chapter 5 table 5.1 table of contents panel a part 1: sdgs ... · chapter 5 table 5.1 table of...

Chapter 5 Table 5.1

Table of Contents

Panel A Part 1: SDGs 1-4 – Industry, Residential, Transport

Panel A Part 2: SDGs 1-4 – Replacing Coal, Advanced Coal

Panel A Part 3: SDGs 1-4 – Agriculture & Livestock, Forest, Oceans

Panel B Part 1: SDGs 5, 10, 16, 17 – Industry, Residential, Transport

Panel B Part 2: SDGs 5, 10, 16, 17 – Replacing Coal, Advanced Coal

Panel B Part 3: SDGs 5, 10, 16, 17 – Agriculture & Livestock, Forest, Oceans

Panel C Part 1: SDGs 6, 12, 14, 15 – Industry, Residential, Transport

Panel C Part 2: SDGs 6, 12, 14, 15 – Replacing Coal, Advanced Coal

Panel C Part 3: SDGs 6, 12, 14, 15 – Agriculture & Livestock, Forest, Oceans

Panel D Part 1: SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11 – Industry, Residential, Transport

Panel D Part 2: SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11 – Replacing Coal, Advanced Coal

Panel D Part 3: SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11 – Agriculture & Livestock, Forest, Oceans

INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCEIndustry

↑ [+2] & J « [0] ↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] & J ««

Low-carbonfuelswitch[0] [0] ↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] && JJ ««

Decarbonisation/CCS/CCU[0] [0] ↓ [-1] && JJJ «««

Residential Behaviorialresponse↑ [+2] & J « [0] ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««« ~/↓ [0,-1] && JJJ «« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««« ↑ [+1] & JJJ ««

McCollumetal.(inreview);Asaduzzamanetal.(2010);Cabraaletal.(2005);FincoandDoppler(2010);Hasegawaetal.(2015);Lotze-Campenetal.(2014);Msangietal.(2010);Smithetal.(2013);Smith,P.etal.(2014);Solaetal.(2016);Tilmanetal.(2009);vanVuurenetal.(2009)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Arandaetal.(2014);Lametal.(2012);Limetal.(2012);Smithetal(2013)

McCollumetal.(inreview); Lipscombetal.(2013);vandeWalleetal.(2013)

Improvedaccess&fuelswitchtomodernlow-carbonenergy

PovertyandDevelopment(1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4) FoodSecurityandAgriculturalProductivity(2.1/2.4) DiseaseandMortality(3.1/3.2/3.3/3.4) EqualAccesstoEducationalInstitutions(4.1/4.2/4.3/4.5)

Accesstomodernenergyforms(electricity,cleancook-stoves,high-qualitylighting)isfundamentaltohumandevelopmentsincetheenergyservicesmadepossiblebythemhelpalleviatechronicandpersistentpoverty.Strengthoftheimpactvariesintheliterature.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Modernenergyaccessiscriticaltoenhanceagriculturalyields/productivity,decreasepost-harvestlosses,andmechanizeagri-processing-allofwhichcanaidfoodsecurity.However,large-scalebioenergyandfoodproductionmaycompeteforscarcelandandotherinputs(e.g.,water,fertilizers),dependingonhowandwherebiomasssuppliesaregrownandtheindirectlandusechangeimpactsthatresult.Ifnotimplementedthoughtfully,thiscouldleadtohigherfoodpricesglo(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)bally,andthusreducedaccesstoaffordablefoodforthepoor.Enhancedagriculturalproductivitiescanamelioratethesituationbyallowingasmuchbioenergytobeproducedonaslittlelandaspossible.

Accesstomodernenergyservicescancontributetofewerinjuriesanddiseasesrelatedtotraditionalsolidfuelcollectionandburning,aswellasutilizationofkerosenelanterns.Accesstomodernenergyservicescanfacilitateimprovedhealthcareprovision,medicineandvaccinestorage,utilizationofpoweredmedicalequipment,anddisseminationofhealth-relatedinformationandeducation.Suchservicescanalsoenablethermalcomfortinhomesandcontributetofoodpreservationandsafety.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Accesstomodernenergyisnecessaryforschoolstohavequalitylightingandthermalcomfort,aswellasmoderninformationandcommunicationtechnologies.Accesstomodernlightingandenergyallowsforstudyingaftersundownandfreesconstraintsontimemanagementthatallowforhigherschoolenrollmentratesandbetterliteracyoutcomes.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Bonanetal.(2014);BurligandPreonas(2016);CasillasandKammen(2010);Cook(2011);Kirubietal.(2009);Pachaurietal.(2012);Pueyoetal.(2013);Raoetal.(2014);ZuluandRichardson,2013;Pode,2013

Reducingschoolabsences

Energyefficiencyinterventionsleadtocostsavingswhicharerealizedduetoreducedenergybillsthatfurtherleadtopovertyreduction.Participantswithlowincomesexperiencegreaterbenefits.'Energyefficiencyandbiomassstrategiesbenefitiedpoormorethanwindandsolarwhosebenefitsarecapturedbyindustry.carbonmitigationcanincreaseordecreaseinequalitites.Thedistributionalcostsofnewenergypolicies(e.g.,supportingrenewablesandenergyefficiency)aredependentoninstrumentdesign.Ifcostsfalldisproportionatelyonthepoor,thenthiscouldimpairprogresstowarduniversalenergyaccessand,byextension,counteractthefighttoeliminatepoverty.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Usingtheimprovedstovessupportslocalfoodsecurityandhassignificantlyimpactedonfoodsecurity.Bymakingfuellastinglonger,theimprovedstovesalsohelpimprovefoodsecurityandprovideabetterbufferagainstfuelshortagesinducedbyclimatechange-relatedeventssuchasdroughts,floodsorhurricanes(Berruetaetal.2017).

Efficientcookstoveimproveshealthespeciallyforindigenousandpoorruralcommunities.Householdenergyefficiencyhaspositivehealthimpactsonchildren’srespiratoryhealth,weight,andsusceptibilitytoillness,andthementalhealthofadults.Householdenergyefficiencyimproveswinterwarmth,lowersrelativehumiditywithbenefitsforcardiovascularandrespiratoryhealth.FurtherimprovedIndoorAirQualitybythermalregulationandoccupantcomfortarerealised.Howeverinoneinstancenegativehealthimpacts(asthma)ofincreasedhouseholdenergyefficiencywerealsonotedwhenhousingupgradestakeplacewithoutchangesinoccupantbehaviours.Homeoccupantsreportedwarmthasthemostimportantaspectofcomfortwhichwerelargelytemperature-relatedandlowinenergycosts.Residentslivinginthedeprivedareasexpectimprovedwarmthintheirpropertiesafterenergyefficiencymeasuresareemployed.

Householdenergyefficiencymeasuresreduceschoolabsencesforchildrenwithasthma.

Maidmentetal.(2014);Scott,Jones,andWebb(2014);Berruetaetal.(2017);McCollumetal.(inreview);Cameronetal.(2016);CasillasandKammen(2012);Fayetal.(2015);Hallegateetal.(2016);HirthandUeckerdt(2013);JakobandSteckel(2014);Casillasetal(2012)

Berruetaetal.(2017) Berruetaetal.,2017;Maidmentetal.,2014;Willand,Ridley,andMaller,2015;Wellsetal.,2015;Cameron,Taylor,andEmmett,2015;LiddellandGuiney,2015;Sharpeetal.,2015;Derbez,2014;Djamila,Chu,Kumaresan,2013,Scott,Jones,andWebb(2014);Huebner,Cooper,andJones(2013);Yue,Long,andChen(2013);Zhaoetal.2017,BhojvaidVasundharaetal(2014)

Maidmentetal.(2014)

Scott,Jones,andWebb(2014) Scott,Jones,andWebb(2014);Huebner,Cooper,andJones(2013);Yue,Long,andChen(2013);Zhaoetal.2017

Acceleratingenergyefficiencyimprovement

PovertyandDevelopment(1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4) FoodSecurity Healthylivesandwell-beingforallatallages(3.2,3.9)

IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Atchleyetal.(2013);Appsetal.(2010);Siirilaetal.(2012);WangandJaffe(2004);Koorneefetal.(2011);Singhetal.(2011);Hertwichetal.(2008);Veltmanetal.(2010);Corstenetal.(2013).

Povertyreductionviafinancialsavings(1.1) Improvedwarmthandcomforts

Peoplelivinginthedeprivedcommunitiesfeelpositiveandpredictconsiderablefinancialsavings.

Nodirectinteraction,Noliterature

Homeoccupantsreportedwarmthasthemostimportantaspectofcomfortwhichwerelargelytemperature-relatedandlowinenergycosts.Residentslivinginthedeprivedareasexpectimprovedwarmthintheirpropertiesafterenergyefficiencymeasuresareemployed.

VassoloandDoell(2005);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016);Nguyenetal(2014),Karneretal(2015)

Fernandoetal(2016),ApeaningandThollandar(2013)

DiseaseandMortality(3.1/3.2/3.3/3.4)

Nodirectinteraction,Noliterature Nodirectinteraction,NoliteratureThereisariskofCO2leakagebothfromgeologicalformationsaswellasfromthetransportationinfrastructurefromsourcetosequestrationlocations.

Altierietal(2016) Xietal(2013),Zhangetal(2015),VassoloandDoell(2005);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016);Nguyenetal(2014)

Fernandoetal(2016),ApeaningandThollandar(2013)

waterandairpollutionreductionandbetterhealth(3.9) Technicaleducation,vocationaltraining(4.b)

Nodirectinteraction,Noliterature Nodirectinteraction,NoliteratureIndustriesarebecomingsupplierofenergy,wasteheat,water,rooftopsforsolarenergygenerationandhencehelpinginimprovingairandwaterquality.

Newtechnplogydeploymentcreatesdemandforawareness,knowledgewithtechnicalandmanagerialcapabilityotherwiseactsasbarrierforrapidexpansion.


Reducespoverty airpollutionreductionandbetterhealth(3.9) Technicaleducation,vocationaltraining(4.3,4.4,4.5)

%ofpeoplelivingbelowpovertylinedeclinesfrom49%to18%insouthafricancontext

Nodirectinteraction,Noliterature

Peoplelivinginthedeprivedcommunitiesfeelpositiveandpredictconsiderablefinancialsavings.Efficiencychangesintheindustrialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninindustrialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.Inextractiveindustriesthereistradeoffunlessstrategicallymanaged.Behavioralchangesintheindustrialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninindustrialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.

Awareness,knowledgeandtechnicalandmanagerialcapabilityarecloselylinked,energyaudit,informationfortradeunions

Panel A Part 1

Panel A Part 1

Transport Behaviouralresponse↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ~ [0] & J « ↑ [+2] & J «

PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017,Ajanovic(2015)

(Schuchtetal.,2015);(Figueroa,Lah,Fulton,McKinnon,&Tiwari,2014);(Peng,Yang,Wagner,&Mauzerall,2017);(Klausbruckneretal.,2016)


EndPovertyinallitsformseverywhere(1.1,1.4,1.a,1.b) EnsureAccesstoFoodSecurity(2.1,2.3,2.a,2.b,2.c) Reduceillnessesfromhazardousairpollution(3.9)

Climatechangethreatenstoworsenpoverty,thereforpro-poormitigationpoliciesareneededtoreducethisthreat;forexampleinvestingmoreandbetterininfrastructurebyleveragingprivateresourcesandusingdesignsthataccountforfutureclimatechangeandtherelateduncertainty.Communitiesinpoorareascopewithandadapttomultiple-stressorsincludingclimatechange.Copingstrategiesprovideshort-termreliefbutinthelong-termmaynegativelyaffectdevelopmentgoals.Andresponsesgenerateatrade-offbetweenadaptation,mitigationanddevelopment.Africancitieswithslumsandduetohighcommutingcostsmanywalktoworkplaceswhichlimitaccess.InLatinamericatrippleinformalityleadingtolowproductivityandlivingstandards.InSwedendecarbonisationofpublicbusisreceivingattentionmorethanefficiencyimprovment.Withmoreelectrificationelectricitypricegoesupandaffordibilitycanworsenforpoorunlessredistributivepoliciesareinplace.

21Projectsaimingatresilienttransportinfrastructuredevelopmenttoimproveaccess(e.g.C40CitiesCleanBusDeclaration,UITPDeclarationonClimateLeadership,CyclingDeliversontheGlobalGoals,GlobalSidewalkChallenge)donotsubstantiallycontributetorealizingthe(indirect)transporttargetswithmostlyaruralfocus:AgriculturalProductivity(SDG2)andAccesstoSafeDrinkingWater(SDG6)

Projectsaimingatresilienttransportinfrastructuredevelopment(e.g.C40CitiesCleanBusDeclaration,UITPDeclarationonClimateLeadership,CyclingDeliversontheGlobalGoals,GlobalSidewalkChallenge)aretargettingatreducingairpollution,Electricvehiclesusingelectricityfromrenewablesorlowcarbonsourcescombinedwithe-mobilityoptionssuchastrolleybuses,metros,tramsandelectrobuses,aswellaspromotewalkingandbiking,especiallyforshortdistancesneedconsieration

(Hallegateetal,2015);(Suckall,Tompkins,&Stringer,2014),Lall,Henderson,&Venables,2017,(CorporacionAndinadeFomento,2017),Xyliaetal(2017),Klausbruckner,Annegarn,Henneman,&Rafaj,2016

PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017


Reduceillnessesfromhazardousair,waterandsoilpollution(3.9)

Locallyrelevantpoliciestargettingtrafficreductionsandambitiousdiffusionofelectricvehiclesresultsinmeasuredchangesinnon-climaticpopulationexposureincludedambientairpollution,physicalactivity,andnoise.Thetransitiontolow-carbonequitableandsustainabletransportcanbefosteredbynumerousshort-andmedium-termstrategiesthatwouldbenefitenergysecurity,health,productivity,andsustainability.Evidence-basedapproachthattakesintoaccountgreenhousegasemissions,ambientairpollutants,economicfactors(affordability,costoptimisation),socialfactors(povertyalleviations,publichealthbenefits),andpoliticalacceptabilityisneededtacklethesechallenges.

RoadTrafficAccidents(3.4/3.6)

Activetravelmodes'(suchaswalkingandcycling)representstrategiesnotonlyforboostingenergyefficiencybutalso,potentially,forimprovinghealthandwell-being(e.g.,loweringratesofdiabetes,obesity,heartdisease,dementia,andsomecancers).However,ariskassociatedwiththesemeasuresisthattheycouldincreaseratesofroadtrafficaccidents,iftheprovidedinfrastructureisunsatisfactory.Overallhealtheffectswilldependontheseverityoftheinjuriessustainedfromthesepotentialaccidentsrelativetothehealthbenefitsaccruingfromincreasedexercise.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)McCollumetal.(inreview);Creutzigetal.(2012);HainesandDora(2012);Saundersetal.(2013);Shawetal.(2014);Woodcocketal.(2009),Shawetal(2017),ChakrabartiandShin(2017),Hunagetal(2017)

Panel A Part 1

INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCEReplacingcoal Non-biomassrenewables

solar,wind,hydro ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««« ↑ [+1] & J «

Increaseduseofbiomass↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ « ↑/↓ [+2,-2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

↓ [-1] &&& JJJ «««

CCS:Bioenergy↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ « ↑/↓ [+1,-2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑/↓ [+2,-1] && JJJ «««

Advancedcoal CCS:Fossil↓ [-1] && JJJ «««

Noliterature Noliterature Noliterature

Nuclear/AdvancedNuclear


TheuseoffossilCCSimplycontinuedadverseimpactsofupstreamsupply-chainactivitiesinthecoalsector,andbecauseoflowerefficiencyofCCScoalpowerplants,upstreamimpactsandlocalairpollutionarelikelytobeexacerbated.Furthermore,thereisanon-negligibleriskofCO2leakagefromgeologicalstoagetheCO2transportinfrastructurefromsourcetosequestrationlocation.

IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Atchleyetal.(2013);Appsetal.(2010);Siirilaetal.(2012);WangandJaffe(2004);Koorneefetal.(2011);Singhetal.(2011);Hertwichetal.(2008);Veltmanetal.(2010);Corstenetal.(2013).

Seeeffectsofincreasedbioenergyuse. Seeincreaseduseofbiomassefects.Inaddition,theconcernthatmorebioenergy(forBECCS)necessarilyleadstounacceptablyhighfoodpricesisnotfoundedonlargeagreementintheliterature.AR5,forexample,findsasignificantlylowereffectoflarge-scalebioenergydeploymentonfoodpricesbymid-centurythantheeffectofclimatechangeoncropyields.Also,Muratorietal.(2016)showthatBECCSreducestheupwardpressureonfoodcroppricesbyloweringcarbonpricesandloweringthetotalbiomassdemandinclimatechangemitigationscenarios.

Seepositiveimpactsofincreasedbiomassuse.Ontheotherhand,thereisanon-negligibleriskofCO2leakagebothfromgeologicalformationsaswellasfromthetransportationinfrastructurefromsourcetosequestrationlocations.

Seeliteratureonincreasedbiomassuse+Muratorietal.(2016),IPCCAR5(2014) IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Atchleyetal.(2013);Appsetal.(2010);Siirilaetal.(2012);WangandJaffe(2004);Koorneefetal.(2011);Singhetal.(2011);Hertwichetal.(2008);Veltmanetal.(2010);Corstenetal.(2013).


Inspiteoftheindustry'soverallsafetytrackrecord,anon-negligibleriskforaccidentsinnuclearpowerplantsandwastetreatmentfacilitiesremains.Thelong-termstorageofnuclearwasteisapoliticallyfraughtsubject,withnolarge-scalelong-termstorageoperationalworldwide.Negativeimpactsfromupsteamuraniumminingandmillingarecomparabletothoseofcoal,hencereplacingfossilfuelcombustionbynuclearpowerwouldbeneutralinthataspect.Increasedoccurrenceofchildhoodleukaemiainpopoulationslivingwithin5kmofnuclearpowerplantswasidentifiedbysomestudies,eventhoughadirectcausalrelationtoionizingradiationcouldnotbeestablishedandotherstudiescouldnotconfirmanycorrelation(lowevidence/agreementinthisissue).IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Cardisetal.(2006);Balonovetal.(2011);Moomawetal.(2011a);WHO(2013);Abdelouas(2006);Al-ZoughoolandKewski(2009)citedinSathayeetal.(2011a);Smithetal.(2013);Schnelzeretal.(2010);Tirmarche(2012);BruggeandBuchner(2011);Mølleretal.(2012);Hiyamaetal.(2013);MousseauandMøller(2013);MøllerandMousseau(2011);Mølleretal.(2011);vonStechowetal.(2016);Heinävaaraetal.(2010),Kaatschetal.(2008);Sermage-Faureetal.(2012),HoeveandJacobson(2012).

FarmEmploymentandIncomes(2.3) DiseaseandMortality(3.1/3.2/3.3/3.4)

Large-scalebioenergyproductioncouldleadtothecreationofagriculturaljobs,aswellhigherfarmwagesandmorediversifiedincomestreamsforfarmers.Modernenergyaccesscanmakemarginallandsmorecultivable,thuspotentiallygeneratingon-farmjobsandincomes;ontheotherhand,greaterfarmmechanizationcanalsodisplacelabor.Ontheotherhand,large-scalebioenergyproductioncouldalterthestructureofglobalagriculturalmarketsinawaythatis,potentially,unfavorabletosmall-scalefoodproducers.seeSDG2(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Large-scalebioenergyproductioncouldleadtothecreationofagriculturaljobs,aswellhigherfarmwagesandmorediversifiedincomestreamsforfarmers.Modernenergyaccesscanmakemarginallandsmorecultivable,thuspotentiallygeneratingon-farmjobsandincomes;ontheotherhand,greaterfarmmechanizationcanalsodisplacelabor.Ontheotherhand,large-scalebioenergyproductioncouldalterthestructureofglobalagriculturalmarketsinawaythatis,potentially,unfavorabletosmall-scalefoodproducers.Thedistributionaleffectsofbioenergyproductionareunderexploredintheliterature.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Replacingcoalbybiomasscanreduceadverseimpactsofupstreamsupply-chainactivities,inparticularlocalairandwaterpollution,andpreventcoalminingaccidents.Improvementstolocalairpollutioninpowergenerationcomparedtocoal-firedpowerplantsdependonthetechnologyandfuelofbiomasspowerplants,butcouldbesignificantwhenswitchingfromoutdatedcoalcombustiontechnologiestostate-of-the-artbiogaspowergeneration.

McCollumetal.(inreview);Balishteretal.(1991);Creutzigetal.(2013);deMoraesetal.(2010);Gohin(2008);Rud(2012);SatoloandBacchi(2013);vanderHorstandVermeylen(2011);CorberaandPascual(2012);Creutzigetal.(2013);Davisetal.(2013);vanderHorstandVermeylen(2011);Muysetal.(2014);ErtemF.C.,KapplerB.,NeubauerP.(2017)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Balishteretal.(1991);Creutzigetal.(2013);deMoraesetal.(2010);Gohin(2008);Rud(2012);SatoloandBacchi(2013);vanderHorstandVermeylen(2011);CorberaandPascual(2012);Creutzigetal.(2013);Davisetal.(2013);vanderHorstandVermeylen(2011);Muysetal.(2014);ErtemF.C.,KapplerB.,NeubauerP.(2017)

IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Koorneefetal.(2011);Singhetal.(2011);Hertwichetal.(2008);Veltmanetal.(2010);Corstenetal.(2013);Ashworthetal.(2012);Einsiedeletal.(2013);IPCC(2005);Milleretal.(2007);deBest-Waldhoberetal.(2009);Shackleyetal.(2009);Wong-ParodiandRay(2009);Waööquistetal.(2009,2010);ReinerandNuttall(2011);Epsteinetal.(2010);Burgherretal.(2012);Chenetal.(2012);ChanandGriffiths(2010);Asfawetal.(2013).

McCollumetal.(inreview);Hallegatteetal.(2016);IPCC(2014);Riahietal.(2012) McCollumetal.(inreview);Anenbergetal.(2013);ChaturvediandShukla(2014);Hainesetal.(2007);IEA(2016);Kaygusuz(2011);Nemetetal.(2010);Rafajetal.(2013);Raoetal(2013);Raoetal(2016);Riahietal.(2012);Roseetal.(2014);SmithandSagar(2014);vanVlietetal.(2012);Westetal.(2013)

AndersonA.,LoombaP.,OrajakaI.,NumforJ.,SahaS.,JankoS.,JohnsonN.,PodmoreR.,LarsenR.(2017)

FarmEmploymentandIncomes(2.3) DiseaseandMortality(3.1/3.2/3.3/3.4),AirPollution(3.9)

AirPollution(3.9)

Deploymentofrenewableenergyandimprovementsinenergyefficiencygloballywillaidclimatechangemitigationefforts,andthis,inturn,canhelptoreducetheexposureoftheworld’spoortoclimate-relatedextremeevents,negativehealthimpacts,andotherenvironmentalshocks.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Promotingmosttypesofrenewablesandboostingefficiencygreatlyaidtheachievementoftargetstoreducelocalairpollutionandimproveairquality;however,theorderofmagnitudeoftheeffects,bothintermsofavoidedemissionsandmonetaryvaluation,variessignificantlybetweendifferentpartsoftheworld.Benefitswouldespeciallyaccruetothoselivinginthedenseurbancentersofrapidlydevelopingcountries.Utilizationofbiomassandbiofuelsmightnotleadtoanyairpollutionbenefits,however,dependingonthecontrolmeasuresapplied.Inaddition,householdairqualitycanbesignificantlyimprovedthroughloweredparticulateemissionsfromaccesstomodernenergyservices.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Decentralizedrenewableenergysystems(e.g.,home-orvillage-scalesolarpower)cansupporteducationandvocationaltraining.

Panel A Part 2

Panel A Part 2

INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE INTERACTION NILSSONSCORE EVIDENCE AGREEMENT CONFIDENCE

~/↓ [0,-1] && JJJ «« ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+1] & J «

Noliterature

↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && J «

↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ ««

Noliterature

Greenhousegasreductionfromimprovedlivestockproductionandmanuremanagementsystems

Povertyreductionandminimizeexposuretorisk(1.5) FoodSecurityandpromotionofSustainableAgriculture(2.1/2.4/2a) Ensurehealthylives(3.c)

Mixed-farmingsystems,cannotonlyfarmersmitigaterisksbyproducingamultitudeofcommodities,buttheycanalsoincreasetheproductivityofbothcropsandanimalsinamoreprofitableandsustainableway,(QuotedfromSansoucy,R.(1995))

Fosteringtransitionstowardmoreproductivelivestockproductionsystemstargetingland-usechangeappearstobethemostefficientlevertodeliverfoodavailabilityoutcomes.(QuotedfromHavlík,P.,etal.(2014))Genomicselectionshouldbeabletoatleastdoubletherateofgeneticgaininthedairyindustry(QuotedfromThornton,P.K.(2010)).Giventheprevalenceofmixedcrop–livestocksystemsinmanypartsoftheworld,closerintegrationofcropsandlivestockinsuchsystemscangiverisetoincreasedproductivityandincreasedsoilfertility.(QuotedfromThornton,P.K.(2010)).Managingtheindirecteffectsoflivestocksystemsintensificationiscriticalforthesustainabilityoftheglobalfoodsystem:likeimprovingproductivityandtheircloselinktolandsparing.(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013)).InEastAfricapastoralistshaveshiftedfromcowstocamels,whicharebetter-adaptedtosurviveperiodsofwaterscarcityandabletoconsistentlyprovidemoremilk.(Steenwerth,K.Letal.(2014)Scenarioswherezerohuman-edibleconcentratefeedisuseforlivestockssoilerosionpotentialreducesby12%

Bio-digestionwhichhaspositivepublic-healthaspects,particularlywheretoiletsarecoupledwiththebio-digester,andtheanaerobicconditionskillpathogenicorganismsaswellasdigesttoxins.Separationprocessescanimproveorworsenhealthrisksrelatedtofoodcropsortolivestock.

Sansoucy,R.(1995) Havlík,P.,etal.(2014),Steenwerth,K.L.(2014),Thornton,P.K.(2010),Herrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013),Steenwerth,K.Letal.(2014),Schader,C.,etal.(2015)

Sansoucy,R.(1995),Burton,C.H.(2007).

Ensureinclusiveandqualityeducation(4.4/4.7)

Safeapplicationofbiotechnology,bothconventionalandmordernmethodscanhelptoimproveagriculturalproductivity,improvingcropsadaptabilitytherebycateringtofoodsecurity.Reducing tillage,eliminating fallow and keeping the soil covered with residue, cover crops or perennial vegetation help prevent soil erosion and has the potential to increase Soil Organic Matter (SOC).Efficient land management techniques can help in increasing crop yield and hence food security issues can be addressed.Yield projections are actually higher for developing countries than for developed countries, reflecting the fact that they have more ‘‘catch-up’’ potential.(Quoted from Evenson, R. E. (1999))Action is needed throughout the food system, on moderating demand, reducing waste, improving governance and producing more food. (Quoted from Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014).)Improving cropland management is the key to increase crop productivity without further degrading soil and water resources. (Quoted from Branca, G., et al. (2011)).Climatee Smart Agriculture practices increases productivity and priotizes food security

Growingcropssuchascassava,sorghumsandmilletseveninharshconditionsareimportanttothedietsofverypoorpeople.Thepolicyscenariosshowthatreducedresearchsupport,delayedindustrialization,delayedbiotechnology,andclimatechangewilldelayprogressinreducingmalnutritionofchildren.The‘‘global’’effectsaresmall,butlocaleffectsforsomecountries,e.g.,BangladeshandNigeria,aresignificant.(QuotedfromEvenson,R.E.(1999))

Science-basedactionswithinCSAisrequiredtointegratedatasetsandsoundmetricsfortestinghypothesesaboutfeedbackregardingclimate,weatherdataproductsandagriculturalproductivity,suchasthenonlinearityoftemperatureeffectsoncropyieldandtheassessmentoftrade-offsandsynergiesthatarisefromdifferentagriculturalintensificationstrategies.(QuotedfromSteenwerth,K.L.,(2014)).Lowcommoditypriceshaveledtodeclininginvestmentinresearchanddevelopment,farmereducation,etc(QuotedfromLamb,A.,etal.(2016))

Mtui, G. Y. (2011),Harvey, C. A., et al. (2014), Campbell et al. (2014), West, T. O., & Post, W. M. (2002). Johnson et al. (2007),Harvey, C. A., et al. (2014), Evenson, R. E. (1999), Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014),Branca, G., et al. (2011), McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., &Branca, G. (2011). Behnassi, M., Boussaid, M., &Gopichandran, R. (2014), Lipper, L., et al. (2014).Steenwerth, K. L., (2014))

Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014), Evenson,R.E.(1999), Steenwerth, K. L., (2014),Lamb,A.,etal.(2016)

Consumefewerfoodswithlownutritionalvaluee.g.Alcohol(Thesefoodsarenotneededinourdietandneednotbeproduced),(QuotedfromGarnett,T.(2011)).Demand-sidemeasuresaimedatreducingtheproportionoflivestockproductsinhumandiets,wheretheconsumptionofanimalproductsishigherthanrecommended,areassociatedwithmultiplehealthbenefits,especiallyinindustrializedcountries(QuotedfromBustamante,M.,etal.(2014))

IPCCWGIII,2014 Westetal.(2014),Kummuetal.(2012),Smith,P.(2013),Beddingtonetal.(2012),Lambetal.(2016),Garnett,T.,2011;Bajželjetal.,2014;Tilman&Clark,2014)

Garnett,T.(2011),Bustamante,M.,etal.(2014)

Landbasedgreenhousegasreductionandsoilcarbonsequestration

FoodSecurity,sustainableagricultureandImprovednutrition(2.1/2.4/2a)

Ensurehealthylives(3.c)

Agriculture&Livestock

Behaviourialresponse:Sustainablehealthydietsandreducedfoodwaste

PovertyandDevelopment(1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4) FoodSecurityandpromotionofSustainableAgriculture(2.1/2.4/2a) TobaccoControl(3.a/3.a.1)

Cuttinglivestockconsumptioncanincreasefoodsecurityforsomeiflandgrowsfoodnotfeed,butcanalsounderminelivelihoodsandculturewherelivestockhaslongbeenthebestuseoflandsuchasinpartsofSSA

Curbingconsumerwasteofmajorfoodcrops(i.e.,wheat,rice,andvegetables)andmeats(i.e.,beef,pork,andpoultry)inChina,USAandIndiaalonecouldfeed~413millionpeopleperyear.(QuotedfromWestetal.(2014))One billion extra people could be fed if food crop losses could be halved. (Quoted from Kummu et al. (2012))Reducing waste, especially from meat and dairy could play a role in delivering food security and reduce the need for sustainable intensification. (Quoted from Smith, P. (2013)). Dietary change toward global healthy diets could improve nutritional health, food security and reduce emissions

Panel A Part 3

Panel A Part 3

↑/↓ [+1,-2] && J « ↑ [+1] & J «

↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ ««« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J « ↓ [-1] & J «

Oceanironfertilization

↑/↓ [+1,-1] && J «

↑ [+3] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+3] &&& JJJ «««

Reduceddeforestation,REDD+

FoodProduction(2.3/2.4)

avoidinglossofmangrovesandmaintainingthe2000stockcouldsaveavalueofecosystemservicesfrommangrovesinSoutheastAsiaofapproximatelyUS$2.16billionuntil2050(2007prices),witha95%predictionintervalofUS$1.58–2.76billion(casestudyareaSouthEastAsia);Seaweedaquaculturewillenhancecarbonuptakeandprovideemployment;traditionalmanagementsystemsprovidebenefitsforbluecarbonandsupportlivelihoodsforlocalcommunities;Greeningofaquaculturecansignificantlyenhancecarbonstorage;PESschemescouldhelpcapturethebenefitsderivedfrommultipleecosystemservicesbeyondcarbonsequestration;

avoidinglossofmangrovesandmaintainingthe2000stockcouldsaveavalueofecosystemservicesfrommangrovesinSoutheastAsiaincludingfisheries;Seaweedaquaculturewillprovideemployment;traditionalmanagementsystemsprovidelivelihoodsforlocalcommunities;Greeningofaquaculturecanincreaseincomeandwell-being;MaricultureisapromisingapproachforChina;

Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Schirmer,J.,&Bull,L.(2014),Lambetal.(2016)

Branderetal.(2012);Sondaketal.(2017);Vierros(2017);Ahmedetal.(2017a);Ahmedetal.(2017b);Duarteetal.(2017);Zhangetal.(2017)EnhancedWeathering

Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Schirmer,J.,&Bull,L.(2014),Lambetal.(2016)

Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008). Schirmer,J.,&Bull,L.(2014)

Behaviourialresponse(responsiblesourcing)

Oceans FoodSecurity(2.2/2.3)

OIFcanhavedifferentimplicationsonfishstocksandaquaculture,itmightactuallyincreasefoodavailabilityforfishstocks(inceasingyields)butpotentiallyatthecostofreducingtheyieldsoffisheriesoutsidetheenhancementregionbydepletingothernutrients.SmetacekandNaqvi(2008),Lampittetal.(2008),Williamsonetal.(2012)

Bluecarbon PovertyandDevelopment(1.1/1.2/1.5)

Afforestationandreforestation

PovertyandDevelopment(1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4) FoodSecurity(2.1) PromoteknowledgeandskilltopromoteSD(4.7)

CDM-ARcanhavedifferentimplicationsonlocalcommunitylivelihoods.Willingness to adopt afforestation is influenced in particular by Australian landholder’s perceptions of its potential to provide a diversified income stream, and its impacts on flexibility of land management (Quoted from Schirmer, J., & Bull, L. (2014)).Land sparing would have far reaching implications for the UK countryside and would affect landowners, rural communities (Quoted from Lamb et al. (2016))

CDM-ARcanhavedifferentimplicationsonlocaltoregionalfoodsecurityandlocalcommunitylivelihoods.

