Chapter 5 sections 3 Chapter 5 sections 3 and 4 and 4

Roman Life and The Spread of Roman Life and The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Romans used many Greek ideas, such Romans used many Greek ideas, such as colonnades and rectangular buildingsas colonnades and rectangular buildings

New ideas: Arch, Vault, and DomeNew ideas: Arch, Vault, and Dome First to use concrete ( especially in the First to use concrete ( especially in the

coliseum) coliseum) Amazing engineers:Amazing engineers:

Built roads, bridges, aqueducts.Built roads, bridges, aqueducts.

50,000 miles of Roads! 50,000 miles of Roads!

Roman ArchRoman Arch

Roman Pantheon: DomeRoman Pantheon: Dome

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

Family Life and Women’s RoleFamily Life and Women’s Role Children learned to read.Children learned to read. Roman boys turned to men when 16 Roman boys turned to men when 16

and received the white toga of and received the white toga of manhoodmanhood

Some girls were educated, but most Some girls were educated, but most were married by the time they were were married by the time they were 16.16.

Romans believed women were weak Romans believed women were weak and needed to be protected by men.and needed to be protected by men.

ChangesChanges By 100 A.D. things began to changeBy 100 A.D. things began to change Men could no longer sell his children Men could no longer sell his children

into slavery or have them put to into slavery or have them put to death.death.

Upper-Class Roman women gained Upper-Class Roman women gained the right to own land, sell it, and the right to own land, sell it, and inherit it. inherit it.

Women could not be involved in Women could not be involved in politics, but did influence it through politics, but did influence it through their husbands.their husbands.

Slavery and Slave RevoltsSlavery and Slave Revolts Slavery was common in Ancient times, Slavery was common in Ancient times,

but even more so in Rome.but even more so in Rome. After Rome expanded, many foreigners After Rome expanded, many foreigners

captured in war became slaves. captured in war became slaves. Greek slaves were in high demand as Greek slaves were in high demand as

tutors, musicians, and doctors tutors, musicians, and doctors Slaves of other nationalities were Slaves of other nationalities were

household workers, cooks, waiters, household workers, cooks, waiters, cleaners, farm laborers, and to build cleaners, farm laborers, and to build roads, aqueducts, etc. roads, aqueducts, etc.

RevoltsRevolts Roman slaves were treated horribly, often Roman slaves were treated horribly, often

worked to death, and simply replaced. worked to death, and simply replaced. Many revolts took place due to these Many revolts took place due to these

conditions. conditions. SpartacusSpartacus- He led the most famous - He led the most famous

revolt in 73 B.C. revolt in 73 B.C. He was a Gladiator slaveHe was a Gladiator slave He led 70,000 slaves against Roman He led 70,000 slaves against Roman

legions and he was very successful until legions and he was very successful until his capture and execution.his capture and execution.

7,000 of his followers were crucified.7,000 of his followers were crucified.

Spartacus (From the Movie) Spartacus (From the Movie)

Living Conditions in Rome Living Conditions in Rome

Rome was very congested. Rome was very congested. Largest city in the EmpireLargest city in the Empire 1 million residents1 million residents Large temples, markets, baths, theaters, Large temples, markets, baths, theaters,

governmental buildings, gave it an governmental buildings, gave it an image of grandeur. image of grandeur.

Yet the city was dirty, noisy and over-Yet the city was dirty, noisy and over-crowded.crowded.

Streets of Rome: Rich and PoorStreets of Rome: Rich and Poor

The streets were dangerous. It was very The streets were dangerous. It was very common to be assaulted or robbed at common to be assaulted or robbed at night.night.

One could also be soaked by someone’s One could also be soaked by someone’s waste who lived on the upper floors of waste who lived on the upper floors of Rome’s apartment buildings. Rome’s apartment buildings.

The poor lived in The poor lived in insulaes, insulaes, or or apartment buildings. apartment buildings.

Roman ApartmentsRoman Apartments

City ProblemsCity Problems

Fires were very common, due to Fires were very common, due to stoves and fires used to heat in colder stoves and fires used to heat in colder months. months.

These were very difficult to put out.These were very difficult to put out. Around 200,000 Romans received Around 200,000 Romans received

government handouts of grain to government handouts of grain to survive.survive.

Bread and CircusesBread and Circuses were provided to were provided to occupy the people of Rome.occupy the people of Rome.

EntertainmentEntertainment

Festivals included 3 types of Festivals included 3 types of entertainment:entertainment:

1)1) Circus Maximus-Circus Maximus- horse and horse and chariot raceschariot races

2)2) TheatersTheaters- Dramatic - Dramatic performancesperformances

3)3) ColiseumColiseum- Gladiator Matches- Gladiator Matches

Circus Maximus Circus Maximus

Roman Amphitheater Roman Amphitheater

Roman ColiseumRoman Coliseum

Games of Death Games of Death

GladiatorsGladiators were usually slaves, were usually slaves, prisoners, or criminals, yet they were prisoners, or criminals, yet they were regarded as heroes.regarded as heroes.

Some matches were fights to the death, Some matches were fights to the death, while others were fights to first blood, while others were fights to first blood, etc. etc.

Many exotic animals were brought in to Many exotic animals were brought in to fight each other, and other gladiators.fight each other, and other gladiators.

The bottom of the coliseum was The bottom of the coliseum was sometimes flooded to reenact naval sometimes flooded to reenact naval battles.battles.

