Chapter 5: Spatial Cognition

Slide Template

FRAMES OF REFERENCE

Cognitive Representation of Space

• Egocentric versus exocentric.

Frame of Reference (FOR) Transformation in 2D Mental Rotation

• Mental rotation costs as a function of angle.

Frame of Reference (FOR) Transformation in 2D Mental Rotation

• “You Are Here” maps.

3D Mental Rotation: The General FORT Model

• Performance costs for 3D images.• 3D frames of reference transformations.• Challenges of multiple FORT transformations.

3D Mental Rotation: The General FORT Model

3D Mental Rotation: The General FORT Model

2D or 3D• Immersed view vs. avatar• Costs of keyhole properties and line of sight

ambiguities of 3D displays.• Global Situation Awareness advantage of 3D

displays.• Costs and benefits of task and display frame of

reference.

2D or 3D

Solutions for FOR Problems

• Design: Multiple Maps. – Visual momentum and synthetic-vision-system

display.• Training: Stages of Navigational Knowledge. – Landmark, Route and Survey Knowledge.

APPLICATIONS TO MAP DESIGN

Design of 2D Maps

• Heading up maps. • Multiple coplanar 2D views for precise vertical

information.

Design of 3D Maps

• The coupling of two maps• Principle of visual momentum

Map Scale

• Small scale map vs. large scale map• Geometric field of view (GFOV).– Task dependent: small scale for global

understanding and large scale for navigation

Role of Clutter in Map Search

• Causes of map clutter. – Search or numerosity clutter• Adding more information. • Scale.

– Proximity or readout clutter• More items. • Display miniaturization. • Database overlay.

Role of Clutter in Map Search

• Database overlay. – Greater legibility problems– Proximity compatibility principle

Role of Clutter in Map Search

• Clutter solutions. – Highlighting. – De-cluttering tools.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Environmental Design

• Canonical orientation• Landmark prominence• Rectilinear normalization

Principles of Good Environmental Design

• Landmark prominence and discriminability• Consistency of orientation• Consistency of elements• Consistency of rectilinear normalization

INFORMATION VISUALIZATION

Tasks in Visualization

• Search tasks• Comparison tasks• Insight

Principles of Visualization

• Compatible mapping of dimensions. Relationship between data representation and display representation.

Principles of Visualization

• Compatible mapping of data structure.

Principles of Visualization

• Data type compatibility.

Principles of Visualization

• Parallel coordinate graph.

Principles of Visualization

• Multiple views. – Global overview and local view– Keyhole phenomenon. – Fisheye view.

Principles of Visualization

Principles of Visualization

• Interaction. – Direct vs. indirect travel

Principles of Visualization

• Proximity compatibility.– Mesh for connecting the points– Integrate spatially separate elements– Ego-location within a local and global view

• Animation

VISUAL MOMENTUM

Basic Guidelines

• Use consistent representations.• Use graceful transitions.• Highlight anchors.• Display continuous world maps.

TRACKING, TRAVEL AND CONTINUOUS MANUAL OPERATION

Tracking

• Control device and system output. • Closed-loop tracking. • Target movement and disturbance. • System dynamics and complexity of the

tracking system

Tracking to a Fixed Target

• Fitt’s Law and Index of Difficulty.

Tracking a Moving Target

• Examples

What Makes Tracking Difficult?

• Bandwidth• Gain• System Lag. – Control order.

• Instability

What Makes Tracking Difficult?

What Makes Tracking Difficult?

• Prediction. – Predictive displays.

Multi-Axis Tracking and Control

• Difficulties • Automation

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS AND AUGMENTED REALITY

Virtual Environment Characteristics

• Immersion and presence.• Three-dimensional viewing• Dynamic• Closed-loop interaction• Ego-centered frame of reference• Head or eye motion tracked• Multi-modal interaction• Objects and agents

Uses of Virtual Environments

• Training applications. – Haptic projection– E-Learning.

• Online Comprehension– Immersive journalism.

• Therapeutic Applications. – Phobias and stroke rehabilitation.

Uses of Virtual Environments

• Social Applications– Gaming, Multi-Agent Environments, and

Collaborative Networking. – Telepresence.

• Ubiquitous Computing. – Working within everyday environments – table top

display.

Augmented Reality

• Virtual ruler. • Figure 5.16.

Augmented Reality

• Augmented virtuality and mixed reality.• Problems for virtual and augmented reality

environments. – Cost, lag, biases and distortions, lostness and

disorientation, and cybersickness

Augmented Reality