ft/33 ft)x 1 atm b¤esµInwg 0,6 atm. enAeBlGñkmuCTwkeLIgdl;elIépÞTwk eBlenaHmaD]sµ½nkñúgsYtekInRtUvnwg (1 + 0,6)

atm = 1,6dg. karrIkmaDén]sµ½nPøam²enHGacbNþaleGaysøab;edayeFVIeGayFøúHFøayPñas sYt. eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rmYyeTotKWfakarsÞHsésrQamkñúgsYtGacekIteLIg. enAeBlxül;rIk maDkñúgsYtKWva)aj;cUlkñúgsrésbþÚrQamtUc². vtþmanénBBuHxül;enAkñúg srésQamTaMgenaH GaceFVIeGaysÞHdl;clnaQamFmµtaeTAkñúgxYrk,al. CalT§plGñkmuCTwk Gac)at;bg;sµartI muneBleLIgmkdl;elIépÞTwk. viFIseRgÁaHEtmYy Kt;cMeBaHkarcUlxül;kñúgsYt KWkarsgát; beBa©jxül;. cMeBaHdMeNIrkarQWcab;enHCnrg eRKaHRtUv)andak;enAkñúgbnÞb;mYyEdlbMENÑn

]sµ½n

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edayxül;. eBlenHBBuHxül;RtUv)anRc)ac; eGayrYmtUcyWt²rhUtdl;kMritEdlminbgáeRKaH fñak;EdlRtUveRbIeBlGs;CaeRcInem:ag. edIm,IeCosvagnUvehtukarN_sµúksµajEbbenH Gñk muCTwkRtUvdwgfaeKRtUveLIgmkelIvijyWt² edayQb;sMkaMgenACMerANamYyedIm,Ipþl;eGay xøÜneKpSúaM eTAnwgkarfycuHénsMBaF.

]TahrN_TI2rbs;eyIg KWkarGnuvtþc,ab; Dalton. ]sµ½nGuksuIEsnKWCa]sµ½nEdl sMxan;sMrab;RTRTg;CIvit dUcenHvaBi)akeGayeCONas;fabrimaNGuksuIEsnEdlmanelIsGac bNþaleGaymaneRKaHfñak;. eTaHCay:agNa PaBBulEdlbNþalmkBIbrimaNGuksuIEsneRcIn eBkRtUv)anbegáItCaerOy². ]TahrN_ TarkEdleTIbnwgekItdak;kñúgtg; (tent) sMbUrGuksuIEsneRcInEtCaerOy²eFVIeGayxUcxatCalikaerTInEdl GacbNþaleGayggwtb¤xVak; EPñk. xøÜnmnusSeyIgdMeNIrkar)anl¥ enAeBlEdl]sµ½nGuksuIEsnmansMBaFedayEpñk RbEhl 0,20atm dUcEdlmankñúgxül;EdleyIgdkdegðIm. sMBaFedayEpñkén]sµ½nGuksuIEsn RtUv)ankMNt;eday T

NO

OTOO P

nn

nPXP ×

+==

22

2

22 Edl PTCasMBaFsrub. b:uEnþedaysar

maDsmamaRtnwgcMnYnm:Ul]sµ½n ¬enAlkçxNÐsItuNñðPaB nigsMBaFefr¦ eyIgGacsresr T

NO

OO P

VV

VP ×

+=

22

2

2

dUcenHsmasPaBénxül; KWmanGuksuIEsn 20% nigGasUt 80% KitCamaD. eBl EdlGñkmuCTwkmuCcuHeTAkñúgTwksMBaFTwkeTAelIGñkmuCTwkKWFMCagsMBaFbriyakas. sMBaF xül;enAkñúgxøÜn ¬]TahrN_ sYt sIunusebHdUg¦ RtUvEtdUcKñanwgsMBaFTwkenACMuvij ebImindUc enHeT eKGacCYbkarlM)ak. snÞHbiTebIkBiessmYysMrbeTAtamsMBaFénxül;Edl)andk degðImBIbMBg;]sµ½nedaysV½yRbvtþiedIm,IeFVIeGaysMBaFxül;nigsMBaFTwkesµIKñaCanic©. ]TahrN_ enACMerATwkEdlmansMBaFsrub 2,0 atm enaHGuksuIEsnEdlmankñúgxül;RtUv)anfycuH 10%

KitCamaD edIm,IrkSasMBaFedayEpñk 0,20 atm eGaydUcKña KW PO2 = 0,20 atm = atm

VV

V

NO

O 0,222

2 ×+

atm 2,0

atm 0,20

V V

V

22

2

NO

O =+

= 0,10 = 10%

eTaHbI]sµ½nGasUthak;bIdUcCaCMerIskñúgkarlayCamYy]sµ½n GuksuIEsnk¾edayvabNþal eGaymanbBaðaF¶n;F¶rCamYyvaEdreBlEdlsMBaFedayEpñkén ]sµ½nGasUtmandl;eTA 1atm

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KWvamanbrimaN]sµ½nRKb;RKan;GacrlaykñúgQamEdrCaehtubNþaleGaymanCMgWmü:agEdleK ehAfaCMgWsNþMGasUt (nitrogen narcosis). \T§iBlTaMgenHcMeBaHGñkmuCTwkdUcKñanwgkarBul eRKOgRsvwgEdr. GñkmuCTwkrgeRKaHBICMgWsNþMnIRtUEsnRtUv)aneKdwgfa)aneFVIGVIEdlEpøk² dUcCa raMenAmat;smuRTnigkarRbedjRtIqøam. sMrab;ehtuenHeKeRbI]sµ½neGlüÚmkñúgkarBRgav]sµ½n GuksuIEsn. ]sµ½nnicleGlüÚmKWrlaykñúgQamticCag]sµ½nGasUteRcInNas;nigminbNþal eGayekItmanCMgWsNþMeT.