Roman mosaic of a gladiator Roman mosaic of a gladiator spearing a leopard spearing a leopard

Chapter 5 section 4 Chapter 5 section 4

Development of ChristianityDevelopment of Christianity

Roman ReligionRoman Religion AugustusAugustus brought back many brought back many

traditional festivals and traditional festivals and ceremony’sceremony’s

They also believed that the They also believed that the success of their empire was due success of their empire was due to the favor of their godsto the favor of their gods

Romans were also tolerant of Romans were also tolerant of other religions in their empire.other religions in their empire.

Why do you think they were? Why do you think they were?

Roman Gods and Goddesses Roman Gods and Goddesses (borrowed from the Greeks) (borrowed from the Greeks)

Judaism in the EmpireJudaism in the Empire JudeaJudea was the kingdom of Judaism. was the kingdom of Judaism. By 6 A.D. it was under the control of By 6 A.D. it was under the control of

RomeRome There was a lot of unrest in Judea due There was a lot of unrest in Judea due

to Roman rule. to Roman rule. Jews differed about how to deal with Jews differed about how to deal with

Roman rule. Roman rule. Zealots, were Jews who wanted to fight Zealots, were Jews who wanted to fight

back against Roman rule.back against Roman rule. In 66 A.D. they began a violent revolt In 66 A.D. they began a violent revolt

that was put down by the Romans, and that was put down by the Romans, and the holy temple of Jerusalem was the holy temple of Jerusalem was destroyed. destroyed.

Teachings of Jesus Teachings of Jesus

A Jewish teacher named Jesus began A Jewish teacher named Jesus began traveling traveling JudeaJudea and and GalileeGalilee, , teaching his beliefs which became teaching his beliefs which became known as Christianity.known as Christianity.

He believed that his mission was to He believed that his mission was to complete the salvation that God had complete the salvation that God had promised Israel. promised Israel.

He taught concepts of humility, He taught concepts of humility, charity, and love towards others.charity, and love towards others.

Images of Jesus ChristImages of Jesus Christ

Death of JesusDeath of Jesus Many feared Jesus’ teachings would Many feared Jesus’ teachings would

stir a revolt against the Romans. stir a revolt against the Romans. His opponents finally turned him into His opponents finally turned him into

the Roman authorities. the Roman authorities. Pontius PilatePontius Pilate ordered him to be ordered him to be

crucified. crucified. After his death his followers believed After his death his followers believed

he had risen and appeared to themhe had risen and appeared to them They believed Jesus to be the They believed Jesus to be the

Messiah, and Christianity was born. Messiah, and Christianity was born.

Images of Crucifixion Images of Crucifixion

Christianity SpreadsChristianity Spreads Many Many apostlesapostles, or leaders spread the , or leaders spread the

word of Christianity. Simon Peter, and word of Christianity. Simon Peter, and Paul were 2 of the most prominent Paul were 2 of the most prominent apostles.apostles.

At first the message was spread orally At first the message was spread orally to Gentiles (non-Jews) and Jewsto Gentiles (non-Jews) and Jews

Eventually, letters and other writings Eventually, letters and other writings by the apostles and early Christian by the apostles and early Christian leaders, became the leaders, became the New TestamentNew Testament, , the second part of the Christian Bible. the second part of the Christian Bible.

Roman PersecutionRoman Persecution

Christian beliefs differed greatly from Christian beliefs differed greatly from Roman beliefs.Roman beliefs.

Christians refused to worship Roman gods, Christians refused to worship Roman gods, and this was viewed as treason by the and this was viewed as treason by the Romans. Romans.

Christians viewed worshipping other gods Christians viewed worshipping other gods as a threat to their own salvation.as a threat to their own salvation.

During the reign of During the reign of Nero,Nero, Christians were Christians were blamed for a massive fire, and many were blamed for a massive fire, and many were tortured and murdered. tortured and murdered.

Roman Empire Adopts ChristianityRoman Empire Adopts Christianity

The Christian Church began creating The Christian Church began creating a new structure where a new structure where ClergyClergy, or , or church leaders, took on different church leaders, took on different responsibilities than the responsibilities than the LaityLaity, or , or regular Church members. regular Church members.

Why was it able to gain so many Why was it able to gain so many followers by the 2followers by the 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd centuries centuries A.D.? A.D.?

Answers!Answers!

1) Christianity offered people personal 1) Christianity offered people personal salvation, instead of a religion that was for salvation, instead of a religion that was for the good of Rome.the good of Rome.

2) It was easy to relate to, as Jesus was a 2) It was easy to relate to, as Jesus was a real person, and it did not require expensive real person, and it did not require expensive initiation rights like other religions.initiation rights like other religions.

3) Christianity fulfilled the human desire to 3) Christianity fulfilled the human desire to ““BelongBelong”. Christian communities worked ”. Christian communities worked together, assisted each other in times of together, assisted each other in times of need, and gave people that sense of need, and gave people that sense of belonging. belonging.

Growing moreGrowing more

Diocletian,Diocletian, in the 3 in the 3rdrd century, was century, was the last emperor to try to persecute the last emperor to try to persecute Christian, but his efforts failed. Christian, but his efforts failed.

By the fourth Century, By the fourth Century, Constantine Constantine became the first Christian Emperor. became the first Christian Emperor. He issued the Edict of Milan which He issued the Edict of Milan which promoted tolerance of Christianity.promoted tolerance of Christianity.

Theodosius the GreatTheodosius the Great officially officially made Christianity the official religion made Christianity the official religion of Rome.of Rome.