chapter 52: animal behavior, ethology, & behavioral ecology

Chapter 52:Animal Behavior, Ethology, &

Behavioral Ecology

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 51.1 A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned cranes (Grus japonicus)


Figure 51.2 A male African cichlid (Neolamprologus tetracephalus) with erect fins

Dorsal fin

Anal fin

Figure 51.3 Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern

(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. Theaggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. Theother models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.


Figure 51.4 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on aggressive behavior by male sticklebacks

BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.

PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulusthat releases aggression in a male stickleback.

ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreasesthe chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.


Figure 51.5 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on imprinting in graylag geese

BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.

PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

Figure 51.6 Imprinting for conservation

Figure 51.7 A kinesis and a taxis

Dry open area

Moist site under leaf

Directionof rivercurrent

(a) Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment.

(b) Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.


Figure 51.8 Bird migration, a behavior that is largely under genetic control


Figure 51.9 Minnows responding to the presence of an alarm substance

(a) Minnows are widely dispersed in an aquarium before an alarm substance is introduced.

(b) Within seconds of the alarm substance being introduced, minnows aggregate near thebottom of the aquarium and reduce their movement.


Figure 51.12 How does dietary environment affect mate choice by female Drosophila mojavensis?

The difference in mate selection shown by females that developed on different diets indicates that mate choice by females of Sonoran populations of D. mojavensis is strongly influenced by the dietary environment in which larvae develop.

William Etges raised a D. mojavensis population from Baja California and a D. mojavensis population from Sonora on three different culture media: artificial medium, agria cactus (the Baja host plant), and organ pipe cactus (the Sonoran host plant). From each culture medium, Etges collected 15 male and female Baja D. mojavensis pairs and 15 Sonoran pairs and observed the numbers of matings between males and females from the two populations.

EXPERIMENT

When D. mojavensis had been raised on artificial medium, females from the Sonoran population showed a strong preference for Sonoran males (a). When D. mojavensis had been raised on cactus medium, the Sonoran females mated with Baja and Sonoran males in approximately equal frequency (b).

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

100

75

50

25

0

Pro

porti

on o

f m

atin

gs

by S

onor

an fe

mal

es

(a)

Artificial Organ pipe cactus Agria cactus

Culture medium

With Baja males

With Sonoran males

(b)

Table 51.1 Influence of Cross-Fostering on Male Mice


Figure 51.14 Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest?

A female digger wasp excavates and cares for four or five separate underground nests, flying to each nest daily with food for the single larva in the nest. To test his hypothesis that the wasp uses visual landmarks to locate the nests, Niko Tinbergen marked one nest with a ring of pinecones.

EXPERIMENT

When the wasp returned, she flew to the center of the pinecone circle instead of to the nearby nest. Repeating the experiment with many wasps, Tinbergen obtained the same results.RESULTS

The experiment supported the hypothesis that digger wasps use landmarks to keep track of their nests. CONCLUSION

Nest

NestNo Nest

After the mother visited the nest and flew away, Tinbergen moved the pinecones a few feet to one side of the nest.

Figure 51.16 Operant conditioning


Figure 51.17 Young chimpanzees learning to crack oil palm nuts by observing older chimpanzees


Figure 51.20 Evolution of foraging behavior by laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster

14

12

10

8

6

2

0

Ave

rage

pat

h le

ngth

(cm

)

4

L1 L2 L3 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5

D. Melanogaster lineages

Low population density

High population density


Figure 51.21 Evidence of a genetic basis for migratory orientation

(a) Blackcaps placed in a funnel cage left marks indicating the direction in which they were trying to migrate.

N

E

S

W

Adults from Britain and F1 offspring of British adults

N

E

S

WYoungfrom SW Germany

Mediterranean Sea

BRITAIN

GERMANY

(b) Wintering blackcaps captured in Britain and their laboratory-raised offspring had a migratory orientation toward the west, while young birds from Germany were oriented toward the southwest.

Figure 51.23 Feeding by bluegill sunfish

Low prey density High prey density

33%33%33%

32.5%32.5%35%

2%40%

57%

100%

50%35%

14%

33%33%33%

Small preyMedium preyLarge prey



Percentage available

Predicted percentage in diet

Observed percentage in diet

Large prey at far distance

Small prey at middle distance

Small prey at close distance

Figure 51.30 Agonistic behavior


Figure 51.33 Naked mole rats, a species of colonial mammal that exhibits altruistic behavior

Figure 51.34 The coefficient of relatedness between siblings

Parent A Parent B

OR

Sibling 1 Sibling 2

1/2 (0.5) probability

1/2 (0.5) probability


Figure 51.35 Kin selection and altruism in Belding’s ground squirrel

Male

Female

Age (months)

Mea

n di

stan

ce

mov

ed fr

om

nata

l bur

row

(m)

300

200

100

00 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 25 26


Figure 51.36 Mate choice copying by female guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Male guppieswith varying degrees ofcoloration

Control Sample

Female guppies prefermales with more orangecoloration.

Experimental Sample

Female modelengaged incourtship withless orangemale

Female guppies prefer lessorange males that are associatedwith another female.

Figure 51.37 Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls

Figure 51.38 Both genes and culture build human nature

chapter 52: animal behavior, ethology, & behavioral ecology

Documents

pearson education

benjamin cummingsfigure

aggressive behavior

animal behavior

ultimate perspectives

mate choice

evolution of foraging

male sticklebackscopyright