Mostlandholdersreportedhavinglowlevelsofknowledgeabouttreeplantingforcarbonsequestration–particularlyavailableprogrammes,pricesandmarkets,andgovernmentrulesandregulations(QuotedfromSchirmer,J.,&Bull,L.(2014))

Forest FoodSecurityandpromotionofSustainableAgriculture(2.1/2.4/2a) Ensureinclusiveandqualityeducation(4.4/4.7)

Foodsecurity,mayleadtotheconversationofproductivelandunderforest,includingcommunityforests,intoagriculturalproduction.Inasimilarfashion,theproductionofbiomassforenergypurposes(SDG7)mayreducelandavailableforfoodproductionand/orforcommunityforestactivities(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017)).EffortsbytheGovernmentofZambiatoreduceemissionsbyREDD+,havecontributederosioncontrol,ecotourismandpollinationvaluedat2.5%ofthecountry'sGDP

Localforestuserslearntounderstandlaws,regulationsandpolicieswhichfacilitatetheirparticipationinthesociety.Educationandcapacitybuildingprovidetechnicalskillandknowledge.(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017)),Turpie,Warr,&Ingram,(2015),Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017).

(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

Panel A Part 3



Low-carbonfuelswitch

Noliterature Noliterature

Decarbonisation/CCS/CCU↑ [+2] & JJJ «««

Residential Behaviorialresponse↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] & JJ «« ↑/↓ [1,-1] &&& JJJ «««

↑ [+1] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««« ↑ [+2] & J «

Transport Behaviouralresponse↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J « ↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J « ↑ [+2] & J «

Projectsaimingatresilienttransportinfrastructuredevelopment(e.g.C40CitiesCleanBusDeclaration,UITPDeclarationonClimateLeadership,CyclingDeliversontheGlobalGoals,GlobalSidewalkChallenge)arehappeningthroughmultistakeholdercoalition

(Lucas&Pangbourne,2014)(Figueroa,Lah,Fulton,McKinnon,&Tiwari,2014) Colenranderetal2017) PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017

Intransportmitigationisnecessartbtoconductneedassessmentandstakeholderconsultationtodetermineplausiblechallenges,priortointroducingadesiredplanningreforms.Further,theinvolvedpersonnelshouldactivelyengagetransport-basedstakeholdersduringpolicyidentificationanditseffectiveimplementationtoachievedesiredresults.Userbehaviourandstakeholderintegrationiskeyforsuccessfultransportpolicyimplementation

Projectsaimingatresilienttransportinfrastructuredevelopmentandtechnologyadoption(e.g.C40CitiesCleanBusDeclaration,UITPDeclarationonClimateLeadership,CyclingDeliversontheGlobalGoals,GlobalSidewalkChallenge)arehappeningthroughmultistakeholdercoalition

Aggarwal,2017,AlSabbagh,Siu,Guehnemann,&Barrett,2017 PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017Improvedaccess&fuelswitchtomodernlow-carbonenergy

ReduceInequality(10.2) Ensureresponsive,inclusive,participatorydecisionmaking(16.7) Helppromoteglobalpartnership(17.1,17.3,17.5,17.6,17.7)

Theequityimpactsofclimatechangemitigationmeasuresfortransport,andindeedoftransportpolicyinterventionoverall,arepoorlyunderstoodbypolicymakers.Thisisinlargepartbecausestandardassessmentoftheseimpactsisnotastatutoryrequirementofcurrentpolicymaking.Managingtransportenergydemandgrowthwillhavetobeadvancedalongsideeffortsinpassengertraveltowardreducingthedeepinequalitiesinaccesstotransportservicesthatcurrentlyaffectthepoorworldwide.

Formaltransportinfrastrcutureimprovementinmanycitiesindevelopingcountriesleadtoevictionfrominfromalsettlementswhichneedappropriateredistributivepoliciesandcooperationandpartnershipwithall.

Lucas&Pangbourne,2014,Figueroa,Lah,Fulton,McKinnon,&Tiwari,2014 PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017 PartnershiponSustainableLowCarbonTransport,2017Acceleratingenergyefficiencyimprovement

Ensureresponsive,inclusive,participatorydecisionmaking(16.7) Helppromoteglobalpartnership(17.1,17.3,17.5,17.6,17.7)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Acemoglu(2009);Acemogluetal.(2014);ICSU,ISSC(2015);Tabellini(2010)

Kimetal(2017)

ReduceInequality(10.2) Ensuresafetyonroad(16.1) Helppromoteglobalpartnership(17.1,17.3,17.5,17.6,17.7)

Theequityimpactsofclimatechangemitigationmeasuresfortransport,andindeedoftransportpolicyinterventionoverall,arepoorlyunderstoodbypolicymakers.Thisisinlargepartbecausestandardassessmentoftheseimpactsisnotastatutoryrequirementofcurrentpolicymaking.Managingtransportenergydemandgrowthwillhavetobeadvancedalongsideeffortsinpassengertraveltowardreducingthedeepinequalitiesinaccesstotransportservicesthatcurrentlyaffectthepoorworldwide.

Withbehaviourialchangetowardswalkingforshortdistancepedestriansafetyontheroadmightreduceunlesspublicpolicyisappropriatelyformulated

Projectsaimingatresilienttransportinfrastructuredevelopment(e.g.C40CitiesCleanBusDeclaration,UITPDeclarationonClimateLeadership,CyclingDeliversontheGlobalGoals,GlobalSidewalkChallenge)arehappeningthroughmultistakeholdercoalition

Berruetaetal.(2017),BhojvaidVasundharaetal(2014) McCollumetal.(inreview);Cameronetal.(2016);CasillasandKammen(2012);Fayetal.(2015);Hallegateetal.(2016);HirthandUeckerdt(2013);JakobandSteckel(2014);CaylaandOsso(2013);Dinkelman(2011);Pachaurietal.(2012);Pueyoetal.(2013)


Women'sSafety&Worth(5.1/5.2/5.4)/OpportunitiesforWomen(5.1/5.5) InstitutionalCapacityandAccountability(16.1/16.3/16.5/16.6/16.7/16.8) Promotetransferanddiffusionoftechnology(17.6,17.7)

Improvedaccesstoelectriclightingcanimprovewomen'ssafetyandgirls'schoolenrollment.Cleanercookingfuelandlightingaccesscanreducehealthrisksanddrudgery,whicharedisproportionatelyfacedbywomen.Accesstomodernenergyserviceshasthepotentialtoempowerwomenbyimprovingtheirincome-earningandentrepreneurialopportunitiesandreducingdrudgery.Participatinginenergysupplychainscanincreasewomen'sopportunitiesandagencyandimprovebusinessoutcomes.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Institutionsthatareeffective,accountable,andtransparentareneededatalllevelsofgovernment(localtonationaltointernational)forprovidingenergyaccess,promotingmodernrenewables,andboostingefficiency.Strengtheningtheparticipationofdevelopingcountriesininternationalinstitutions(e.g.,internationalenergyagencies,UnitedNationsorganizations,WorldTradeOrganization,regionaldevelopmentbanksandbeyond)willbeimportantforissuesrelatedtoenergytrade,foreigndirectinvestment,labormigration,andknowledgeandtechnologytransfer.Reducingcorruption,whereitexists,willhelpthesebodiesandrelateddomesticinstitutionsmaximizetheirsocietalimpacts.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)Limitingarmedconflictandviolencewillaidmosteffortsrelatedtosustainabledevelopment,includingprogressintheenergydimension.

GreenbuildingtechnologyinKazakhstanwasbasedontransferofknowledgeamongvariousparties

McCollumetal.(inreview);Anenbergetal.(2013);Chowdhury(2010);Haves(2012);Matinga(2012);PachauriandRao(2013);Chowdhury(2010);Clancyetal(2011);Dinkelman(2011);Haves(2012);Kaygusuz(2011);Kohlinetal.(2011);PachauriandRao(2013);BurneyJ.,AlaofèH.,NaylorR.,TarenD.(2017)

HultandLarsson(2016)Acceleratingenergyefficiencyimprovement

GenderequalityandWomenempowerment(5.1,5.4) EmpowermentandInclusion(10.1/10.2/10.3/10.4)

Efficientcookstovesleadtoempowermentofruralandindigenouswomen. Energyefficiencymeasuresandtheprovisionofenergyaccesscanfreeupresourcesthatcanthenbeputtowardsotherproductiveuses(e.g.,educationalandemploymentopportunities),especiallyforwomenandchildreninpoor,ruralareas.Thedistributionalcostsofnewenergypoliciesaredependentoninstrumentdesign.Ifcostsfalldisproportionatelyonthepoor,thenthiscouldworkagainstthepromotionofsocial,economicandpoliticalequalityforall.Theimpactsofenergyefficiencymeasuresandpoliciesoninequalitycanbebothpositive(iftheyreduceenergycosts)ornegative(ifmandatorystandardsincreasetheneedforpurchasingmoreexpensiveequipmentandappliances).(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)


Environmentaljustice(17.6,17.7

EPIplantsarecapitalintensiveandaremostlyoperatedbymultinationalwithlonginvestmentcycles.Indevelopedcountriesnewinnovationinvestmentsarehappeninginbrownfields.Suchlargeinnovationinvestmetsneedstrongcollaborationamongpartners/competitorswhichcanbefacilitatedbypublicfund,Theyhappenatnational,supranationalscale,acrosssectors,needsfreshrevisitatIPRissues.Wesseling,J.H.,S.Lechtenböhmer,M.Åhman,L.J.Nilsson,E.Worrell,L.Coenen(2017)

Environmentaljustice

Hultetal.foundthatconsumptionperspectivestrengthenstheenvironmentaljusticediscourse(asitclaimstobeamorejustwayofcalculatingglobalandlocalenvironmentaleffects)whilepossiblyalsoincreasingtheenvironmentaldiscourse.

Panel B Part 1


solar,wind,hydro ↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] & J « ↑/~ [+2,0] && JJ ««

Increaseduseofbiomass

Nuclear/AdvancedNuclear↓ [-1] && JJ ««

CCS:Bioenergy

Noliterature

Advancedcoal CCS:Fossil


Reduceillicitarmstrade(16.4)

Continueduseofnuclearpowerposesaconstantriskofproliferation.IPCCAR5WG3(2014);vonHippeletal.(2011,2012);Sagan(2011);YimandLi(2013);AdamantiadesandKessides(2009);Rogner(2010).

Decentralizedrenewableenergysystems(e.g.,home-orvillage-scalesolarpower)canreducetheburdenongirlsandwomenofprocuringtraditionalbiomass.

Decentralizedrenewableenergysystems(e.g.,home-orvillage-scalesolarpower)canenableamoreparticipatory,democraticprocessformanagingenergy-relateddecisionswithincommunities.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Theenergyjusticeframeworkservesasanimportantdecision-makingtoolinordertounderstandhowdifferentprinciplesofjusticecaninformenergysystemsandpolicies.Islaretal.(2017)statesthatoff-gridandmicro-scaleenergydevelopmentoffersanalternativepathtofossil-fueluseandtop-downresourcemanagementastheydemocratizethegridandincreasemarginalizedcommunities'accesstorenewableenergy,educationandhealthcare.

Internationalcooperation(inpolicy)andcollaboration(inscience)isrequiredfortheprotectionofsharedresources.Fragmentedapproacheshavebeenshowntobemorecostly.SpecifictoSDG7,toachievethetargetsforenergyaccess,renewables,andefficiency,itwillbecriticalthatallcountries:(i)areabletomobilizethenecessaryfinancialresources(e.g.,viataxesonfossilenergy,sustainablefinancing,foreigndirectinvestment,financialtransfersfromindustrializedtodevelopingcountries);(ii)arewillingtodisseminateknowledgeandshareinnovativetechnologiesbetweeneachother;(iii)followrecognizedinternationaltraderuleswhileatthesametimeensuringthattheleastdevelopedcountriesareabletotakepartinthattrade;(iv) respecteachother’spolicyspaceanddecisions;(v)forgenewpartnershipsbetweentheirpublicandprivateentitiesandwithincivilsociety;and(vi)supportthecollectionofhigh-quality,timely,andreliabledatarelevanttothefurtheringtheirmissions.Thereissomedisagreementintheliteratureontheeffectofsomeoftheabovestrategies,suchasfreetrade.Regardinginternationalagreements,""no-regretsoptions"",whereallsidesgainthroughcooperation,areseenasparticularlybeneficial(e.g.,nucleartestbantreaties).(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

SchwerhoffG.,SyM.(2017) McCollumetal.(inreview);Cassetal.(2010);Cumbers(2012);KunzeandBecker(2015);WalkerandDevine-Wright(2008)

Islaretal.(2017) McCollumetal.(inreview);Clarkeetal.(2009);Eisetal.(2016);MontrealProtocol(1989);NewClimateEconomy(2015);O'Neilletal.(2017);Ramakeretal.(2003);Riahietal.(2015);Riahietal.(2017)

EmpowermentandInclusion(10.1/10.2/10.3/10.4) Energyjustice InternationalCooperation(allgoals)

Panel B Part 2

Panel B Part 2


↑/↓ [+1,-1] &&& JJ «« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J «


~/↓ [0,-1] &&& JJ «« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««


↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+2] && JJ ««



Responsibledecisionmaking(16.7) Improvedomesticcapacityfortaxcollection(17.1)

Tominimizetheeconomicandsocialcost,policiesshouldtargetemissionsattheirsource—onthesupplyside—ratherthanonthedemandsideassupply-sidepolicieshavelowercaloriecostthandemand-sidepolicies.Theroleoflivestocksystemtransitionsinemissionreductionsdependsonthelevelofthecarbonpriceandwhichemissionssectoristargetedbythepolicies(QuotedfromHavlík,P.,etal.(2014))

Theroleoflivestocksystemtransitionsinemissionreductionsdependsonthelevelofthecarbonpriceandwhichemissionssectoristargetedbythepolicies(QuotedfromHavlík,P.,etal.(2014))Mechanismsforeffectingbehavioralchangeinlivestocksystemsneedtobebetterunderstoodbyimplementingcombinationsofincentivesandtaxessimultaneouslyindifferentpartsoftheworld(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013))

Havlík,P.,etal.(2014) Havlík,P.,etal.(2014),Herrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013).

Buildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutions(16.6/16.7/16.8) ResourcemobilizationandStrenghtenmulti-stakeholderPartnership(17.1/17.3/17.5/17.17)

Actionisneededthroughoutthefoodsystemforimprovinggovernanceandproducingmorefood.(QuotedfromGodfray,H.C.J.,&Garnett,T.(2014)).CSArequirespolicyinterventionforcarefuladjustmentofagriculturalpracticestonaturalconditions,aknowledge-intensiveapproach,hugefinancialinvestmentetc,sohavingstronginstitutionalframeworkisveryimportant.ThemainsourceofclimatefinanceforCSAindevelopingcountriesisthepublicsector.Lackofinstitutionalcapacity(asameansforsecuringcreationofequalinstitutionsamongsocialgroupsandindividuals)canreducefeasibilityofAFOLUmitigationmeasuresinthenearfuture,especiallyinareaswheresmall-scalefarmersorforestusersarethemainstakeholders(QuotedfromBustamante,M.,(2014))

ClimateSmartAgriculturerequiresmorecarefuladjustmentofagriculturalpracticestonaturalconditions,aknowledge-intensiveapproach,hugefinancialinvestment,andpolicyandinstitutionalinnovation,etc.Besidesprivateinvestmentqualityofpublicinvestmentisalsoimportant.(QuotedfromBehnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R. (2014)).Sources of climate finance for CSA in developing countries, including bilateral donors, multilateral financial institutions besides public sector finance.CSA is committed to new ways of engaging in participatory research and partnerships with producers (Quoted from Steenwerth, K. L., (2014))

Godfray,H.C.J.,&Garnett,T.(2014),Behnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014),Steenwerth,K.L.,(2014),Lipper,L.,etal.(2014),Bustamante,M.,(2014)

Behnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014),Lipper, L., et al. (2014), Steenwerth, K. L., (2014)



Strongandeffectiveinstitutionsandresponsivedecisionmaking(16.6/16.7/16.a) ResourcemobilizationandStrenghtenPartnership(17.1/17.14)

Appropriateincentivestoreducefoodwastemayrequiresomepolicyinnovationandexperimentation,butastrongcommitmentfordevisingandmonitoringthemseemsessential.(QuotedfromBajželjetal.(2014))A financial incentive to minimise waste could be created through effective taxation (e.g. by taxing foods with the highest wastage rates, or by increasing taxes on waste disposal)Decision makers should try to integrate agricultural,environmental and nutritional objectives through appropriate policy measures to achieve sustainable healthy diets coupled with reduction in food waste.It is surprising that politicians and policy makers demonstrate little regarding the need of having strategies to reduce meat consumption and to encourage more sustainable eating practices in Netherlands.

Decisionmakersshouldtrytointegrateagricultural,environmentalandnutritionalobjectivesthroughappropriatepolicymeasurestoachievesustainablehealthydietscoupledwithreductioninfoodwaste.ItissurprisingthatpoliticiansandpolicymakersdemonstratelittleregardingtheneedofhavingstrategiestoreducemeatconsumptionandtoencouragemoresustainableeatingpracticesinNetherlands.

Bajželjetal.(2014),Lambetal.(2016),Garnett,T.(2011),Dagevos,H.,&Voordouw,J.(2013).

Garnett,T.(2011),Dagevos,H.,&Voordouw,J.(2013).


Panel B Part 3

Panel B Part 3


↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J « ↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] && JJJ ««« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J «

↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+2] && JJ ««

↑ [+1] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] && JJ ««

OceanironfertilizationSikkema,R.,etal.(2014),Huang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013),

Oceans

Bluecarbon

EnhancedWeathering

Land-relatedmitigation,suchasbiofuelproduction,aswellasconservationandreforestationactioncanincreasecompetitionforlandandnaturalresourcessothesemeasuresshouldbeaccompaniedbycomplementarypolicies.(QuotedfromEpstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017))

FinancingatthenationalandinternationallevelisrequiredtogrowmoreSeedlings/sapling,restoreland,createawarenesseducationfactsheets,providingtrainingoflocalcommunitiesregardingthebenefitsofaf-forestationandreforestation.Article12oftheKyotoProtocolfurthersetsaCleanDevelopmentMechanismthroughwhichcountriesinAnnexIearn‘certifiedemissionsreductions’throughprojectsimplementedindevelopingcountries.(QuotedfromMontanarella,L.,&Alva,I.L.(2015)).AfforestationandreforestationinIndiaarebeingcarriedoutundervariousprogrammes,namelysocialforestryinitiatedintheearly1980s,JointForestManagementProgrammeinitiatedin1990,afforestationunderNationalAfforestationandEco-developmentBoard(NAEB)programmessince1992,andprivatefarmerandindustryinitiatedplantationforestry.Ifthecurrentrateofafforestationandreforestationisassumedtocontinue,thecarbonstockcouldincreaseof11%by2030(QuotedfromRavindranath,N.H.,Chaturvedi,R.K.,&Murthy,I.K.(2008))

Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017). Kibria,G.(2015),Montanarella, L., & Alva, I. L. (2015), Ravindranath, N. H., Chaturvedi, R. K., & Murthy, I. K. (2008)


Responsibledecisionmaking(16.7) Financeandtrade(17.1/17.10)

Indonesianfactoriesmayseekadvantagesthroughnon-pricecompetition—perhapsbyhighlightingdecentworkingconditionsortheexistenceofaunion—ortoseetradeassociationsorgovernmentagenciespromotingthecountryasaresponsiblesourcinglocation.(QuotedfromBartley,T.(2010))Intheabsenceofdomesticlegalinstrumentsprovidingincentivestoimprovesustainabilityofsourcing,itappearsthatinitiativestoengagethemajorimportingenterprisesindevelopingresponsiblesourcingpracticesandpoliciesisapracticalapproach.Unlessinitiativesinvolveallthemajorimporters,theyareunlikelytobesuccessfulsincethehighcostsassociatedwithaccreditationwouldincreaseproductioncostsforthesefirmsrelativetotheircompetitors.((quotedfromHuang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013)).

Privatecertificationinitiativesforwoodproductandbiomasssourcingmayextendtheirschemeswithcriteriafor“leakage”(externalGHGeffects).AlsoRecyclingofwastewoodinpelletsisnotyetpracticed,duetounclearrulesintheEUWasteDirectiveaboutoverseasshipping.(QuotedfromSikkema,R.,etal.(2014))EngagementofChinesegovernmentandprivatesectorstakeholdersinsupplycountrysustainabilityinitiativesmaybethebestwaytosupportthisgradualprocessofimprovement.(quotedfromHuang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013)).Althoughcarryingoutduediligenceintimbersourcingcanrequireconsiderableinternalresources,itmaybesubstantiallylessofafinancialburdenthanthepotentialfinesandreputationaldamageresultingfromsourcingunknownorcontroversialtimber.(quotedfromHuang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013))

Bartley,T.(2010),Huang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013)

(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)),(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)),Lima,M.B.,etal.(2015)),Bustamante,Metal.(2014)

(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)),Andrew,D.(2017),Miles,L.,&Kapos,V.(2008),Bustamante,Metal.(2014)


Responsibledecisionmaking(16.7) ResourcemobilizationandStrenghtenPartnership(17.1/17.14)

Forest OpportunitiesforWomen(5.1/5.5) Reducedinequality,empowermentandinclusion(10.1/10.2/10.3/10.4) Buildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutions,Responsibledecisionmaking(16.6/16.7/16.8)

ResourcemobilizationandStrenghtenmulti-stakeholderPartnership(17.1/17.3/17.5/17.17)

WomenhavebeenlessinvolvedinREDD+initiative(pilotproject)designdecisionsandprocessesthanmen.Girlsandwomenhaveanimportantroleinforestryactivities,relatedtofuel-wood,forest-foodandmedicine.Theirempowermentcontributestosustainableforestryaswellasreducinginequality(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

Urgesdevelopedcountrytosupport,throughmultilateralandbilateralchannels,thedevelopmentofREDD+nationalstrategiesoractionplansandimplementation(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)).Girlsandwomenhaveanimportantroleinforestryactivities,relatedtofuel-wood,forest-foodandmedicine.Theirempowermentcontributestosustainableforestryaswellasreducinginequality(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

Institutionalbuilding(NationalForestMonitoringSystems,SafeguardInformationSystems,etc.),withfullandeffectiveparticipationofallrelevantcountries(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)).REDD+actionsalsodelivernon-carbonbenefits(e.g.localsocioeconomicbenefits,governanceimprovements)(QuotedfromLima,M.B.,etal.(2015))Forestgovernanceisanothercentralaspectinrecentstudies,includingdebateondecentralizationofforestmanagement,loggingconcessionsinpublicownedcommerciallyvaluableforests,andtimbercertification,primarilyintemperateforests.(QuotedfromBustamante,Metal.(2014))

Toprovidefinanceandtechnologytodevelopingcountriestosupportemissionsreductions.Besupportedbyadequateandpredictablefinancialandtechnologysupport,includingsupportforcapacity-building.(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)).Partnershipsintheformofsignificantaidmoneyfrom,e.g.,Norway,otherbilateraldonors,andtheWorldBank’sForestCarbonPartnershipFacility(FCPF)areforthcoming.(quotedfromAndrew,D.(2017)).EstimatesofopportunitycostforREDDareverylow.Lowercostsand/orhighercarbonpricescouldcombinetoprotectmoreforests,includingthosewithlowercarboncontent.Conversely,wherethecostofactionishigh,alargeamountofadditionalfundingwouldberequiredfortheforesttobeprotected.(QuotedfromMiles,L.,&Kapos,V.(2008)).Forestgovernanceisanothercentralaspectinrecentstudies,includingdebateondecentralizationofforestmanagement,loggingconcessionsinpublicownedcommerciallyvaluableforests,andtimbercertification,primarilyintemperateforests.(QuotedfromBustamante,Metal.(2014))

Brown2011,Larsonetal.2015,(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

Panel B Part 3


↑/↓ [+2,-1] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] &&& JJJ «««


Low-carbonfuelswitch↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J «

Decarbonisation/CCS/CCU↑/↓ [+1,-1] &&& J «« ↑ [+2] & JJJJ ««««

Residential Behaviorialresponse↑ [+2] && JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] && JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] && JJ ««« ↑ [+2] && JJJ «««


Accesstoimprovedwaterandsanitation(6.1/6.2),Waterefficiencyandpollution HealthyTerrestrialEcosystems(15.1/15.2/15.4/15.5/15.8)

Aswitchtolow-carbonfuelsintheresidentialsectorcanleadtoareductioninwaterdemandandwastewateriftheexistinghigher-carbonfuelisassociatedwithahigherwaterintensitythanthelower-carbonfuel.However,insomesituationstheswitchtoalow-carbonfuelsuchase.g.,biofuelcouldincreasewaterusecomparedtoexistingconditionsifthebiofuelcomesfromawater-intensivefeedstock.Improvedaccesstoenergycansupportcleanwaterandsanitationtechnologies.Ifenergyaccessissupportedwithwater-inensiveenergysources,therecouldbetradeoffswithwaterefficiencytargets.

Ensuringthattheworld’spoorhaveaccesstomodernenergyserviceswouldreinforcetheobjectiveofhaltingdeforestation,sincefirewoodtakenfromforestsisacommonlyusedenergyresourceamongthepoor.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Hejazietal.(2015);Songetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016);RaoandPachauri(2017);Cibinetal.(2016)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Bailisetal.(2015);Bazilianetal(2011);Karekezietal.(2012);Winteretal.(2015)

Efficiencychangesintheresidentialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninresidentialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.Aswitchtolow-carbonfuelsintheresidentialsectorcanleadtoareductioninwaterdemandandwastewateriftheexistinghigher-carbonfuelisassociatedwithahigherwaterintensitythanthelower-carbonfuel.However,insomesituationstheswitchtoalow-carbonfuelsuchase.g.,biofuelcouldincreasewaterusecomparedtoexistingconditionsifthebiofuelcomesfromawater-intensivefeedstock.'Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,energyefficiencyisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.Subsidiesforrenewablesareanticipatedtoleadtothebenefitsandtradeoffsoutlinedwhendeployingrenewables.Subsidiesforrenewablescouldleadtoimprovedwateracccessandtreatmentifsubsidiessupportprojectsthatprovidebothwaterandenergyservices(e.g.,solardesalination).

Sustainablepracticesadoptedbypublicandprivatebodiesintheiroperations(e.g.,forgoodsprocurement,supplychainmanagement,andaccounting)createanenablingenvironmentinwhichrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencymeasuresmaygaingreatertraction.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

ImprovedcookstovehelphaltingdeforestationinruralIndia

Hendricksonetal.(2014);BartosandChester(2014);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016);BartosandChester(2014);Biltonetal.(2011);Scottetal.(2011);Kumaretal.(2012);Kernetal.(2014);Meldrumetal.(2014),Kimetal(2017)

McCollumetal.(inreview);CDP(2015);EuropeanClimateFoundation(2014);Khanetal.(2015);NewClimateEconomy(2015);StefanandPaul(2008),

BhojvaidVasundharaet.al.(2014)

BartosandChester(2014);Frickoetal.(2016)Hollandetal.(2016) Zhaoetal.2017;Somerfeld,Buys,andVine,2017;IsenhourandFeng,2016;He,Xiong,andLin,2016;HultandLarsson,2016;Sluisveldetal.,2016;Allenetal.,2015;Sweeneyetal.,2013;Webbetal.,2013


Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) SustainablePracticesandLifestyles(12.6/12.7/12.8) Reduceddeforestation(15.2)

Meldrumetal.(2013);Frickoetal.(2016);Byersetal.(2016);Brandletal.(2017) Wesseling,J.H.,S.Lechtenböhmer,M.Åhman,L.J.Nilsson,E.Worrell,L.Coenen(2017)Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) Responsibleandsustainableconsumption

Behavioralchangesintheresidentialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninresidentialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.

Technologicalimprovementsalonearenotsufficienttoincreaseenergysavings.Zhaoetal.(2017)findingsindicatethatbuildingtechnologyandoccupantbehaviorsinteractwitheachotherandfinallyaffectenergyconsumptionfromhome.Theyfoundthatoccupanthabitscouldnottakeadvantageofmorethan50percentofenergyefficiencypotentialallowedbyanefficientbuilding.Intheelectronicsegmentproductobsolescencerepresentsakeychallengeforsustainability.Echegaray(2015)discussesthedissonancebetweenconsumers'productdurabilityexperience,orientationstoreplacedevicesbeforeterminaltechnicalfailure,andperceptionsofindustryresponsibilityandperformance.Theresultsfromtheirurbansamplesurveyindicatethattechnicalfailureisfarsurpassedbysubjectiveobsolescenceasacauseforfastproductreplacement.AtthesametimeLiu,Oosterveer,andSpaargaren(2017)suggestthatweneedtogobeyondindividualistandstructuralistperspectivestoanalysesustainableconsumption(i.e.combinesbothhumanagencyparadigmandsocialstructuralperspective).

Hejazietal.(2015);Songetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016) Supinoetal(2015),Fanetal(2017),Leideretal(2015),Zhengetal(2016),Shietal(2017),Liuetal(2014),Stahel(2017)

Shietal(2017)

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) Sustainableproductionandconsumption(12.1,12.612.a)

CCU/Srequiresaccesstowaterforcoolingandprocessingwhichcouldcontributetolocalizedwaterstress.CCS/Uprocesscanpotentiallybeconfiguredforincreasedwaterefficiencycomparedtoasystemwithoutcarboncaptureviaprocessintegration.

