chapter 5 the circulation of the oceans
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans. A long journey from Tahiti to Hawaii. 延伸閱讀: 冰海奇航 新新聞出版 Riddle of the Ice by Myron Arms 馴服暖化猛獸. How to observe ocean (current)?. mooring. drifter. Global Drifter Program http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/gdp.html. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 5
The Circulation of the Oceans
延伸閱讀:•冰海奇航 新新聞出版 Riddle of the Ice by Myron Arms• 馴服暖化猛獸
A long journey fromTahiti to Hawaii
![Page 2: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How to observe ocean (current)?
![Page 3: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
mooring
![Page 4: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
drifter Global Drifter Program http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/gdp.html
![Page 5: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The North Pacific gyre has been dropping off shoes around the Pacific since 1990. 1 shoe spill, May 27, 1990 2 250 recovered, March 26, 1991 3 200 recovered, May 18, 1991 4 100 recovered, January-February 1991 5 200 recovered, Nov.-Dec. 1990 6 200 recovered, February-March 1991 7 150 recovered, April 4, 1991 8 200 recovered, May 9-10, 1991 9 several recovered, January-March 1993 10 predicted, January-July 1994
60,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm-tossed cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May 199060,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm-tossed cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May 1990
From Judith Gradwohl, Smithsonian Institution (Curator/Ocean Planet) http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_2.html
![Page 6: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Surface Ocean Current: Wind-driven Current
From Don Reed Department of Geology San Jose State Universityhttp://geosun1.sjsu.edu/~dreed/130/lab10/10.html
![Page 7: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
過去認知:海水被風吹著走,海流與風向一致!
1890s:
• Norwegian explorer Fidtjof Nansen 試圖穿越北極海• 船卡在海冰中長達一年• 發現:冰與船移動的方向往風向的右側偏約 20-40度
Swedish physicist Walfrid Ekman 導出數學公式解釋
- 地球旋轉(科氏力)與 摩擦
![Page 10: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ekman SpiralEkman Spiral •透過摩擦力動能下傳驅動下層海水•科氏力使下層海水往右偏
Ekman transport
![Page 11: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
湧昇流
Ekman transport
Ekman transport
![Page 12: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Downwelling: 沈降流Upwelling: 湧昇流
From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.
![Page 13: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
南美洲海岸
湧昇流
![Page 14: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Surface Ocean Current: Wind-driven Current風生(成)洋流
![Page 15: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•風如何驅動表面洋流?•為何海水沒有累積在海洋兩側 而是累積在海洋中央?
海面高度
![Page 16: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Convergence in the Center of a Convergence in the Center of a Subtropical Gyre Subtropical Gyre (環流圈)(環流圈)
![Page 18: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Convergence vs. DivergenceConvergence vs. Divergence
X X
![Page 20: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Geostrophic CurrentGeostrophic Current
H
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
H
平行於海面高度的地轉流
![Page 21: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
黑潮黑潮
掀起浪濤,顛簸氾濫,
搖撼著宇宙。
洶湧的黑潮有時把長提沖潰。
點滴的流泉有時把磬石滴穿。
- 楊華( 1906-1936 )「黑潮集」
![Page 23: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
(墨西哥)灣流 ( Gulf Stream)
![Page 25: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
洋流與海溫分佈
![Page 26: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
甚麼因素決定海水密度?甚麼因素決定海水密度?
氯鈉
硫酸鹽鎂
鈣鉀
溴重碳鹽酸
海水成分
From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.
![Page 27: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Profiles of Temperature, Salinity Profiles of Temperature, Salinity and Density in Mid-latitudeand Density in Mid-latitude
溫度 鹽度 密度
躍溫層 鹽度躍層 密度躍層
g 鹽 /Kg
![Page 28: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Vertical Distribution of TemperatureVertical Distribution of Temperature
0
0
影響溫度的因素?
![Page 29: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Vertical Distribution of SalinityVertical Distribution of Salinity
影響鹽度的因素?
![Page 30: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
躍溫層混合層
赤道太平洋
![Page 31: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
從熱力與動力的角度,何者讓海洋比較不穩定?
太陽輻射 長波輻射蒸發
大風 微風
![Page 32: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
溫鹽洋流( Thermohaline Circulation)深海洋流( Deep Ocean Circulation)
-由密度差驅動- 溫度與鹽度決定密度
![Page 33: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Weddel Sea: The Weddel Sea: An Ice-making FactoryAn Ice-making Factory
![Page 34: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
南極地形高度南極地形高度
![Page 36: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Formation of Antarctic Bottom Formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) Water (AABW) 南極底水的形成南極底水的形成
http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/ges121/lectures/19-ocean-conveyor/ocean-conveyor.html
![Page 37: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Polynya Polynya 無冰區無冰區
![Page 38: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
North Atlantic Deep WaterNorth Atlantic Deep Water(NADW) (NADW) 北大西洋深水北大西洋深水
From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.
![Page 39: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Flow Pattern of NADW and AABWFlow Pattern of NADW and AABW
![Page 40: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ages of Water MassesAges of Water Masses
![Page 41: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
海洋輸送帶:養分、熱量、放射性物質、氟氯碳化物、…
From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.
![Page 42: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Achilles (Heel)
![Page 44: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ocean ColorOcean Color
![Page 45: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Spread of Mediterranean SeaSpread of Mediterranean Sea Water Water
![Page 46: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Poleward Heat TransportPoleward Heat Transport
![Page 47: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Homework for Chapter 5
1.Review Questions: 3, 5, 8, 9, 102.加分題 : 為何大洋環流西側洋流較強,東側較弱?
Due 23 March
![Page 48: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
VorticityVorticity
![Page 49: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
VorticityVorticity
![Page 50: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Asymmetric Subtropical GyreAsymmetric Subtropical Gyre
![Page 51: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Plankton Blooms, Capricorn Channel
![Page 52: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
大箭頭區:底水生成區,人造大箭頭區:底水生成區,人造 CO2CO2 儲存區儲存區
![Page 53: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mean annual net airMean annual net air--sea COsea CO22 fluxfluxfor year 1995for year 1995
Takahashi et al. 2002
海氣的二氧化碳通量
![Page 54: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
海洋酸化 海洋酸化 ((ocean acidification)ocean acidification)
![Page 55: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
格寧蘭地形格寧蘭地形
![Page 56: Chapter 5 The Circulation of the Oceans](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568146ca550346895db40314/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
陸地與海底地形陸地與海底地形
From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.