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CHAPTER 6- - - LANGUAGE KEY ISSUE 1What are languages, and what role do languages play in cultures?Fouberg 143-151

● What Should I Say? (Field Note – Belgium)

1. According to the Field Note, what were some of the things that perplexed the author while traveling in Brussels, Belgium?

2. Why is language such a major and divisive issue in Belgium, particularly in Brussels?

3. What was “Frenchification?” Why did it begin?

a. What was the reaction of the Flemish speaking Belgians?

b. What resulted in 1960?

4. Identify at least 2 issues that developed in Belgium as a result of the division of Belgium based on linguistic lines.

a.

b.

5. Use the map on the right, to show the Flemish, French & German language regions of Belgium. Be sure to include a key and identify the area of Flanders, Wallonia & Brussels (with your colors). Include a key. Use Figure 6.3.

What is the unintended result of basing administrative units on language?

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What are languages and what role do languages play in cultures?

6. A language is a set of _________________ and __________________ that is used for _______________________. But language is also an integral part of ______________________, ______________________, and shaping it.

7. What protections has France put into place to preserve its language?

LANGUAGE & CULTURE

8. How is language one of the cornerstones of culture?

- It defines reality:

- It identifies cultural values and history:

9. According to the text, language is so closely tied to culture that it is used as a weapon in cultural conflict and political strife. Using the chart below identify how the United States & Canada (Quebec) have dealt with foreign languages.

UNITED STATES QUEBEC, CANADA

Controversial Language Native American Languages French in Quebec

Primary Issue(s)

Effects

10. Using table 6.1 (Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken at Home in the USA), list the top five. Which of the top 10 languages surprises you, and why?

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WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?

11. Define mutual intelligibility:

12. What are 2 issues with mutual intelligibility? (please provide an example for each)

ISSUES WITH MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY EXAMPLE(S)

11. Given the complexities of distinguishing languages from dialects, the actual number of languages in use in the world remains a matter of considerable debate. The most conservative calculation is about ________________. However, most linguists and linguistic geographers today recognize between _______________ & _______________ languages, including more than 600 in ______________ & over ___________________ in Africa.

STANDARDIZED LANGUAGE

12. Technologically-advanced societies are likely to have a ___________________________________, one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught.

13. How does Ireland promote the use of the Irish (Celtic) language?

14. The decision between who decides what the standard languages will be is based on ________________________ & _________________________.

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15. In the chart below, describe how the following countries have dealt with the issue of deciding a standard language.

FRANCE CHINA

DIALECTS

16. Define dialects:

17. Define dialect chains:

18. Language is actually an __________________ for a collection of _____________________, and we tend to see one of these dialects as the “true” _____________________________ only because it is one we speak or because it is the one a _______________________________ claims as the standard.

19. Frequently, ____________________ are marked by actual differences in __________________________. A ___________________________ or group of words can reveal the source area of the __________________________.

19. Define isogloss:

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20. Use the map below to reflect Bert Vaux’s research on how dialects impact soft drink names in the United States. Use pg. 151 & be sure to include a key for your map.

CHAPTER 6- - - LANGUAGE KEY ISSUE 2Why are languages distributed the way they are?Fouberg 152-160

1.Define language families:

2. Define sub-families:

3. According to the text, why is defining a language family a challenge?

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4. According to the “Language Families of the World” map on pgs. 152-153, based on the language families below, identify/list the various areas/regions of the world where the language family is most dominant. Include statistics from the text on how many speakers each family has.

INDO-EUROPEAN AMERINDIAN NIGER-CONGO URALIC

SINO-TIBETAN AFRO-ASIATIC ALTAIC AUSTRONESIAN

LANGUAGE FORMATION

5. One way to find and chart similarities among _________________________ is to examine particular words, looking for sound shifts over time and across languages. A sound shift is:

6. How do linguists use sound shifts in terms of knowing that Italian, Spanish & French are all members of the Romance language subfamily of the Indo-European language family?

