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Chapter 5

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The Middle Ages• The Middle Ages are the period of time

between ancient and modern times. Began about 500 A.D. through 1500 A.D.

• When the Roman Empire broke up, invading groups created many small kingdoms.

• Most of the invaders could not read or write• Soon, very few people in Europe could read

or write. Why?

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• Charlemagne became king of one of the invading groups known as the Franks in 768

• Soon, he ruled an empire that stretched across most of the Western Europe.

• Charlemagne ruled for nearly 50 years. He opened schools so people could learn to read and write.

• He also spread the Christian religion and improved the economy.

• When Charlemagne died his sons fought for control of the empire and weaken the empire to attacks from outsiders.

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• The Vikings came from far north of Europe. They burned and looted European towns.

Charlemagne’s Empire was gone.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

Why did Charlemagne’s

empire fall apart? What years did the middle ages cover?

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Feudalism: A kind of Government • Under feudalism – Nobles and lords, who

owned the land had the most power.

• They gave land to their vassals. A vassal was someone who promised to follow the lord’s laws and fight for him.

• Vassals helped pay for armies that would fight for the lord.

• Vassals who rode horses and led men into battle were called knights.

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• In exchange, lords promised to protect their vassals and their lands.

• Feudalism was a way for people to protect themselves and share power.

• Manorialism was a way for people to supply food, clothing, and shelter.

• The manor included fields, houses, animals and peasants to work there.

• A lord ruled over the poor people who lived on his manor. He made the rules and acted as judge.

• And he collected taxes from the peasants who lived there.

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Peasants and Serfs• Most people during this time were peasants.

• Peasants were often very poor. They did all the work on manors.

• Most peasants were also serfs.

• When a noble was given a manor, its serfs became his.

• They could not leave the manor or get married without his permission.

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• A serf is not the same as a slave. • A serf could save enough money to buy land and

become a free peasant.• Most serf were serfs their whole lives. • Medieval peasants worked very hard. Even the

children worked. • Peasants lived in dark, one room huts. For heating

and cooking, they built fire on the dirt floor.• They ate simple food such as bread and cabbage.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

What was life like for medieval peasants? Manor Serf

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• Middle Ages CLMS

• King

• Noble

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5-2 The Church and the rise of cities

• During the Middle Ages, nearly everyone in Western Europe was a Roman Catholic.

• The Roman Catholic Church was so powerful that it was known simply as “the Church”

• The Church had great wealth from the taxes they collected. It took land from the lord when clergy provided services for the lord.

• And it used the threat of excommunication to make people obey.

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• Almost every village had a priest.

• The clergy were part of every major event in peoples lives – birth, illness, marriage, or death.

• The clergy helped people follow Church rules about how to live.

• Some religious men, or monks lived together in religious communities called monasteries. Religious women, or nuns, lived in convents.

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• Monks and nuns looked after the sick and set up schools.

• Monks copied ancient books, saving knowledge that otherwise would have been lost.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

What role did religion play in the lives of people during the Middle Age?ClergyExcommunication

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Trade comes back and towns grow• Feudalism and the Church made Europe a

safer place and the population grew. SO

• Merchants traveled to far away places to buy and sell goods.

• As trade grew, so did local markets. Traders would get together at places they knew they would find travelers, such as river crossings

• Towns grew in these places too.

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• At the same time, many manors were getting overcrowded.

• Many lords were glad to let peasants buy freedom and move to towns.

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Life in towns and cities• Towns and cities could not raise anything

everything they needed. Instead people bought goods.

• This helped to begin a new class called the middle class.

• Many merchants and craft workers started groups called guilds.

• Guilds decided how much to charge and made sure the items were made well.

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• To become a member of the guild took time• A boy between the ages of 8 and 14, who

wanted to learn a trade became an apprentice.

• He would live and work for a master of that trade for up to seven years.

• Then he could become a journeyman, or paid worker

• If his work was good, he could join the guild.

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Medieval Culture • The new cities attracted people who

enjoyed learning and teaching. Talented artists created beautiful artwork.

• Stories, poems and songs about chivalry were popular.

• Throughout the land, troubadours went from place to place.

• They sang about brave deeds done by knights to win the love of a worthy woman.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

Would you have liked to live during this time period? GuildApprenticeChivalry

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5-3 The Crusades

• In 1095, Pope Urban II had a message for the people of Europe.

