chapter 5 language. where are english-language speakers distributed? key issue #1
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 5LANGUAGE
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Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?
Key Issue #1
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Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Global distribution of language results from 2 geographic processes-interaction and isolation
Origin and diffusion of English English is spoken by appx ½ billion people as
a first language & 2 billion people live in a country where English is an official language
English colonies Origins of English
German invasions Norman invasions
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English-Speaking Countries
Figure 5-2Fig. 5-1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in
which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.
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Invasions of England5th–11th centuries
Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.
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Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Dialects of English Dialect = a regional variation of a
language set apart by vocabulary, spelling, & pronunciation.
Isogloss = a word-usage boundary Standard language = a well-established
dialect Dialects
In England Differences between British and American
English
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Old and Middle English Dialects
Fig. 5-3: The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.
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Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Dialects of English Dialects in the United States
Settlement in the eastern United States
New England, Middle Atlantic, & Southeastern
Regional pronunciation differences are more familiar than word differences
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Dialects in theEastern U.S.
Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types
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Soft Drink Differences
Figure 5-8
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http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/20/sunday-review/dialect-quiz-map.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWtXd_yRllAMy Fair Lady
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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Key Issue #2
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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European languages English is a part of the Indo-European
language family-collection of languages related through a common ancestor
Language branch = collection of related languages
Indo-European = eight branches Four branches have a large number of speakers:
Germanic Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Romance
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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European languages A language group -collection of
languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
For example, West Germanic is the group within the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family to which English belongs.
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Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.
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Linguistic Differences in Europe and India
Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11
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Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.
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South Asian Languages and Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.
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Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.
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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Origin and diffusion of Indo-European A “Proto-Indo-European” language?
Internal evidence Nomadic warrior theory Sedentary farmer theory
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Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin“Nomadic Warrior” Theory
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.
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Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin“Sedentary Farmer” Theory
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.
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Where are Other Language Families Distributed?
Key Issue #3
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Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Classification of languages Indo-European = the largest language
family 46 percent of the world’s population speaks
an Indo-European language Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest
language family 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a
Sino-Tibetan language Mandarin = the most used language in the world
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Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
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Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.
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Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia Afro-Asiatic
Arabic = most widely spoken Altaic
Turkish = most widely spoken Uralic
Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish
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Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.
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Chinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.
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Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? African language families
Extensive linguistic diversity 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of
dialects Niger-Congo
95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language
Nilo-Saharan Khoisan
“Click” languages
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Language Families of Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.
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Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Key Issue #4
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Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Preserving language diversity Extinct languages
473 “endangered” languages today Examples
Reviving extinct languages: Hebrew Preserving endangered languages: Celtic
Multilingual states Walloons and Flemings in Belgium Switzerland
Isolated languages Basque Icelandic
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Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.
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Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.
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Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Global dominance of English English: An example of a lingua franca
Lingua franca = an international language Pidgin language = a simplified version of a
language Expansion diffusion of English Ebonics
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Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Global dominance of English Diffusion to other languages
Franglais The French Academy (1635) = the supreme
arbiter of the French language Spanglish Denglish
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French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.
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Internet Hosts, by Language
Fig 5-1-1a: The large majority of internet hosts in 1999 used English, Chinese, Japanese, or European languages.