EPIplantsarecapitalintensiveandaremostlyoperatedbymultinationalwithlonginvestmentcycles.Indevelopedcountriesnewinvestmentsarehappeninginbrownfields,whileindevelopingcountriestheseareingreenfields.Collaborationamongpartnersanduserdemandchange,policychangeareessentialforencouragingtheselargeriskyinvestments.

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) Sustainableproduction(12.2.,12.3,12.a) Sustainableproduction(15.1,15.5,15.9,15.10)

Aswitchtolow-carbonfuelscanleadtoareductioninwaterdemandandwastewateriftheexistinghigher-carbonfuelisassociatedwithahigherwaterintensitythanthelower-carbonfuel.However,insomesituationstheswitchtoalow-carbonfuelsuchase.g.,biofuelcouldincreasewaterusecomparedtoexistingconditionsifthebiofuelcomesfromawater-intensivefeedstock.

Circulareconomyinsteadoflinerglobaleconomycanachieveclimategoalandcanhelpineconomicgrowththroughindustrialisationwhichsavesonresources,enviornmentandsupportssmall,ediumandevenlargeindustries,canleadtoemploymentgeneration.sonewregulations,incentives,taxregimecanhelpinachievingthegoalespeciallyinnewlyemergingdevelopingcpuntriesalthoughapplicableforlargeindsutrialisedcountriesalso.

Circulareconomyinsteadoflinerglobaleconomycanachieveclimategoalandcanhelpineconomicgrowththroughindustrialisationwhichsavesonresources,enviornmentandsupportssmall,ediumandevenlargeindustries,canleadtoemploymentgeneration.sonewregulations,incentives,taxregimecanhelpinachievingthegoalespeciallyinnewlyemergingdevelopingcpuntriesalthoughapplicableforlargeindsutrialisedcountriesalso.


Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) SustainableandEfficientresource(12.2,12.5,12.6,12.7,12a)

Efficiencyandbehaviouralchangesintheindustrialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninindustrialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.Likewise,reducingmaterialinputsforindustrialprocessesthroughefficiencyandbehaviouralchangeswillreducewaterinputsinthematerialsupplychains.Inextractiveindustriestherecanbeatradeoffwithproductionunlessstrategicallymanaged.andwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.Inextractiveindustriesthereistradeoffunlessstrategicallymanaged.Behavioralchangesintheindustrialsectorthatleadtoreducedenergydemandcanleadtoreducedrequirementsonenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoconvertenergyintousefulforms,thereductioninindustrialdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.

Oncestartedleadstochainofactionswithinthesectorandpolicyspacetosustaintheeffort.Helpinexpansionofsustianableindustrialproduction(Ghana)

VassoloandDoell(2005);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016);Nguyenetal(2014) ApeaningandThollandar(2013),Fernandoetal(2017)

Panel C Part 1

Transport Behaviouralresponse↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] && JJ ««

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] && JJ ««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««


Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) EnsureSustainableConsumption&Productionpatterns(12.3)

Aswitchtolow-carbonfuelsinthetransportsectorcanleadtoareductioninwaterdemandandwastewateriftheexistinghigher-carbonfuelisassociatedwithahigherwaterintensitythanthelower-carbonfuel.However,insomesituationstheswitchtoalow-carbonfuelsuchase.g.,biofuelcouldincreasewaterusecomparedtoexistingconditionsifthebiofuelcomesfromawater-intensivefeedstock.Transportelectricficationcouldleadtotradeoffswithwateruseiftheelecticityisprovidedwithwaterintensivepowergeneration.

Duetopersistentrelianceonfossilfuels,itispositedthattransportismoredifficulttodecarbonizethanothersectors.Thisstudypartiallyconfirmsthattransportislessreactivetoagivencarbontaxthanthenon-transportsectors:inthefirsthalfofthecentury,transportmitigationisdelayedby10–30yearscomparedtonon-transportmitigation.Theextenttowhichearliermitigationispossiblestronglydependsonimplementedtechnologiesandmodelstructure.

Hejazietal.(2015);Songetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016) (Pietzckeretal.,2013);(Figueroa,Lah,Fulton,McKinnon,&Tiwari,2014);IPCCAR5WG3(2014);(Creutzigetal.,2015)


Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) SustainableConsumption(12.2/12.8)

Similartobehavioralchanges,efficiencymeasuresinthetransportsectorthatleadtoreducedtransportdemandcanleadtoreducedtransportenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoproduceanumberofimportanttransportfuels,thereductionintransportdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.

Relationalcomplextransportbehaviorresultinginsignificantgrowthinenergy-inefficientcarchoices,aswellasdifferencesinmobilitypatterns(distancesdriven,drivingstyles)andactualfuelconsumptionbetweendifferentcarsegmentsallaffectthenon-progressontransportdecarbonisation.Consumptionchoices,andindividuallifestylesaresituatedtiedtotheformofthesurroundingurbanization.Majorbehavioralchangesandemissionsreductionsrequiresunderstandingofthisrelationalcomplexity,considerationofpotentialinteractionswithotherpoliciesandthelocalcontextandimplementationofbothcommand-and-controlaswellasmarket-basedmeasures.

Vidicetal.(2013);Tiedemannetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016) (Stanley,Hensher,&Loader,2011);(Heinonen,Jalas,Juntunen,Ala-Mantila,&Junnila,2013);(Gallego,Montero,&Salas,2013);(Aamaas&Peters,2017);Gössling&Metzler,2017;Azevedo&Leal,2017

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) EnsureSustainableConsumption&Productionpatterns(12.3)

Behavioralchangesinthetransportsectorthatleadtoreducedtransportdemandcanleadtoreducedtransportenergysupply.Aswaterisusedtoproduceanumberofimportanttransportfuels,thereductionintransportdemandisanticipatedtoreducewaterconsumptionandwastewater,resultinginmorecleanwaterforothersectorsandtheenvironment.

Urbancarbonmitigationmustconsiderthesupplychainmanagementofimportedgoods,theproductionefficiencywithinthecity,theconsumptionpatternsofurbanconsumers,andtheresponsibilityoftheultimateconsumersoutsidethecity.ImportantforclimatepolicyofmonitoringtheCO2clustersthatdominateCO2emissionsinglobalsupplychainsbecausetheyofferinsightsonwhereclimatepolicycanbeeffectivelydirected.

Vidicetal.(2013);Tiedemannetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016) (Lin,Hu,Cui,Kang,&Ramaswami,2015);(Kagawaetal.,2015),Felixetal(2016)

Panel C Part 1


solar,wind,hydro ↑/↓ [+2,-2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««« ↑/↓ [2,-1] && JJJ ««« ↓ [-1] &&& JJJ «««

Increaseduseofbiomass↑/↓ [+1,-2] &&&& JJ «««« ↑/↓ [+1,-2] & JJJ ««

Nuclear/AdvancedNuclear↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↓ [-1] && JJ ««

CCS:Bioenergy↑/↓ [+1,-2] && J «« ↑/↓ [+1,-2] & JJJ ««

Advancedcoal CCS:Fossil

↑/↓ [+1,-2] &&& J ««

s

Meldrumetal.(2013);Frickoetal.(2016);Byersetal.(2016);Brandletal.(2017)

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6)

CCU/Srequiresaccesstowaterforcoolingandprocessingwhichcouldcontributetolocalizedwaterstress.However,CCS/Uprocesscanpotentiallybeconfiguredforincreasedwaterefficiencycomparedtoasystemwithoutcarboncaptureviaprocessintegration.CoalminingtosupportcleancoalCCSwillnegativelyimpactwaterresourcesduetotheassociatedwaterdemands,wastewaterandland-userequirements.Meldrumetal.(2013);Frickoetal.(2016);Byersetal.(2016);Brandletal.(2017)

Nuclearpowergenerationrequireswaterforcoolingwhichcanleadtolocalizedwaterstressandtheresultingcoolingeffluentscancausethermalpollutioninriversandoceans

Safetyandwasteconcerns,uraniumminingandmilling

Websteretal.(2013);Frickoetal.(2016);Raptisetal.(2016);Hollandetal.(2016) IPCCAR5WG3(2014);VisschersandSiegrist(2012);Greenberg(2013a);Kimetal.Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6)

CCU/Srequiresaccesstowaterforcoolingandprocessingwhichcouldcontributetolocalizedwaterstress.However,CCS/Uprocesscanpotentiallybeconfiguredforincreasedwaterefficiencycomparedtoasystemwithoutcarboncaptureviaprocessintegration.Thebioenergycomponentaddstheadditionaltradeoffsassociatedwithbioenergyuse.

HealthyTerrestrialEcosystems(15.1/15.2/15.4/15.5/15.8)

Protectingterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanagingforests,haltingdeforestation,preventingbiodiversitylossandcontrollinginvasivealienspeciescouldpotentiallyclashwithrenewableenergyexpansion,ifthatwouldmeanconstraininglarge-scaleutilizationofbioenergyorhydropower.Goodgovernance,cross-jurisdictionalcoordination,andsoundimplementationpracticesarecriticalforminimizingtrade-offs.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Protectingterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanagingforests,haltingdeforestation,preventingbiodiversitylossandcontrollinginvasivealienspeciescouldpotentiallyclashwithrenewableenergyexpansion,ifthatwouldmeanconstraininglarge-scaleutilizationofbioenergyorhydropower.Goodgovernance,cross-jurisdictionalcoordination,andsoundimplementationpracticesarecriticalforminimizingtrade-offs.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Hejazietal.(2015),Bonschetal.(2016),Cibinetal.(2016);Songetal.(2016);Gaoetal.(2017);Taniwaki(2017);Woodburyetal.(2017);Griffithsetal.(2017);Haetal.(2017)

McCollumetal.(inreview); Smithetal.(2010);Smithetal.(2014);AcheampongM.,ErtemF.C.,KapplerB.,NeubauerP.(2017)

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) HealthyTerrestrialEcosystems(15.1/15.2/15.4/15.5/15.8)

McCollumetal.(inreview); Smithetal.(2010);Smithetal.(2014);AcheampongM.,ErtemF.C.,KapplerB.,NeubauerP.(2017)

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6)/Accesstoimprovedwater NaturalResourceProtection(12.2/12.3/12.4/12.5) MarineEconomies(14.7)/MarineProtection(14.1/14.2/14.4/14.5) HealthyTerrestrialEcosystems(15.1/15.2/15.4/15.5/15.8)

Wind/solarrenewableenergytechnologiesareassociatedwithverylowwaterrequirementscomparedtoexistingthermalpowerplanttechnologies.Widespreaddeploymentisthereforeanticipatedtoleadtoimprovedwaterefficiencyandavoidedthermalpollution.However,managingwindandsolarvariabilitycanincreasewateruseatthermalpowerplantsandcancausepoorwaterqualitydownstreamfromhydropowerplants.Accesstodistributedrenewablescanprovidepowertoimprovewateraccess,butcouldalsoleadtoincreasedgroundwaterpumpingandstressifmismanaged.Developingdamstosupportreliablehydropowerproductioncanfragmentriversandalternaturalflowsreducingwaterandecosystemquality.Developingdamstosupportreliablehydropowerproductioncanresultindisputesforwaterinbasinswithup-anddown-streamusers.Storingwaterinreservoirsincreasesevaporation,whichcouldoffsetwaterconservationtargetsandreduceavailabilityofwaterdownstream.However,hydropowerplaysanimportantroleinenergyaccessforwatersupplyindevelopingregions,cansupportwatersecurity,andhasthepotentialtoreducewaterdemandsifusedwithoutreservoirstoragetodisplaceotherwaterintensiveenergyprocesses.

Renewableenergyandenergyefficiencyslowthedepletionofseveraltypesofnaturalresources,namelycoal,oil,naturalgas,anduranium.Inaddition,thephasing-outoffossilfuelsubsidiesencourageslesswastefulenergyconsumption;butifthatisdone,thenthepoliciesimplementedmusttakecaretominimizeanycounteractingadverseside-effectsonthepoor(e.g.,fuelpricerises).(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Ocean-basedenergyfromrenewablesources(e.g.,offshorewindfarms,waveandtidalpower)arepotentiallysignificantenergyresourcebasesforislandcountriesandcountriessituatedalongcoastlines.Multi-useplatformscombiningrenewableenergygeneration,aqua-culture,transportservicesandleisureactivitiescanlaythegroundworkformorediversifiedmarineeconomies.Dependingonthelocalcontextandprevailingregulations,ocean-basedenergyinstallationscouldeitherinducespatialcompetitionwithothermarineactivities,suchastourism,shipping,resourcesexploitation,andmarineandcoastalhabitatsandprotectedareas,orprovidefurthergroundsforprotectingthoseexacthabitats,thereforeenablingmarineprotection.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview).Hydropowerdisruptstheintegrityandconnectivityofaquatichabitatsandimpacttheproductivityofinlandwatersandtheirfisheries

landscapeandwildlifeimpactforwind,habitatimpactforhydropower

Biltonetal.(2011);Scottetal.(2011);Kumaretal.(2012);Kernetal.(2014);Meldrumetal.(2014);Frickoetal.(2016);Zivetal.(2012);Grilletal.(2015);Grubertetal.(2016);Frickoetal.(2016);DeStefanoetal.(2017)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Banerjeeetal.(2012);Bhattacharyyaetal.(2016);Cameronetal.(2016);Riahietal.(2012);Schwanitzetal.(2014)

McCollumetal.(inreview);BuckandKrause(2012);Michler-Cieluchetal.(2009);WBGU(2013);Ingeretal.(2009);MatthewsN.,MccartneyM.(2017);CookeS.J.,AllisonE.H.,BeardT.D.,Jr.,ArlinghausR.,ArthingtonA.H.,BartleyD.M.,CowxI.G.,FuentevillaC.,LeonardN.J.,LorenzenK.,LynchA.J.,NguyenV.M.,YounS.-J.,TaylorW.W.,WelcommeR.L.(2016)

Wiseretal.(2011);LovichandEnnen(2013);Garvinetal.(2011);Grodskyetal.(2011);Dahletal.(2012);deLucasetal.(2012);Dahletal.(Dahletal.,2012);Jainetal.(2011);Kumaretal.(2011);Alho(2011);Kunzetal.(2011);Smithetal.(2013);Zivetal.(2012);MatthewsN.,MccartneyM.(2017)

Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) HealthyTerrestrialEcosystems(15.1/15.2/15.4/15.5/15.8)

Biomassexpansioncouldleadtoincreasedwaterstresswhenirrigatedfeedstocksandwater-intensiveprocessingstepsareused.Bioenergycropscanalterflowoverlandandthroughsoilsaswellasrequirefertilizerandthiscanreducewateravailabilityandquality.Plantingbioenergycropsonmarginallandsorinsomesituationstoreplaceexistingcropscanleadtoreductionsinsoilerosionandfertilzerinputs,improvingwaterquality.

Panel C Part 2

Panel C Part 2


↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+1] & J «

↑/↓ [+1,-1] &&& JJ ««« ↑ [+1] & J « ↑/↓ [+1,-1] &&& JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] & J «

Mekonnenetal.(2013);Kongetal.(2016);Ranetal.(2016),Schader,C.,etal.(2015) Thornton,P.K.(2010),Herrero,M.,etal.(2013),Herrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013).,Schader,C.,etal.(2015)

Herrero,M.,etal.(2013),Schader,C.,etal.(2015)

Wateruseefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) EnsureSustainableProductionpatternsandrestructingtaxation(12.3/12c) Restorationofland(15.1)

Livestockefficiencymeasuresareexpectedtoreducewaterrequiredforlivestocksystemsaswellasassociatedlivestockwastewaterflows.However,efficiencymeasuresthatincludeagriculturalintensificationcouldincreasewaterdemandslocally,leadingtoincreasedwaterstressiftheintensificationismismananged.Scenarioswherezerohuman-edibleconcentratefeedisuseforlivestocksfreshwaterusereducesby21%.