• He wanted them to capture the Holy Land. The Holy Land being Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught.

• This began 200 years of Crusades

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Causes of the Crusades• For almost 900 years, European Christians had

been going to Jerusalem as pilgrims. They wanted to visit places written about in the Bible.

• Jerusalem had been controlled by Arab Muslims for hundreds of years. They usually welcomed Christians pilgrims.

• But when Turkish invaders took control in the 1000’s, things changed. First, they attacked Christian pilgrims. Then they closed the roads to Jerusalem.

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• Pope Urban II wanted the Holy Land under Christian control.

• What were some other reasons for the crusades?– Wanted Christian pilgrims to be able to visit

religious sites there– He believed a crusade would bring Europe

together, and that they would stop fighting among themselves

– He also wanted power for himself and the Church.

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• Some Europeans had other reasons for wanting the Crusades.

• They wanted to control the Holy Land, too.

• And they also wanted to control trade routes between Africa, Asia and Europe.

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A series of Crusades – How it went down!

• 1st a small group of common people went to fight. They were led by a small man who wore a monk’s robe.

• Peter the Hermit- led what was called the “people’s crusade” in 1096.

• When they stopped at Constantinople the Emperor there tried to get them to wait for help.

• But most of Peters followers went on and were defeated. – only a small part survived

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• Finally the army sent by the Pope arrived. This army was made up of knights and skilled fighters.

• They joined up with what was left of Peter’s army.

• They captured Jerusalem in 1099.

• During the fighting they, killed about 10,000 of the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish people.

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• A second Crusade had little success. A strong Muslim leader had come to power.

• By 1187 the Muslim leader, Saladin had retaken Jerusalem.

• The king of England Richard I tried to talk him into giving Jerusalem back to the Christians.

• He refused saying the land is just as important to us as it is to you.

• But the land was reopen to Christian pilgrims.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

What was the main goal of the crusaders?CrusadesJerusalemPilgrimHoly Land

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The Power of the Kings• At the start of the 1200’s some lords had more wealth

than the king. • Feudalism began to weaken and the power of the

kings began to grow. • One reason why was the growth of towns and cities. • Kings agreed to protect towns in return for money

paid by townspeople.• With that money, kings hired armies to attack nobles

who gave them too much trouble.

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• As kings became more powerful, they united more of their kingdom.

• The larger kingdoms began to turn in to nations.

Manors Small Kingdoms / Cities Larger Kingdoms

Nations / Countries

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• This happened because people began to think of themselves as English or French.

• They were no longer loyal to their lords but now they were loyal to the king and his government.

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Changes in England• By the 1200’s, England was almost a nation.• Here’s how it happened. • In 1066, William of Normandy, a French Duke,

Conqueror England. • He was a strong ruler and he made sure that he

had more power than his nobles. • Later John became king in 1199. He forced

people to pay heavy taxes. He put his enemies in jail unfairly.

• He took land from the Church.

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• John and angered the nobles and clergy. • Pope declared that John was no longer the

king. • English nobles and bishops gave John a list of

demands. • He was forced to put his royal seal on the list

called the Magna Carta. • These new laws limited the king’s power. • People could no longer be jailed without a

reason and taxes had to be approved by others

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• A group of advisors to the king later became the Model Parliament.

• The Magna Carta also strengthened the king’s power.

• Because now that the nobles had a say in the government, they were more willing to support the king.

Brain Pop video

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The Hundred Year’s War

• In 1328, the French king died. King Edward III of England claimed to be king of France.

• The French nobles did not agree.

• Edward III invaded France and this began the Hundred Years’ War.

• England has one most of the battle but it all changed when a French peasant girl called Joan of Arc took charge of the French forces.

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• She lead the French the forces to victory after victory against the English.

• In 1430 she was taken prisoner and put on trial for witchcraft. She was convicted and burned at the stake.

• Her death inspired the French to more victories and by 1453, the English had been driven from most of France.

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• During this war new weapons helped to increase the power of the soldiers.

• Armored knights became less valuable in battle.

• Castles could not stop cannonballs and kings needed large armies

• The Hundred Years’ War also led to national feelings in France and England.

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Summary:

• Questions: • Answers:

Why did feudalism decline?