chapter 5 section 1 what is a mineral?. objectives 1.define mineral. 2. compare the two main groups...
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Chapter 5
Section 1
What is a mineral?
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Objectives1.Define mineral.
2. Compare the two main groups of minerals.
3. Identify the six types of silicate crystalline structure.
4. Describe three common nonsilicate crystalline structures.
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How do you determine if a substance is a mineral?
Yoav LevyYoav Levy
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Classifying Minerals
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Four basic questions:
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Is the substance inorganic?
• Magnetite is inorganic and contains iron and oxygen.
• Coal is organic and is made from plants.
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Is it naturally occurring?
• The mineral quartz occurs naturally in the earth.
• Steel and brass are man-made.
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Is it a solid in crystalline form?
• Diamond has a solid crystalline structure.
• Petroleum and natural gas are naturally occurring but are not solids.
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Does it have a definite chemical composition?
• The mineral fluorite is made of calcium and fluorine (CaF2)
• Concrete is made up of several substances.
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Minerals:
• must be inorganic• must be naturally occurring• must be a solid with an internal crystalline
structure• must have a definite chemical makeup.
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There are over 3,000 known minerals
• Many may be easily identified, although lab tests are needed to be conclusive.
Yoav LevyYoav Levy
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Elements in the Earth’s Crust
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/crust_elements.html&edu=high
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Even though there are 92 elements that are naturally found, only eight of them are common in the rocks that
make up the Earth’s outer layer, the crust. Together, these 8 elements make up more than 98% of the crust.
• The 8 most common elements in Earth’s crust (by mass): 46.6% Oxygen (O)27.7% Silica (Si)8.1% Aluminum (Al)5.0% Iron (Fe)3.6% Calcium (Ca)2.8% Sodium (Na)2.6% Potassium (K)2.1% Magnesium (Mg)
• The picture on the left shows where these elements are located within the periodic table. Together, the elements oxygen and silicon make up most of the Earth’s crust including silicate minerals such as quartz and feldspar.
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Identifying Minerals
Section 5.2
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Objectives• Describe seven physical
properties that help distinguish one mineral from another.
• List 5 special properties that may help identify certain minerals
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Physical properties of mineralsare a result of the chemical composition and
crystalline structure
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Talc is highly variable, yet Sulfur is almost always yellowish.
• Talc
SulfurSulfur
ColorColor: Can be very characteristic for a few minerals, but is not important for others
Talc
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Luster: the way light is reflectedeither Metallic or Non-metallic
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Non-metallics are further described as:
dull(earthy) waxy
pearly (translucent)
glassy(transparent)
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Hematite has a very
red streak
Streak:Streak: the color of the color of the powdered mineralthe powdered mineral
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Cleavage and Fracturehow a mineral splits or how a mineral breaks
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Moh’s Hardness Scale
Microsoft TableMicrosoft Table
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We use a scale from 1 to 10 called MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS.
• Talc is a 1 and diamond is a 10.
• Most minerals fall between 3-6. The field scale can be very helpful:
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Field Scale of Hardness
• Finger Nail 2.5
PennyPenny 3.5 3.5
Nail or Knife 5.0 to 5.5Nail or Knife 5.0 to 5.5
GlassGlass 5.5 to 6.0 5.5 to 6.0
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Specific Gravity (heft):
Density = Mass/Volume
SG = Density of Sub./Density of H2O
Dry weight of Mineral SG = ----------------------------------- Dry weight - weight in water
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Example low and high Specific Gravity
• Graphite (low)
Galena (high)Galena (high)
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Unique Characteristics of a few minerals
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Magnetism:
• Some minerals are attracted to a magnet.
Magnetite
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Fluorescence:• Minerals which will glow under
an ultraviolet (black) light.
Minerals that continue to glow after the ultraviolet light is cut off are called phosphorescent.
Opal
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Chatoyancy and Asterism
• Chatoyancy: Silky appearance due to large numbers of parallel mineral fibers.
• Asterism: Six-sided star shape when the mineral reflects light.
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Radioactivity:
• Some radioactive minerals will emit charged particles that are detected by a geiger counter.
Uranitite
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Malleability:
• Some minerals are bendable
Some minerals Some minerals are brittleare brittle
GarnetCopper
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Feel:
• Some minerals feel greasy or soapy (unctuous)
Graphite
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Solubility:
• Some minerals are soluble (will dissolve) in water
Halite
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Double Refraction:
• Optical properties reveal a double image
Iceland Spar (Calcite)
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Taste:
• Some minerals taste salty.
Halite
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React with acids:
• Carbonates react with hydrochloric acid and give off CO2 gas
Calcite
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Rocks: • are solid materials that
are made up of one or more minerals.
Lets click here to
find out more
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Rock-forming minerals
• Of the 3,000 minerals, fewer than 20 form most of the earth’s crust.
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Of these 20, only 10 are common, and these make up 90%
of the earth’s crust
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All minerals can be classified into two main groups based on
their chemical composition.
• Silicates • Nonsilicates
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Silicate minerals contain atoms of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)
SiO2
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Silicate minerals make up 96% of the earth’s crust.
Quartz
Feldspar(orthoclase)
Feldspar(plagioclase)
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Silicates which are rich in iron and magnesium include:
Hornblende Olivine
Muscovite Biotite
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Nonsilicate Minerals• Make up only 4% of the earth’s crust
• Six Major Groups
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Carbonates
• Compounds that contain a carbonate group (CO3)
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Halides
• Compounds that consist of chlorine or fluorine combined with sodium, potassium or calcium
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Native Elements
• Elements uncombined with other elements
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Oxides
• Compounds that contain oxygen and an element other than silicon
Hematite Fe2O3
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Sulfates
• Compounds that contain a sulfate group (SO4)
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Sulfides
• Compounds that consist of one or more elements combined with sulfur
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Crystalline Structure
• a natural solid with a definite shape
The conditions under which minerals are produced do not usually allow large single crystals to grow.
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Crystalline Structure of Silicate Minerals
• Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Silicon atom bonded to four atoms of oxygen in a pyramid arrangement
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Variations
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Ionic Silicates
• Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra linked only by atoms of elements other than silicon and oxygen
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Single and Double Chained Silicates
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Single Chain Silicates
• In single-chain silicates each tetrahedron is bonded to two others by shared oxygen atoms
• Minerals made up of single chains are called pyroxenes
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Double Chain Silicates
• In double-chain silicates, two single chains of tetrahedra bond to each other.
• Minerals made up of double chains are called amphiboles
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Tetrahedral Sheets
• Each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms with other tetrahedra.
• The fourth oxygen atom bonds with an atom of K or Al, which joins one sheet to another.
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Examples of Tetrahedral Sheets
• Muscovite
• Biotite
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Network Silicates
• Each tetrahedron is bonded to four neighboring tetrahedra
• Network silicates tend to form very hard crystals.
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Examples of Network Silicates
• Quartz
• Feldspar
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Assignments
• Section 5.1 Outline• Key Terms
• Direct Reading