Inthefuture,manydevelopedcountrieswillseeacontinuingtrendinwhichlivestockbreedingfocusesonotherattributesinadditiontoproductionandproductivity,suchasproductquality,increasinganimalwelfare,diseaseresistance(QuotedfromThornton,P.K.(2010)).Dietcompositionandqualityarekeydeterminantsoftheproductivityandfeed-useefficiencyoffarmanimals(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,etal.(2013)),Mechanismsforeffectingbehavioralchangeinlivestocksystemsneedtobebetterunderstoodbyimplementingcombinationsofincentivesandtaxessimultaneouslyindifferentpartsoftheworld(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013)).Reducingtheamountofhuman-ediblecropsthatarefedtolivestockrepresentsareversalofthecurrenttrendofsteepincreasesinlivestockproduction,andespeciallyofmonogastrics,sowouldrequiredrasticchangesinproductionandconsumption(QuotedfromSchader,C.,etal.(2015))

GrasslandsArePrecious,butimprovedmanagementisrequiredasgrassaccountsforcloseto50%offeeduseinlivestocksystems(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,etal.(2013)).Thescenariowith100%reductionofFood-Competing-Feedstuffsresultedina335Mhadecreaseinarablelandarea,whichcorrespondstoadecreaseof22%inarableand7%inthetotalagriculturalarea.(QuotedfromSchader,C.,etal.(2015))

EnsureSustainableProductionpatterns(12.3) ConservationofBiodiversityandrestorationofland(15.1/15.5/15.9)

Soilcarbonsequestrationcanalterthecapacityofsoilstostorewater,whichimpactsthehydrologicalcycleandcouldbepositiveornegativefromawaterperspective,dependentonexistingconditions.ClimateSmartAgricultureenrichlinkagesacrosssectorsincludingmanagementwaterresources.Minimumtillagesystemshavebeenreportedtoreducewatererosionandthussedimentationofwatercourses.(QuotedfromBustamante,M.,(2014))

Yield of millet or sorghum can double as compared with unimproved land more than 1 tonne per hectare due to sustainable intensification.An integrated approach to safe applications of both conventional and modern agricultural biotechnologies will contribute to increased yield.(Quoted from Lakshmi et. al (2015))

Agriculturalintensificationcanpromoteconservationofbiologicaldiversitybyreducingdeforestation,andbyrehabilitationandrestorationofbiodiversecommunitiesonpreviouslydevelopedfarmorpastureland.However,plantingmonoculturesonbiodiversityhotspotscanhaveadverseside-effects,reducingbiodiversity.Geneticallymodifiedcropsreducesdemandforcultivatedland.Adoptationofintegratedlandscapeapproachescanprovidevariousecosystemservices.CSAenrichlinkagesacrosssectorsincludingmanagementoflandandbio-resources.Landsparinghasthepotentialtobebeneficialforbiodiversity,includingformanyspeciesofconservationconcern,butbenefitswilldependstronglyontheuseofsparedland.Inaddition,highyieldfarminginvolvestrade-offsandislikelytobedetrimentalforwildspeciesassociatedwithfarmland.(QuotedfromLamb,A.,etal.(2016))

Smith(2016),Behnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014),Bustamante,M.,(2014)

Campbelletal.(2014),Lakshmiet.al(2015) IPCCWGIII,2014,Lamb,A.,etal.(2016),LybbertT,SumnerD(2010),Harvey,C.A.,etal.(2014),Behnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014),Lamb,A.,etal.(2016)

EnsureSustainableConsumption&Productionpatterns,Sustainable ConservationofBiodiversityandrestorationofland(15.1/15.5/15.9)

Reducedfoodwasteavoidsdirectwaterdemandandwastewaterforcropsandfoodprocessing,andavoidswaterusedforenergysupplybyreducingagricultural,foodprocessingandwastemanagementenergyinputs.Healthydietswillsupportwaterefficiencytargetsiftheshifttowardshealthyfoodsresultsinfoodsupplychainsthatarelesswaterintensivethanthesupplychainssupportingthehistoricaldietarypattern.

Reducelossandwasteinfoodsystems,processing,distributionandbychanginghouseholdhabits.Toreduceenvironmentalimpactoflivestockbothproductionandconsumptiontrendsofthissectorshouldbetraced.Livestockproductionneedstobeintensifiedinaresponsibleway(i.e.,bemademoreefficientinthewaythatitusesnaturalresources)Wastedfoodrepresentsawasteofalltheemissionsgeneratedduringthecourseofproducinganddistributing.thatfood.Mitigationmeasuresinclude:Eatnomorethanneededtomaintainahealthybodyweight,Eatseasonal,robust,fieldgrownvegetablesratherthanprotected,fragilefoodspronetospoilageandrequiringheatingandlightingintheircultivation,refrigerationstage,Consumefewerfoodswithlownutritionalvaluee.g.Alcohol,tea,coffee,chocolate,bottledwater(Thesefoodsarenotneededinourdietandneednotbeproduced),Shoponfootorovertheinternet(Reducedenergyuse).Reductioninfoodwastewillnotonlypavethepathforsustainableproductionbutwillalsohelpinachievingsustainableconsumption(QuotedfromGarnett,T.(2011))Reducemeatconsumptiontoencouragemoresustainableeatingpractices.

Reducingfoodwastehassecondarybenefitslikeprotectingsoilfromdegradation,anddecreasingpressureforlandconversionintoagricultureandtherebyprotectingbiodiversity.Theagriculturalareathatbecomesredundantthroughthedietarytransitionscanbeusedforotheragriculturalpurposessuchasenergycropproduction,orwillreverttonaturalvegetation.Aglobalfoodtransitiontolessmeat,orevenacompleteswitchtoplant-basedproteinfoodhaveadramaticeffectonlanduse.Upto2,700Mhaofpastureand100Mhaofcroplandcouldbeabandoned(QuotedfromStehfestetal.(2009))

Khanetal.(2009);Bajzeljetal.(2014);Ranetal.(2016);VillarroelWalkeretal.(2014);Mekonnenetal.(2013);Bajzeljetal.(2014),Ingram,J.(2011),Kummuetal.(2012),Tilman,D.&Clark,M.(2014)

Beddingtonetal.(2012),Steinfeld,H.,&Gerber,P.(2010),Bajželjetal.(2014),Ingram,J.(2011),Garnett,T.(2011),Westetal.(2014),Kummuetal.(2012),Hedenus,F.(2014),Stehfest,E.(2009),Dagevos,H.,&Voordouw,J.(2013),Bellarbyetal.(2013),Tilman,D.&Clark,M.(2014),Smith,P.(2013),Lambetal.(2016),Hiçetal.2016)

Kummuetal.(2012),Stehfestetal.(2009)







Panel C Part 3

Panel C Part 3

↑/↓ [+1,-1] && JJ «« ↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] &&& JJJ «««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ ««««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] & JJ «« ↓ [-1] & J «

Oceanironfertilization↑/↓ [+1,-2] &&& JJ «

↑ [+2] & J « ↑/~ [+2,0] & JJJ ««« ↑ [+3] & JJJJ ««««

↑/↓ [+2,-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↓ [-1] & J «

Protectinlandfreshwatersystems(14.1)

Enhancedweathering(eitherbyspreadinglimeorquicklime(incombinationwithCCS)overtheoceanorolivineatbeachesorthecatchmentareaofrivers)opposesoceanacidification."End-of-centuryoceanacidificationisreversedunderRCP4.5andreducedbyabouttwo-thirdsunderRCP8.5;additionally,surfaceoceanaragonitesaturationstate,akeycontroloncoralcalcificationrates,ismaintainedabove3.5throughoutthelowlatitudes,therebyhelpingmaintaintheviabilityoftropicalcoralreefecosystems(Ticketal.2010)"However,alsomarinebiologywouldbeaffected,inparticularifspreadingolivineisusedwhichactuallyworksratherlikeocean(iron)fertilization.

OlivinecancontaintoxicmetalssuchasnickelwhichcouldaccumulateintheenvironmentordisruptthelocalecosystembychangingthepHofthewater(incaseofspreadinginthecatchmentareaofrivers).

Köhleretal.(2010),Hartmannetal.(2013),Köhleretal.(2013),PaquayundZeebe(2013),Tayloretal.(2015),Smithetal.(2015)

Hartmannetal.(2013).


conservationofBiodiversityandrestorationofland(15.1,15.2,15.3,15.4,15.9)

Developmentofbluecarbonresources(coastalandmarinevegetatedecosystems)canleadtocoordinatedmanagementofwaterincoastalareas.

Mangrovescouldbufferacidificationittheirimmediatevicinity;Seaweedshavenotbeenabletomitigatetheeffectonoceanforaminifera

averagedifferenceof31 mmperyearinelevationratesbetweenareaswithseagrassandunvegetatedareas(casestudyareasScotland,Kenya,TanzaniaandSaudiArabia);Mangrovesfosteringsedimentaccretionofabout5mmayear)Vierrosetal.(2013) Sippoetal.(2016);Pettitetal.(2015) Potouroglouetal(2017);Alongi(2012)

Oceans NutrientPollution,OceanAcidification,FishStocks,MPAs,SISD

OIFcouldexacerbateorreducenutrientpollution,increasethelikelihoodofmid-waterdeoxygenation,increasesoceanacidification,mightcontributetotherebuildingoffishstocksinproducingplankton,generatingthereforebenefitsforSISD,butmightbeinconflictwithdesigningMPAs.Gnanadesikanetal.(2003),JinandGruber(2003),Denman(2008),SmetacekandNaqvi(2008),Lampittetal.(2008),Oschliesetal.(2010),Güssowetal.(2010),Tricketal.(2010),Williamsonetal.(2012)

Bluecarbon Integratedwaterresourcesmanagement(6.3/6.5) OceanAcidification,NutrientPollution(14.3,14.1)

EnhancedWeathering OceanAcidification,NutrientPollution(14.3,14.1)


Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) Sustainabilitymanageforest(15.2/15.3)

Responsiblesourcingwillhaveco-benefitsforwaterefficiencyandpollutionpreventionifthesourcingstrategiesincorporatewatermetrics.Thereisariskthatshiftingsupplysourcescouldleadtoincreasedwateruseinanotherpartoftheeconomy.

Atthemacrolevel,forestcertificationhasdonelittletostemthetideofforestdegradation,conversionofforestlandtoagriculture,andillegallogging—allofwhichremainseriousthreatstoIndonesianforests(QuotedfromBartley,T.(2010)).

vanOeletal.(2012);Launiainenetal.(2014) Bartley,T.(2010)

SimilartoREDD+,forestmanagementaltersthehydrologicalcyclewhichcouldbepositiveornegativefromawaterperspectiveandisdependentonexistingconditions.Forestlandscaperestorationcanhavealargeimpactwatercycles.Strategicplacementoftreebeltsinlandsaffectedbydrylandsalinitycanremediatetheaffectedlandsbymodifyinglandscapewaterbalances.Watershedscalereforestationcanresultintherestorationofwaterquality.

Mangroveswouldhelptoenhancefisheries,tourismbusiness Identifiedlargeamountsofland(749Mha)globallyasbiophysicallysuitableandmeetingtheCDM-AReligibilitycriteria(QuotedfromZomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008)).Forestlandscaperestorationcanconservebiodiversityandreducelanddegradation.Mangrovesreduceimpactsofdisasters(cyclones/storms/floods)actingasliveseawalls,enhanceforestresources/biodiversity.Forestlossgoalcanconserve/restore3.9–8.8mha/yearaverage,77.2–176.9mhaintotaland7.7–17.7mha/yearin2030offorestareaby2030(QutedfromWolosin,M.(2014))Forestandbiodiversityconservation,protectedareaformation,andforestry-basedafforestationarepracticesenhanceresilienceofforestecosystemstoclimatechange(IPCC,2014b).Strategicplacementoftreebeltsinlandsaffectedbydrylandsalinitycanremediatetheaffectedlandsbymodifyinglandscapewaterbalancesandprotectlivestock.Itcanrestorebiologicallydiversecommunitiesonpreviouslydevelopedfarmland(QuotedfromBustamante,M.,etal.(2014)).Large-scalerestorationislikelytobenefitecosystemserviceprovision,includingrecreationbiodiversityconservationandfloodmitigation

Kibria,G.(2015),Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Lamb,A.,etal.(2016),Bustamante,M.,etal.(2014)

Kibria,G.(2015). Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Kibria,G.(2015),Wolosin,M.(2014),(IPCC,2014b),Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017),Bustamante,M.,etal.(2014),Lambetal.2016

Bonschetal.(2016);Griffithsetal.(2016);Gaoetal(2017),Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Kibria,G.(2015),Katila,P.,etal.(2017)

(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017))

IPCCWGIII,2014,Lima,M.B.,etal.(2015).Miles,L.,&Kapos,V.(2008),Katila,P.,etal.(2017),Turpie,Warr,&Ingram,(2015),Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017).


Enhancewaterquality(6.3) MarineEconomies(14.7)/MarineProtectionandincomegeneration ConservationofBiodiversityandrestorationofland(15.1/15.5/15.9)

Forest Waterefficiencyandpollutionprevention(6.3/6.4/6.6) EnsureSustainableconsumption(12.3) ConservationofBiodiversity,sustainabilityofterrestrialecosystems

Forestmanagementaltersthehydrologicalcyclewhichcouldbepositiveornegativefromawaterperspectiveandisdependentonexistingconditions.Conservationofecosystemservices—indirectlycouldhelpcountriesmaintainwatershedintegrityForestsprovidesustainableandregulatedprovisionandhelpsinwaterpurification

Reduce the human pressure on forests, including actions to address drivers of deforestation(Quoted from Lima, M. G. B., Kissinger, G., Visseren-Hamakers, I. J., Braña-Varela, J., & Gupta, A. (2017))

Policiesandprogramsforreducingdeforestationandforestdegradation,forrehabilitationandrestorationofdegradedlandscanpromoteconservationofbiologicaldiversity.Reducethehumanpressureonforests,includingactionstoaddressdriversofdeforestation

Panel C Part 3


↑ [+2] &&&& JJJ «««« ↑ [+1] && JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] & J «

Low-carbonfuelswitch

↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+2] &&&& JJJJ «««« ↑ [+2] & J «

Decarbonisation/CCS/CCU↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] && JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] & JJJJ ««««

Residential Behaviorialresponse↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑/↓ [+2,-1] && J «« ↑ [+2] && JJJ ««««

↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] && JJJ «« ↑ [+3] &&& JJJ ««««



Industriesarebecomingsupplierofenergy,wasteheat,water,toneighbourialhumansettlementsandhencereducedprimaryenergydemandalsoandmaketownsandcitiesgrowsustainably

Transitioningtoamorerenewably-basedenergysystemthatishighlyenergyefficientiswellalighedwiththegoalofupgradingenergyinfrastructureandmakingtheenergyindustrymoresustainable.Inthereversedirection,infrastructureupgradesinotherpartsoftheeconomy,suchasmodernizedtelecommunicationnetworks,cancreatetheconditionsforasuccessfulexpansionofrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencymeasures(e.g.,smart-meteringanddemand-sidemanagement).(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Unemploymentratereductionfrom25%to12%insouthafrica.Enhancesfirmproductivityandtechnicalandmanagerialcapapcityoftheemployees

EnergyEfficiencyleadtoreducedrelativelylessenergydemandandhenceenergysupplyandenergysecurity,reducesimport.Positivereboundeffectcanraisedemandbuttoaverylessextentduetolowreboundeffectinindustrysectorinamnycountriesandbyappropriatemixofindsutries(china)canmaintainenergysavingsgain.supplyingsurplusenergytocitiesisalsohappening.provingmtenanceculture,Switchingoffidleequipmenthelpsavingenergy(e.gGhana)

Sustainablecities(15.6,15.8,15.9)Infrastructurerenewal(9.1/9.3/9.5,9a)ReducesUnemployment(8.2,8.3,8.4,8.5,8.6)Energysavings(7.1,7.3,7a,7b)

Sustainablecities(15.6,15.8,15.9)Innovationandnewinfrastrcutture(9.2,9.3,9.4,9.5.9.a)Economicgrowthwithdecentemployment(8.1,8.2,8.3,8.4)Sustainableandmodern(7.2,7.a)

Karneretal(2015)ApeaningandThollandar(2013),McCollumetal.(inreview); Bhattacharyyaetal.(2016);Goldthau(2014);Meltzer(2016);Riahietal.(2012)

Altierietal(2016),Fernandoetal(2017)ApeaningandThollandar(2013),Zhangetal(2015),IPCCWGIII(2014),Chakravartyetal.(2013),karneretal(2015),Fernandoetal(2017),Lietal(2016),Wesselingetal2017

Karneretal(2015)Supinoetal(2015),Fanetal(2017),Leideretal(2015),Zengetal(2016),Shietal(2017),Liuetal(2014),Stahel(2017)

Supinoetal(2015),Fanetal(2017),Leideretal(2015),Zhengetal(2016),Shietal(2017),Liuetal(2014),Stahel(2017)

Karneretal(2015)

Industriesarebecomingsupplierofenergy,wasteheat,water,rooftopsforsolarenergygenerationandsupplytoneighbourialhumansettlementsandhencereducedprimaryenergydemandalsoandmaketownsandcitiesgrowsustainably

Circulareconomyinsteadoflinerglobaleconomyishelpingnewinnovationandinfrastrcuturecanachieveclimategoalandcanhelpineconomicgrowththroughindustrialisationwhichsavesonresources,enviornmentandsupportssmall,ediumandevenlargeindustries,canleadtoemploymentgeneration.sonewregulations,incentives,taxregimecanhelpinachievingthegoal.