7. What is the significance of the discovery of a Proto-Indo-European language?

8. What is the Nostratic language (Proto-Eurasiatic) & its overall significance?

9. Define language divergence:

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10. Define language convergence. What difficulties can it create?

11. Using the Tree Map on pg. 155, please identify any 5 language sub-families from the Indo-European branches of the language tree.

* Romance

*

*

*

*

12. When studying the diffusion of Proto-Indo-European through divergence, convergence, extinction and locations of daughter languages, what are 2 conclusions that result?

What was the path of its diffusion from its hearth? (This is called the dispersal hypothesis)

13. In the chart below, distinguish between the 3 most common theories of Proto-Indo European diffusion.

Conquest Theory Agricultural Theory Dispersal Hypothesis

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14. For the maps below, use pg. 157 identify the hearth & path of diffusion of each of the following theories.

AGRICULTURAL THEORY DISPERSAL HYPOTHESIS

THE LANGUAGES OF EUROPE

15. In the chart below, identify the languages of each of the Subfamilies (European language) and describe their origins.

ROMANCE GERMANIC SLAVIC

LAN

GUAG

ESO

RIGI

NS/

HIST

ORY

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16. What is the relationship between Europe’s linguistic and political maps? Provide examples from the text.

17. In the chart below, answer the following regarding the mini-case study of the Basque language, Euskera.

EUSKERAColor Location of Basque

CountryPolitical Recognition

Location Origins

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LANGUAGES OF SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

18. Shade in the map of Africa, based on the various language families of Africa. Be sure to include a key

19. Which is the most dominant language family?

20. Which family has the oldest languages of Subsaharan Africa?

21. How many languages are spoken in Nigeria?

22. Which are the 3 most prominent languages in Nigeria?

23. Since 1962, which is the official language of Nigeria? Why do some people oppose this?

CHAPTER 6- - - LANGUAGE KEY ISSUE 3How do languages diffuse?Fouberg 161-164

1. Over 2,000 years ago, which 2 languages were the easiest to diffuse around the world? How was this possible?

2. Which inventions led to an increase in literacy and a stabilization of certain languages in Europe? How so?

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3. (pg. 161) ___________________ & ______________________ stimulated the formation of new, hybrid languages to facilitate such interaction, but other local languages collapsed under the onslaught of change. (This is still true today)

4. _______________________________ is shrinking the world’s linguistic heritage. Half of the world’s _____________ languages are _________________________________. Most languages are lost because one group dominates another and the dominant language is privileged.

6. What are examples of lingua francas from history and where were they used?

7. What is the difference between a Creole and pidgin language?

8. Using pg. 163, please color in the following map of India based on the language families that exist in the country. Please create a key.

9a. Based on the evidence from the map, what challenges might be evident based on the diversity of languages families in India?

9b. What did the government of India do in order to offer recognition and provide balance for all the languages spoken in the country?

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10. In the chart below, provide a definition and several examples to the terms below.

TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLES (AT LEAST 2)

LINGUA FRANCA

PIDGiN LANGUAGE

MONOLINGUAL STATES

MULTILINGUAL STATES

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

GLOBAL LANGUAGE

11. Will English become the global language? Why or why not?

CHAPTER 6- - - LANGUAGE KEY ISSUE 4What role does language play in making places?Fouberg 164-169

1.Define toponym:

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2. According to the textbook, what are the 10 types of toponyms? Provide an example for each.

3. What can you learn about a place from its toponym? How do they provide insight into its cultural landscape?

3. In the chart below, provide several examples that address the changing toponyms that are found in the world.

CHANGING TOPONYM REASON EXAMPLE(S)

POSTCOLONIAL TOPONYMS

POSTREVOLUTION TOPONYMS

MEMORIAL TOPONYMS

COMMODIFICATION TOPONYMS

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