chapter 5 measuring diversity in crops...matambre l chia m farmer’s characterization of varieties...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5: Measuring Diversity in Crops
Variety names
Agromorphological Traits
Biochemical and Molecular Markers
Focus Group Discussion for Characterizing Varieties
Mapping Spatial Distribution of Varieties on Farm
Encoding and Analyzing Participatory Data
Amount of diversity– Number of landrace names
– Farmers’ descriptors
– Agro-morphological traits
– Biochemical measurements
– Molecular markers
Measuring Diversity in Crops
J Bajracharya
Crop varietal diversity assessment on farm – the problem of variety names and distinctiveness
Diversity fairs Focus group discussions
Individual interviews
Farmer’s characterization of varieties at village level (FGD)
Distinguishing vs. Quality/PerformanceCategory Possible descriptive characters
Morphological Traits that can be used to distinguish varieties
colour of stem, leaf or seed shape of leaves, seed or fruit, disposition of flowers and fruits on the stems plant height pod/cob/ear/rhizome length or width earliness flowering time growth habit etc.
Performance and Quality Traits: Agronomic performance, Environmental/ecological adaptation, and use traits
yield and yield stability resistance to pests and diseases tolerance of water stress and harsh conditions tolerance to salinity tolerance to cold and high temperatures taste brewing quality storability cultural uses etc.
Nombres des
variedades
Moderna
/Local Color flor Lancha
tamaño
semilla
(grande =
2cm;
media=1cm;
pichino =<1
cm)
color of
grain
Size of plant
(grande=
>100cm; media
= 50 -100cm;
pichino =
<50cm)
color de
planta
Color
hojas Raiz precocidad
Vago selva M Blanca canario
Siete Billetes L precoz
Cocacho L rosa oscuras
Capitán L grande blanco Fuerte
Uña de Gato L grande
Garfio L/M Violeta Dura
Canario Bolón M grande amarillo
Matambre L
Chia M
Farmer’s characterization of varieties at village level
Descriptive traits(FGD)
品种的名字
地方品种/
现代品种traits/criteria
Trait values
Variety
name
Local or
Modern
Example of quality traits data: Nepal case study
Descriptors on sensory
aspects
- good / poor taste
- better / less tasty than…
- bitter
- juicy
- soft
- aromatic rice
- tasty flour
...
Descriptors on food
processing and
appreciation of some
traditional recipes
- good to make bread,
salad, pickles, rice
pudding...
- good for several traditional
dishes
- need to be boiled
- A part of the corm is not
edible
…
Descriptors on the health
value attributed to the
landraces
- easily digestible
- nutritious
- content feeling after
consumption
- medicinal value
- good diet for women after
child birth
- good diet for low blood
pressure patient
- causes heart problem,
gums problems
…
Source : Baseline reports of the in situ project in Nepal Data on preferred and unpreferred traits
Many farmers' descriptors are related to the nutritional value of landraces
Hints for further investigations
Trait values
Variety
Name
Farmers’ descriptors
organized by rapporteurs
Farmer Descriptors of the varieties they brought to the
focus group
Names over represent diversity
Names under-represent diversity
Lack of specific names under-represent diversity
0
Community
Village
Nearest Hoseholds
Consistency of landrace identification over space
Province
Nam
es C
on
sisten
cy
Tra
its
Co
nsi
sten
cy
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Sidi Senoun Bouajoui Hadarine El Jir Aïn Barda Ghiata-Al-
Gharbia
Oued Amlil
Villages (ranked on geographic distancein km from Ain Kchir)
Consis
tency index r
Name
Trait
Exercise
• On Farm
• On Research Stations
Agronomic measurements
Agromorphological characterization and disease damage of maize varieties from Sichuan
● The question
– How much phenotypic difference is there among maize varieties?
– Are hybrid significant different from landraces?
● With what data?
– Morphological measurements (quantitative data)
● Which statistics
– Multivariate analysis
– UPGMA
Experiment materials
• Totally 19 maize varieties were tested, including 12 local varieties and 7 modern varieties
• These varieties were collected from– Xishuangbanna of Yunnan
– Zhaojue of SIchuan
Experiment design
• For maize, each variety was planted in a 12m2 plot
• The varieties (plots) were randomly arrangedin experiment field
• 3 replicants were placed in 3 each site
V2 V5 V3
V4 V9 V8
V7 V1 V6
V6 V7 V8
V3 V9 V5
V1 V4 V2
V1 V4 V9
V5 V6 V2
V8 V3 V7
Experiment design
• For maize, 17 agronomic
traits were investigated
– Plant height, Stem
diameter,Plant type
– Ear height, Ear length, Ear
width, Length of ear head
without grain
– Head progeny row, Numbers of
grains per row, Full seed rate,
Pair of spike, Spike shape
– Thousand-grain weight, Grain
color, Grain type, Waxy or not
Descriptive statistics
Explore phenotypic diversity by PCA
Are maize varieties phenotypically different?
MANOVA test can be used to test this observation
Explore phenotypic diversity by PCA
Are hybrid different from landraces?
MANOVA test can be used to test this observation
Explore phenotypic diversity by PCA
A cluster analysis using morphological distances can help to show differences among varieties and among hybrids and landraces.
It also tell us how much varieties are different
Temperate fruit tree variety diversity assessed in Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Diversity level (on farm):
• Apple – 239
• Apricot – 221
• Grapevine - 158
Middle maturing
Early maturing
Managing production under increased unpredictable of frost
yes
How diverse are the apple varieties? We can cluster them according to
farmer recognizable (phenotypic, agronomic and adaptive) characters.
Late maturing
Apple diversity - Uzbekistan
no
Yield Disease resistance
Drought resistance Good taste
Exercise
Biochemical and Molecular
Paolo Colangelo
Distribution of Diversity Across the Landscape
• Across households
• Across landscapes
Where - Distribution of diversity: Rare vs. Common -- Rice in Nepal
Rice landraces grown in large
area by many households
Rice landraces grown in large
area by few households
Rice landraces grown in small
area by few households
Rice landraces grown in small
area by many households
(Rana et al., 2000)
Distribution of diversity at household level: many/few HHs and large/small area in Kaski, the mid-hill ecosite
Kaski -- Percent HH X Percent area
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Percent HH growing Landrace (Total 173)
Pe
rce
nt
Are
a C
ov
ere
d (
To
tal 7
9.0
9 h
a)
Series1
Large
Small
ManyFew
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
-6 -5.5 -5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Principal component 1
Pri
ncip
al c
om
po
ne
nt 2
YaxcabaNeighbor comm.YucatanQ. Roo Campeche
(B, PH, LBS, TNTB,
and EL)
(LAC, CSIL, ED, PD, and
KT)
Chavez et al., 2000
Agronomic characters of 314 maize populations from Yucatan Peninsula
Yaxcaba Rest of Yucatan Peninsula
(3 Provinces)
Neighbour Village
Distribution of agromorphic trait diversity across the landscape
Sbai Foul
1.5 ha
Foula
1.0 ha
Foul Khal
0.5 ha
Total area planted to Faba Bean = 3.5 ha
Faba Bean
Variety
Names
Area
covered % area
Sbai Foul 1.5 ha 0.43
Foul Khal 0.5 ha 0.14
Foula 1 ha 0.29
Ibaoune 0.5 ha 0.14
Ibaoune
0.5 ha
Collecting HH Variety Diversity
• Exercise