Circulareconomyinsteadoflinerglobaleconomycanachieveclimategoalandcanhelpineconomicgrowththroughindustrialisationwhichsavesonresources,enviornmentandsupportssmall,ediumandevenlargeindustries,canleadtoemploymentgeneration.sonewregulations,incentives,taxregimecanhelpinachievingthegoal.

Industriesarebecomingsupplierofenergy,wasteheat,water,rooftopsforsolarenergygenerationandhencereducedprimaryenergydemand

DeepdecarbonisationthroughradicaltechnologicalchangeinEPIwillleadtoradicalinnovationse.g.,incompletelychangingindustries'innovationstratgey,plantandequipment,skill,productiontechnique,designandsoon.RadicalCCSwillneednewinfrastructuretotransportCO2.

EPIsareimportantplayersforeconomicgrowth.DeepdecarbonisationofEPIthroughradicalinnovationisconsistentwithwellbelow2Cscenario

CCSforEPIscanbeincrementalbutneedsadditionalspaceandcanneedadditionalenergysometimescompensatingforhigherefficiencyotherwise,RecirculatingBlastRFurnace&CCSforironsteelmeanshighenergydemand,electricmeltinginglasscanmeanhigherelectricityprices,inpaperindustrynewseparationanddryingtechnologiesarekeytoreducetheenergyintensity,allowingforcarbonneutraloperationinthefuture,biorefineriescanreducepetrorefineries,DRIinironandsteelwithH2encouragesinnovationinhydrogeninfrastructure,inchemicalsindustryalsoencouragerenewableelectricityandhydrogen,biobasedpolymerscanincreasebiomassprice.

Innovationandnewinfrastrcutture(9.2,9.4,9.5)Progressivelydecouplegrowthfromenvdegradation(8.1,8.2,8.4)Affordableandsustainableenergysources

Innovationandnewinfrastrcutture(9.2,9.4,9.5)Progressivelyimproveresourceefficiency(8.4)Savingenergy,ImprovementinEnergyefficiency(7.3,7a,7b)

Wesseling,J.H.,S.Lechtenböhmer,M.Åhman,L.J.Nilsson,E.Worrell,L.Coenen(2017),ÅhmanMetal2016,Denis-RyanAetal2016

Wesseling,J.H.,S.Lechtenböhmer,M.Åhman,L.J.Nilsson,E.Worrell,L.Coenen(2017),ÅhmanMetal2016,Denis-RyanAetal2016

Wesseling,J.H.,S.Lechtenböhmer,M.Åhman,L.J.Nilsson,E.Worrell,L.Coenen(2017)


Andaetal2014Andaetal(2014)Yue,Yang,andChen,2013;Somerfeld,Buys,andVine,2017;Zhaoetal.(2017);deKoningetal.,2016;IsenhourandFeng,2016;Sluisveldetal.,2016;Noonanetal.2015;Allenetal.,2015;Jainetal.2013a;Horietal.,2013;Sweenyetal.2013;Webbetal.,2013;Huebneretal.(2013);Gyamfi,Krumdieck,andUrmee(2013),Chakravartyetal(2013),Santarius(2016),Songetal(2016).Andaetal(2014)

Adoptionofsmartmeterandsmartgridfollowingcommunitybasedsocialmarketinghelpininfrastructureexpansion

Behaviourialchangeprogrammeshelpinsustainingenergysavingsthroughnewinfrastructuerdeveloment

LifestylechangemeasuresandadoptionbehavioraffectresidentialenergyuseandimplementationofefficienttechnologiesasresidentialHVACsystems.Alsosocialinfluencecandriveenergysavingsinusersexposedtoenergyconsumptionfeedback.Effectofautonomousmotivationonenergysavingsbehaviourisgreaterthanthatofothermoreestablishedpredictorssuchasintentions,subjectivenorms,perceivedbehaviouralcontrolandpastbehaviour.UseofahybridengineeringapproachusingsocialpsychologyandeconomicbehaviourmodelsaresuggestedforResidentialpeakelectricitydemandresponse.However,sometakebackinenergysavingscanhappenduetoreboundeffectunlessmanagedappropriatelyoraccountedforwelfareimprovement.AdjustingThermostathelpsinsavingenergy.

Renewableenergytechnologiesandenergy-efficienturbaninfrastructuresolutions(e.g.,publictransit)canalsopromoteurbanenvironmentalsustainabilitybyimprovingairqualityandreducingnoise.Efficienttransportationtechnologiespoweredbyrenewably-basedenergycarrierswillbeakeybuildingblockofanysustainabletransportsystem.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview),Greenbuildingshelpinsutainableconstruction.

Deployingrenewablesandenergy-efficienttechnologies,whencombinedwithothertargetedmonetaryandfiscalpolicies,canhelpspurinnovationandreinforcelocal,regional,andnationalindustrialandemploymentobjectives.Grossemploymenteffectsseemlikelytobepositive;however,uncertaintyremainsregardingthenetemploymenteffectsduetoseveraluncertaintiessurroundingmacro-economicfeedbackloopsplayingoutatthegloballevel.Moreover,thedistributionaleffectsexperiencedbyindividualactorsmayvarysignificantly.Strategicmeasuresmayneedtobetakentoensurethatalarge-scaleswitchtorenewableenergyminimizesanynegativeimpactsonthosecurrentlyengagedinthebusinessoffossilfuels(e.g.,governmentsupportcouldhelpbusinessesre-toolandworkersre-train).Tosupportcleanenergyandenergyefficiencyefforts,strengthenedfinancialinstitutionsindevelopingcountrycommunitiesarenecessaryforprovidingcapital,credit,andinsurancetolocalentrepreneursattemptingtoenactchange.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Thereishighagreementamongresearchersbasedonlargenumberofevidenceacrossvariouscountriesthatenergyefficiencyimprovementreduceenergyconsumptionandhenceleadtoenergysavings.Efficientcookstovesavesbioenergy.Efficientcookstovesavesbioenergy.

UrbanEnvironmentalSustainability(11.3/11.6,11.b,11.c)EmploymentOpportunities(8.2/8.3/8.5/8.6)/StrongFinancialInstitutions(8.10)Increaseinenergysavings(7.3)

Meetingenergydemand

McCollumetal.(inreview);Bongardtetal.(2013);Creutzigetal.(2012);GrublerandFisk(2012);KahnRibeiroetal.(2012);Rajietal.(2015);Riahietal.(2012),Kimetal(2017)

Berruetaetal.(2017);McCollumetal.(inreview);Aether(2016);BabikerandEckaus(2007);Bertrametal.(2015);Blythetal.(2014);Borenstein(2012);Creutzigetal.(2013);Clarkeetal.(2014);DechezleprêtreandSato(2014);Dinkelman(2011);Fankhauseretal.(2008);Ferroukhietal.(2016);Frondeletal.(2010);Gohin(2008);Guivarchetal.(2011);JacksonandSenker(2011);Johnsonetal.(2015)

Berruetaetal.,2017;Cameron,Taylor,andEmmett,2015;LiddellandGuiney,2015;McLeod,Hopfe,andKwan,2013;Norisetal.2013;Salvalaietal.2017;Yang,Yan,andLam,2014;Kwong,Adam,andSahari,2014;Holopainenetal.,2014,BhojvaidVasundharaetal.(2014),Kimetal(2017)

Ensuringaccesstobasichousingservicesimpliesthathouseholdshaveaccesstomodernenergyforms.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview),rooftopsolarinMacaumakecitiessustainablewithtransport.

Creutzigetal.2014assessedthepotentialforrenewableenergiesintheEuropeanregion.TheyfoundthataEuropeanenergytransitionwithahigh-levelofrenewableenergyinstallationsintheperipherycouldactasaneconomicstimulus,decreasetradedeficits,andpossiblyhavepositiveemploymenteffects.Provisionofenergyaccesscanplayacriticalenablingrolefornewproductiveactivities,livelihoodsandemployment.Reliableaccesstomodernenergyservicescanhaveanimportantinfluenceonproductivityandearnings.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Renewableenergiescouldpotentiallyserveasthemainsourceofmeetingenergydemandintherapidlygrowingdevelopingcountrycities.Alieetal.(2015)estimatedthepotentialofsolar,windandbiomassrenewableenergyoptionstomeetpartoftheelectricaldemandinKarachi,Pakistan.

HousingandTransport(11.1/11.2)Sustainableeconomicgrowthandemployment

McCollumetal.(inreview);Bhattacharyaetal.(2016);UN(2016c),Songetal(2016)Creutzigetal.,2014;Byravanetal.,2017;Alietal.,2015;McCollumetal.(inreview);BernardandTorero(2015);Chakravortyetal.(2014);GroganandSadanand(2013);Pueyoetal.(2013);Rao(2013);

Creutzigetal.,2014;Connollyetal.,2014;Islaretal,2017;Mittlefehldt,2016;Bilgilyetal.,2017;Ozturketal.,2017;MahonyandDufour,2015;Byravanetal.,2017;Abandaetal.2016;PengandLu,2013;Pietzcker,2013;Alietal.(2015);Li,Yang,andLam,2014;YanineandSauma,2013;Pode,2013;ZuluandRichradson(2013)

Panel D Part 1

Transport Behaviouralresponse↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↓ [-2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] && JJ ««

↑ [+2] & J « ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] & J «

↑ [+2] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] && JJ «« ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+2] && JJ ««



Makecities&Humansettelmentsinclusive,safe,resilient(11.2)PromoteSustained,inclusiveeconomicgrowth(8.3)Energysavings(7.3,7a,7b)

Hallegateetal,2015,AhmadS.,PuppimdeOliveiraJ.A.,2016(Klausbruckner,Annegarn,Henneman,&Rafaj,2016);(Lucas&Pangbourne,2014);(Suckall,Tompkins,&Stringer,2014)

AhmadS.,PuppimdeOliveiraJ.A.,2016;FigueroaM.J.,RibeiroS.K.,2013

Climatechangethreatenstoworsenpoverty,thereforepro-poormitigationpoliciesareneededtoreducethisthreat;forexampleinvestingmoreandbetterininfrastructurebyleveragingprivateresourcesandusingdesignsthataccountforfutureclimatechangeandtherelateduncertainty

Policycontradictions(e.g.standards,efficienttechnologiesleadingtoincreasedelectricitypricesleadingthepoortoswitchawayfromclean(er)fuels);unintendedoutcomes(e.g.redistributionofincomegeneratedbycarbontaxes)resultsincontradictiontotheprimaryaimsof(productive)jobcreationandpovertyalleviation,andintrade-offsbetweenmitigationadaptationanddevelopmentpolicies.Detailedassessmentofconsequencesofmitigationpoliciesrequiresdevelopingmethodsandreliableevidencetoenablepolicymakerstomoresystematicallyidentifyhowdifferentsocialgroupsmaybeaffectedbythedifferentavailablepolicyoptions.

Behaviouralresponsewillreducethevolumeoftransportneedsand,byextension,energydemand.

Twomostimportantelementsofmakingcitiessustianbleareefficientbuildingandtransport(caseofMacau)

Combiningpromotionofmasstransportation,integratingtrainlines,atramline,BRTs,gondolaliftsystems,abicycle-sharingsystemsandhybridbusesandtelecommuting,reducetrafficandsignificantlycontributetomeetclimatetargetsacomprehensivepackageofcomplementarymitigationoptionsisnecessaryfordeepandsustainedemissionreductions.Inswedenpublicbusfleetisaimingmoretowardsdecarbonisationcomparedtoefficiency

Significantopportunitiestoslowtravelgrowthandimproveefficiencyexistand,similarly,alternativestopetroleumexistbuthavedifferentcharacteristicsintermsofavailability,cost,distribution,infrastructure,storage,andpublicacceptability.Productionofnewtechnologies,fuelsandinfrastructurecanfavoureconomicgrowth,however,efficientfinancingofincreasedcapitalspendingandinfrastructureiscritical.

Accelratingefficiencyintourismtransportreducesenergydemand(china)

Makecitiessustainable(11.2,11.3)BuildResilientInfrastructure(9.1)PromoteSustained,inclusiveeconomicgrowth(8.3)Energysavings(7.3,7a,7b)

Makecities&Humansettelmentsinclusive,safe,resilient(11.2)Helpbuildinginclusiveinfratsructure(9.1,9.a)PromoteSustained,inclusiveeconomicgrowth(8.3)Increaseshareofrenewable(7.2)

Songetal(2016)(Dulac,2013)(Aamaas&Peters,2017);(Martínez-Jaramillo,Arango-Aramburo,Álvarez-Uribe,&Jaramillo-Álvarez,2017),Xyliaetal(2017)

(Gouldsonetal.,2015);(Karkatsoulis,Siskos,Paroussos,&Capros,2016)Shukxinetal(2016)

(Gouldsonetal.,2015);(Figueroa,Fulton,&Tiwari,2013),(Vasconcellos&Mendonça,2016),Alahakoon(2017)

(Gouldsonetal.,2015);(Figueroa,Fulton,&Tiwari,2013),(Vasconcellos&Mendonça,2016),Lalletal2017

(Carrara&Longden,2016);(F.Creutzigetal.,2015);IPCCAR5WG3(2014)(Månsson,2016),Ajanovic(2015),Wolframetal2017,Alahakoon,(2017)

inrapidlygrowingcities,thecarbonsavingsfrominvestmentsatscale,incost-effectivelow-carbonmeasurescouldbequicklyoverwhelmed–inaslittleas7years–bytheimpactsofsustainedpopulationandeconomicgrowth,highlightingtheneedtobuildcapacitiesthatenabletheexploitationnotonlyoftheeconomicallyattractiveoptionsintheshorttermbutalsoofthosedeeperandmorestructuralchangesthatarelikelytobeneededinthelongerterm.Withhybridelectricvehicles,plug-inelectricvehiclesthereisemergingnewconceptsintransportationsuchaselectrichighways

Lackofappropriateinfrastructureleadtolimitedaccesstojobfrourbanpoor(africa,LatinAmerica,India)

thedecarbonisationofthefreightsectortendstooccurinthesecondpartofthecenturyandthatthesectordecarbonisesbyalowerextentthantherestoftheeconomy.Decarbonisingroadfreightonaglobalscaleremainsachallengeevenwhennotableprogressinbiofuelsandelectricvehicleshasbeenaccountedfor.

