chapter 5 introduction to nanobiology
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Chapter 5 Introduction to Nanobiology. Chapter 5. Introduction to Nanobiology. Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up Biological Function at the Nanoscale Practical Applications . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5Introduction to Nanobiology
2
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up Biological Function at the Nanoscale Practical Applications
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Section 1: Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Introduction to Nanobiology 15
Molecular MachinesThe Biological Importance of WaterThe Building Blocks of DNA: NucleotidesMultifunctional Polymers: ProteinsLipidsCarbohydratesThe Bonds of Molecular Components
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Molecular Machines
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Flagellar Motors
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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The Biological Importance of Water
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Liquid Water Ice
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Single Stranded DNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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DNA: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Single Stranded RNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Phospholipids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Self Assembling Monolayer
Membrane
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Common Sugars – Cn(H2O)n
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Glucose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Carbohydrates: Glucose Polymers
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
glycogenlinear: α (1 → 4) D-glucose
branch: α (1 → 6) D-glucose
celluloselinear: β (1 → 4) D-glucose
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Ribose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
DNA RNA
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The Bonds of Molecular Components
polymer monomer atoms
nucleic acids DNA
RNA
4 nucleotides ( G C A T )4 nucleotides ( G C A U )
C H N O P
C H N O P
linear; A-helix
linear
proteins 20 D amino acids C H N O S linear
carbohydrates Cn(H2O)n n: 5, 6 C H O linear, branched
phospholipids C H N O P monolayer, bilayer
water H O hydrogen bonded network
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Section 2: Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Introduction to Nanobiology 25
Learning from NatureStructures within Structures: DNAComplexity and Diversity of Structured Components: ProteinsOther Structures within Structures: CellsStructures within Cells: PhospholipidsInner Components of Cells: OrganellesOrigin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?Physical CharacteristicsBottom-Up Hierarchy
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Learning from Nature
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Structures within Structures: DNA
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Scaffolded DNA Origami
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Complexity and Diversity of Proteins
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Primary Protein Structure Secondary Protein Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
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Protein Folding
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Collagen Self-Assembly
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Nucleus− DNA storage and gene expression
Mitochondria− Energy conversion: glucose bonds to ATP
bonds
Chloroplasts− Energy conversion: sunlight to ATP bonds
Endoplasmic Reticulum− Synthesis and transport processes
Golgi Apparatus− Synthesis and transport processes
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Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
South American Butterfly from Genus Morpho− Tops of brown wings appear
iridescent blue− Photonic structures
• Constructive interference fromStacked chitin lamellae (~70 nm)
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
False color SEM image, X14,000
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Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Blue-Ringed Octopus− Hapalochlaena lunulata
Dynamic Photonic Structure− ~70 nm Bragg reflector with
adjustable spacing
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Physical Characteristics
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
154 ± 1º153 ± 1º
Biomimetic Silanized Silicon SurfaceLotus Leaf
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Bottom-Up HierarchyBiological MoleculesCellsTissuesOrganismsPopulations and Communities EcosystemsBiosphere
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Section 3: Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Introduction to Nanobiology 35
Processes of DNA− Reproduction of genetic information− Gene expression and RNA
Energy Production for Cell Use− Transportation of materials for energy production− Cross-membrane energy production and storage− Energy production through sunlight conversion
Energy Processes as Motors− Nanomotors
Cell and Environment Interaction
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Gene Expression and RNA
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Reproduction of Genetic Information
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Energy Production for Cell Use
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Transportation of Materials for Energy Production
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
f empty binding siteT ATPD ADPP Pi
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Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 Na+cytosol + 2 K+
out + ATP → 3 Na+out + 2 K+
cytosol + ADP + Pi
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Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Energy Production through Sunlight Conversion
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 H+lumen + ADP + Pi → 3 H+
stroma + ATP
Matrix/Stroma
Intermembrane Space/Lumen
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Energy Processes as Motors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Nanomotors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Biomimetic Nanomotor Requirements− Energy source− Unidirectional, 360º rotation
Biomotor Predictions− 0.05 to 0.2 rotations per picosecond
Mixotricha Paradoxa, a Cellulose-Digesting Protozoan that Inhabits Termite Guts− Translocation from symbiotic bacterial colony
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Cell and Environment Interaction
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Dynamic Focal Adhesion ComplexIntegrin Surface ProteinsECM Recognition Site: RGD
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Section 4: Practical Applications
Introduction to Nanobiology 45
DNA SequencingDetection and DiagnosticsDNA MicroarraysProtein MicroarraysDetection Using NanoparticlesMaterials Delivery SystemCreating Compatible Artificial SurfacesCreating Tissues Out of CellsLooking Ahead
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DNA Sequencing
Practical Applications 45
Conventional Nanotechnology Concept
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Detection and Diagnostics
Practical Applications 45
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)Immuno-PCRBio-Barcode Assay
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Microarrays
Practical Applications 45
Protein Microarrays
DNA Microarrays
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Detection Using Nanoparticles
Practical Applications 45
Visualization − Quantum dots
Targeted Delivery− Magnetic or optically
activated nanoparticles
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Materials Delivery System
Practical Applications 45
Giant Unilamellar Vesicle
Liposomal Gene DeliveryVesicles
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Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
Practical Applications 45
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Looking Ahead
Practical Applications 45
When Might We See:− Transplantable tissues created from cells?− Organ replacement via tissue engineering?− Life be created by directed assembly of molecular systems?