chapter 5: hair
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Chapter 5: Hair. “For three days after death, hair and fingernails continue to grow but phone calls taper off.” — Johnny Carson Comedian and television host. Hair Analysis. Students will learn:. hair is class evidence hair can be used to back up circumstantial evidence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5:Chapter 5:
HairHair
“For three days after death, hair and fingernails continue to grow but
phone calls taper off.”
—Johnny CarsonComedian and television host
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Hair AnalysisHair Analysis
hair is class evidence hair can be used to
back up circumstantial evidence
hair absorbs and adsorbs substances both from within the body and from the external environment
Students will learn:
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Students will be able to: Describe the structure of
a hair Explain the difference
between human and animal hair
Explain which characteristics of hair are important for forensic analysis
Assess the probative value of hair samples
Hair AnalysisHair Analysis
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IntroductionIntroduction
Human hair is one of the most frequently found pieces of evidence at the scene of a violent crime. It can provide a link between the criminal and the crime.
From hair one can determine: If the source is human or animal Race (sometimes) Origin of the location on the source’s body Whether the hair was forcibly removed If the hair has been treated with chemicals If drugs have been ingested
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Hair Facts:Hair Facts:
‡ Average human body has 5 million hairs
‡ Continuously shed and renewed on the scalp at a rate of 100 strands each 24-hour period‡ Blonds = 120,000 strands on head‡ Black/brown = 100,000 strands on
head‡ Redheads = 80,000 strands on head
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Form and StructureForm and Structure
‡ Hair grows from follicles found in the dermis (lower layer of skin)‡ Follicles are connected to the
blood supply and can absorb substances found in the blood (test hair for ingestion of drugs and poisons)
‡ Hair shaft extends through the epidermis (outer layer of skin)
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Skin StructureSkin Structure
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Hair ShaftHair ShaftComposed of:
Cuticle—outside covering, made of overlapping scales
Cortex—inner layer made of keratin and imbedded with pigment; also contains air sacs called cortical fusi
Medulla—inside layer running down the center of the cortex
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The CuticleThe Cuticle
The cuticle is the outermost layer of hair which is covered with scales. The scales point toward the tip of the hair. Scales differ between species of animals and are named based on their appearance. The three basic patterns are:
Coronal Spinous Imbricate
mouse cathuman
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Human ScalesHuman Scales
In order to visualize the
Scales: paint clear fingernail
polish on a glass slide when the polish begins
to dry, place a hair on the polish
when almost dry, lift off the hair and observe the scale imprints
What pattern is seen in
this slide?
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The CortexThe Cortex
The cortex gives the hair its shape.
It has two major characteristics: Melanin —pigment granules that give hair its
color
Cortical fusi —air spaces, usually found
near the root but may be found throughout
the hair shaft
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The MedullaThe Medulla
The medulla is the hair core that is not always visible. The medulla comes in different types and patterns.
Types: Intermittent or interrupted Fragmented Continuous Stacked Absent—not present
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Human MedullaHuman Medulla
Human medulla is usually absent or fragmented, except for Native
Americans and Asians, which is usually continuous. Animal medulla is more
noticeable and varies greatly.
Continuous medulla
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Medullary IndexMedullary Index
Determined by measuring the diameter of the medulla and dividing it by the diameter of the hair.
Medullary Index for human hair is generally less than 1/3.
For animal hair, it is usually greater than 1/2.
mouse
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Hair ShapeHair Shape
Can be straight, curly or kinky depending on the cross-section, which may be round, oval or crescent-shaped
Round(Straight)
Oval(Curly)
Crescent moon (Kinky)
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Hair GrowthHair Growth
Head hair grows about 1 cm per month and is replaced every 3-5 yrs. with new hair. Three stages of growth:
Anagen—hair that is actively growing; lasting up to 5 years (80-90% of hair follicles at any one time)
Catagen—hair is not growing; a resting phase
Telogen—hair that is dying and ready to fall out; lasting two to six months (8-10% of hair follicles)
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The RootThe RootHuman roots look different based on whether they have been forcibly removed or if they are telogen hairs and have fallen out. Animal roots will vary, but in general have a spear shape.
Fallen out Forcibly removed
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Hair ComparisonHair Comparison
Color Length Diameter Distribution, shape and
color intensity of pigment granules Dyed hair has color in
cuticle and cortex Bleaching removes pigment
and gives a yellow tint
Scale types Presence or
absence of medulla
Medullary type Medullary pattern Medullary index
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DNA from HairDNA from Hair
The root contains nuclear DNA. If the hair has been forcibly removed, some folicular tissue may be attached containing DNA.
The hair shaft contains abundant mitochondrial DNA, inherited only from the mother. It can be typed by comparing relatives if no DNA from the body is available. This process is more difficult and costly than using nuclear DNA.
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Collection of HairCollection of Hair
Questioned hairs must be accompanied by an adequate number of control samples. from victim from possible suspects from others who may have deposited hair at
the scene
Control Sample 50 full-length hairs from all areas of scalp 24 full-length pubic hairs
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Hair ToxicologyHair Toxicology
Advantages: Easy to collect and store Is externally available Can provide information on the individual’s
history of drug use or of poisoning.
Collections must be taken from different locations on the body to get an accurate timeline.
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‡ Drug analysis of hair can back up standard blood and urine tests.‡ Blood tests can show the presence
of chemicals for a few hours‡ Urine tests can show presence of
chemicals for 3-5 days‡ Hair tests can show weeks or
months of drug or chemical usage
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‡ Dietary deficiencies and diseases can be detected by testing the metal content in hair samples‡ Ex: Napoleon
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Hair ToxicologyHair Toxicology
Napoleon died in exile in 1821. By analyzing his hair, some investigators suggest he was poisoned by the deliberate administration of arsenic; others suggest that it was vapors from the dyes in the wallpaper that did him in.
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More about HairMore about Hair
For additional information about hair and other trace evidence, check out Court TV’s Crime Library at:
www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/trace/1.html