Biofuelincreaseshareofrenewablesbutcanperformpoorlyiftoomanycountriesincreasetheiruseofbiofuel,whereaselectrificationperformsbestwhenmanyothercountriesimplementthistechnology.Thestrategiesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandsimultaneousimplementationofsomeprovidessynergiesfornationalenergysecurity.Therefore,importanttoconsiderresultofmaterialandcontextualfactorsthatco-evolve.Electricvehiclesusingelectricityfromrenewablesorlowcarbonsourcescombinedwithe-mobilityoptionssuchastrolleybuses,metros,tramsandelectrobuses,aswellaspromotewalkingandbiking,especiallyforshortdistancesneedconsideration

Panel D Part 1


solar,wind,hydro ↑ [+3] &&& JJJ «««« ~ [0] && JJ «« ~/↓ [0,-1] && JJJ «« ↑ [+2] &&& JJ «««

Increaseduseofbiomass↑ [+3] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] && JJJ ««

Nuclear/AdvancedNuclear↑ [1] && J «« ↑ [1] && J «« ↓ [-1] && JJJ «««

CCS:Bioenergy↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] & J «

Advancedcoal CCS:Fossil↑ [+2] &&& JJJ ««« ↓ [-1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] & J «

InnovationandGrowth(8.1/8.2/8.4)

Advancedandcleanerfossil-fueltechnologyisinlinewiththetargetsofSDG7. Lock-inofhumanandphysicalcapitalinthefossil-resourcesindustryIPCCAR5WG3(2014) IPCCAR5WG3(2014);Vergragtetal.(2011);Markussonetal.(2012);IPCC(2005);

Bensonetal.(2005);Fankhauseretal.(2008);ShackleyandThompson(2012);Johnsonetal.(2015);Bertrametal.(2015).

IPCCAR5WG3(2014) IPCCAR5WG3(2014) IPCCAR5WG3(2014);MarraandPalmer(2011);Greenberg,(2013a);Schwenk-Ferrero(2013a);Skipperudetal.(2013);Tyleretal.(2013a).

Increaseduseofmodernbiomasswillfacilitateaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.IPCCAR5WG3(2014)

InnovationandGrowth(8.1/8.2/8.4)

Increaseduseofnuclearpowercanprovidestablebaseloadpowersupplyandreducepricevolatility.

Localemploymentimpactandreducedpricevolatility Legacycostofwasteandabandonedreactors

Increaseduseofmodernbiomasswillfacilitateaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.ThismitigationoptionisinlinewiththetargetsofSDG7.

Decarbonizationoftheenergysystemthroughanup-scalingofrenewableswillgreatlyfacilitateaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.

Accesstomordenandsustainableenergywillbecriticaltosustaineconomicgrowth.

CherianA.(2015);JinguraR.M.,KamusokoR.(2016),Rogelj(2013) JinguraR.M.,KamusokoR.(2016) JinguraR.M.,KamusokoR.(2016),ShahbazM.,RasoolG.,AhmedK.,MahalikM.K.(2016)

CherianA.(2015),Rogelj(2013);CherianA.(2015);JinguraR.M.,KamusokoR.(2016) McCollumetal.(inreview);Bonanetal.(2014);Clarkeetal.(2014);JacksonandSenker(2011);NewClimateEconomy(2014);OECD(2017);YorkandMcGee(2017)

McCollumetal.(inreview);Bertrametal.(2015);Fankhauseretal.(2008);Guivarchetal.(2011);Johnsonetal.(2015)

McCollumetal.(inreview);D autetal.(2013);Hallegatteetal.(2016);IPCC(2014);Riahietal.(2012);Tully(2006)

InnovationandGrowth(8.1/8.2/8.4) InclusiveandSustainableIndustrialization(9.2/9.4) DisasterPreparednessandPrevention(11.5)

Decarbonizationoftheenergysystemthroughanup-scalingofrenewableswillgreatlyfacilitateaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.Hydropowerplaysanincreasinglyimportantrolefortheglobalelectricitysupply.ThismitigationoptionisinlinewiththetargetsofSDG7underthecaveatofatransitiontomodernbiomass.

Decarbonizationoftheenergysystemthroughanup-scalingofrenewablesandenergyefficiencyisconsistentwithsustainedeconomicgrowthandresourcedecoupling.Long-termscenariospointtowardsslightconsumptionlossescausedbyarapidandpervasiveexpansionofsuchenergysolutions.Whethersustainablegrowth,asanoverarchingconcept,isattainableornotismoredisputedintheliterature.Existingliteratureisalsoundecidedastowhetherornotaccesstomodernenergyservicescauseseconomicgrowth.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Arapidup-scalingofrenewableenergiescouldnecessitatetheearlyretirementoffossilenergyinfrastructure(e.g.,powerplants,refineries,pipelines)onalarge-scale.Theimplicationsofthiscouldinsomecasesbenegative,unlesstargetedpoliciescanhelpalleviatetheburdenonindustry.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

Deploymentofrenewableenergyandimprovementsinenergyefficiencygloballywillaidclimatechangemitigationefforts,andthis,inturn,canhelptoreducetheexposureofpeopletocertaintypesofdisastersandextremeevents.(QuotefromMcCollumetal.,inreview)

SeepositiveimpactsofCCS/CCUinindustrialdemand.

Seepositiveimpactsofbio-energyuse. Seepositiveimpactsofbio-energyuseandCCS/CCUinindustrialdemand.

Panel D Part 2

Panel D Part 2


↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑ [+1] &&& JJJ «««

Noliterature

↑ [+1] &&& JJJ ««« ↑/↓ [+2,-1] && JJ «« ↑/↓ [+2,-2] &&& JJJ «««

↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+2] &&& JJJ «««

Noliterature

Reduceddeforestation,REDD+ ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J « ↑ [+1] & J « ↑/↓ [+1,-1] & J «

↑ [+2] && JJ ««

↑ [+1] & J « ↑ [+2] & J « ↑ [+2] && JJ «

Oceanironfertilization

Sustainableandmodernenergy(7.b)Landbasedgreenhousegasreductionandsoilcarbonsequestration

Sikkema,R.,etal.(2014) Bartley,T.(2010). Bartley,T.(2010),Huang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013),Oceans

Bluecarbon

EnhancedWeathering

ThetradeofwoodpelletsfromcleanwoodwasteshouldbefacilitatedwithlessadministrativebarriersfortheimportbytheEU,inordertohavethisnewoptionseriouslyaccountedforasafutureresourceforenergy.(QuotedfromSikkema,R.,etal.(2014)).Recommendsfurtherharmonizationoflegalharvesting,sustainablesourcingandcascadeduserequirementsforwoodybiomassforenergywiththecurrentrequirementsofvoluntarySFMcertificationschemes.(QuotedfromSikkema,R.,etal.(2014))

Somestandardsseekprimarilytocoordinateglobaltrade,manypurporttopromoteecologicalsustainabilityandsocialjusticeortoinstitutionalize“corporatesocialresponsibility”(CSR)e.g.labourstandardsdevelopedinthewakeofsweatshopandchildlabourscandals.Environmentalstandardsforpollutioncontroletc.Indonesianfactoriesmayseekadvantagesthroughnon-pricecompetition—perhapsbyhighlightingdecentworkingconditionsortheexistenceofaunion—ortoseetradeassociationsorgovernmentpromotingthecountryasaresponsiblesourcinglocation.

Capacityforprocessingcertifiedtimberisoftenunderutilized,duethelimitedsupplyavailable.Asaresult,manufacturingfirmsthatareseekingtotapintogreenmarketsoftenturntoothersourcesoftimber.(QuotedfromBartley,T.(2010)).Responsiblesourcing,whenintegratedintobusinesspractices,canenableretailerstobettermanagebrandvalueandreputationbyavoidingnegativepublicrelations,aswellasmaintainingandenhancingbrandintegrity.(QuotedfromHuang,W.,Wilkes,A.,Sun,X.,&Terheggen,A.(2013))

Zomer,R.J.,Trabucco,A.,Bossio,D.A.,&Verchot,L.V.(2008),Kibria,G.(2015).Behaviourialresponse(responsiblesourcing)

Universalaccess(7.3) DecentjobcreationandSustainableeconomicgrowth(8.3/8.4) TechnologicalupgradationandInnovation,promotionofinclusiveindustrialization

Manytreeplantationsworldwidehavehighergrowthrateswhichcanprovidehigherratesofreturnsforinvestors.Agroforestryinitiativesthatoffersignificantopportunitiesforprojectstoprovidebenefitstosmallholderfarmerscanalsohelpaddresslanddegradationthroughcommunitybasedeffortsinmoremarginalareas.Mangrovesreduceimpactsofdisasters(cyclones/storms/floods)enhancewaterquality,fisheries,tourismbusiness,andlivelihoods.

(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)),(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017))

Turpie,Warr,&Ingram,(2015),Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017). (QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017)),Turpie,Warr,&Ingram,(2015),Epstein,A.H.,&Theuer,S.L.H.(2017).


DecentjobcreationandSustainableeconomicgrowth(8.3/8.4)

Considertheentiresinksandreservoirsofgreenhousegaswhiledevelopingthenationallyappropriatemitigationsactions.Forcountrieswithasignificantcontributionofforestdegradation(andGHGemissions)fromwoodfuels,thisshouldbeconsidered(QuotedfromLima,M.G.B.,Kissinger,G.,Visseren-Hamakers,I.J.,Braña-Varela,J.,&Gupta,A.(2017)).Biomassforenergyisrecognizedasoftenbeinginefficient,andisoftenharvestedinanunsustainablemanner,butisarenewableenergysource

EffortsbytheGovernmentofZambiatoreduceemissionsbyREDD+,havecontributederosioncontrol,ecotourismandpollinationvaluedat2.5%ofthecountry'sGDP

Expandingroadnetworksarerecognizedasoneofthemaindriversofdeforestingandforestdegradation,diminishingforestbenefitstocommunities,Ontheotherhand,roadscanenhancemarketaccess,therebyboostinglocalbenefits(SDG1)fromthecommercializationofforestproducts.(QuotedfromKatila,P.,etal.(2017)).EffortsbytheGovernmentofZambiatoreduceemissionsbyREDD+,havecontributederosioncontrol,ecotourismandpollinationvaluedat2.5%ofthecountry'sGDP.

Schader,C.,etal.(2015) Herrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013) Thornton,P.K.(2010),Sansoucy,R.(1995),Burton,C.H.(2007)Forest EnergyEfficiency(7.3) SustainableEconomicGrowth(8.4) Infrastructurebuilding,promotionofinclusiveindustrialization(9.1/9.2/9.5)

Scenarioswherezerohuman-edibleconcentratefeedisuseforlivestocksnon-renewableenergyusereducesby36%

Exploitingtheincreasinglydecoupledinteractionsbetweencropsandlivestockcouldbebeneficialforpromotingstructuralchangesinthelivestocksectorandisaprerequisiteforthesustainablegrowthofthesector.(QuotedfromHerrero,M.,&Thornton,P.K.(2013)

Completegenomemapsforpoultryandcattlenowexist,andtheseopenupthewaytopossibleadvancesinevolutionarybiology,animalbreedingandanimalmodelsforhumandiseases.Genomicselectionshouldbeabletoatleastdoubletherateofgeneticgaininthedairyindustry.(QuotedfromThornton,P.K.(2010))Nanotechnology,biogastechnology,separationtechnologiesareadisruptivetechnologythatenhancebiogasproductionfromanaerobicdigestersortoreduceodours.

Mtui,G.Y.(2011),Johnsonetal.(2007),Lakshmiet.al(2015),Sarinetal.(2007),Treasury(2009),Luaetal.(2009),JainandSharma(2010),LybbertT,SumnerD(2010).


EnergyEfficiency(7.3) SustainableEconomicGrowth(8.4) TechnologicalupgradationandInnovation(9.2)

Behnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014),Lamb,A.,etal.(2016) Evenson,R.E.(1999),Lakshmi et. al (2015), Behnassi, M., Boussaid, M., &Gopichandran, R. (2014),Steenwerth, K. L., et al. (2014), Long, T. B., Blok, V.,

ManydevelopingcountriesincludingGulfStateswillbenefitfromCSAgiventhecentralroleofagricultureintheireconomicandsocialdevelopment(QuotedfromBehnassi,M.,Boussaid,M.,&Gopichandran,R.(2014)).Lowcommoditypriceshavereducedtheincentivetoinvestinyieldgrowthandhaveledtodecliningfarmlabourandfarmcapitalinvestment.(QuotedfromLamb,A.,etal.(2016))

Reducedresearchsupportanddelayedindustrializationwillhaveanadverseeffectonfoodsecurityandnourishmentofchildren.Organicfarmingtechnologiesutilizingbio-basedfertilizers(compostedhumusandanimalmanure)aresomeoftheconventionalbiotechnologicaloptionsforreducingartificialfertilizeruse.(QuotedfromLakshmiet.al(2015)).CSArequireshugefinancialinvestmentandinstitutionalinnovation.CSAiscommittedtonewwaysofengaginginparticipatoryresearchandpartnershipswithproducers(QuotedfromSteenwerth,K.L.,(2014)).Technologiesusedon-farmandduringfoodprocessingtoincreaseproductivitywhichalsohelpsinadaptationand/ormitigationarenew,soconvincingpotentialcustomersaredifficult.AlsoLowawarenessofCSAandinaccessiblelanguage,highcosts,lackofverifiedimpactoftechnologies,hardtoreachandtrainfarmers,lowconsumerdemand,unequaldistributionofcosts/benefitsacrosssupplychainsarebarriersofCSAtechnologyadoption(QuotedfromLong,T.B.,Blok,V.,&Coninx,I.(2016))*evidencefromtheNetherlands,France,SwitzerlandandItaly.Lowcommoditypriceshavereducedtheincentivetoinvestinyieldgrowthandhaveledtodeclininginvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentetc.(QuotedfromLamb,A.,etal.(2016))

Kummuetal.(2012), Kummuetal.(2012),(Hiçetal.2016) Beddingtonetal.(2012),Ingram,J.(2011),Lambetal.(2016),Kummuetal.(2012),Hiçetal.2016)

SustainableGrowth(8.2) Infrastructurebuilding,promotionofinclusiveindustrializationandinnovation(9.1/

Conventionalagriculturalbiotechnologymethodssuchasenergy-efficientfarmingcanhelpinsequestrationofsoilcarbon.Modernbiotechnologieslikegreen-energy,N-efficientGMcropscanalsohelpinC-sequestration.Biotechcropsallowfarmerstouselessandenvironmentalfriendlyenergyandpracticesoilcarbonsequestration.Biofuels,bothfromtraditionalandGMOcropssuchassugarcane,oilseed,rapeseed,andjatrophacanbeproduced.Greenenergyprogramsthroughplantationsofperennialnonedibleoil-seedproducingplantsandproductionofbiodieselfordirectuseintheenergysector,orblendingbiofuelswithfossilfuelsincertainproportionstherebyminimizinguseoffossilfuels(QuotedfromLakshmiet.al(2015)).Geneticallymodifiedcropsreducesdemandfossilfuel-basedinputs.



Infrastructurebuildingandpromotionofinclusiveindustrialization(9.1/9.2)

Reducingglobalfoodsupplychainlosseshaveseveralimportantsecondarybenefitslikeconservingenergy.

23–24%oftotalcroplandandfertilisersareusedtoproducelosses.Soreductioninfoodlosseswillhelptodiversifythesevaluableresourcesintootherproductiveactivities.

Bytargetinginfrastructure,processinganddistributionlosseswastageinfoodsystemscanbeminimized.23–24%oftotalcroplandandfertilisersareusedtoproducelosses.Soreductioninfoodlosseswillhelptodiversifythesevalableresourcesintootherproductiveactivities.

EnergyEfficiency,universalaccess(7.1,7.3) Sustainedandinclusiveeconomicgrowth(8.2)

Panel D Part 3

chapter 5 table 5.1 table of contents panel a part 1: sdgs ... · chapter 5 table 5.1 table of...

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