chapter 52—population ecology - hartland ap biology
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 52—Population
Ecology
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Essential Questions
• How do we measure a population?
• How do populations change over time?
• What factors affect population density, distribution & age structure?
• What are the limits to growth of a population?
• How many humans can the Earth support?
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I. Characteristics of Populations
• Population
– group of individuals of same species in same
general area
• rely on same resources
• interact
• interbreed
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• Population Ecology
– study of populations in relation to environment
– environmental influences on population
density & distribution, age structure, and
variations in population size
What environmental factors affect a population?
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Population Density• How do we measure how many individuals in a
population?
– number of individuals in an area (sample plots)
– mark & recapture methods • N= (# marked in 1st catch x total # in 2nd catch) / # recaptures in 2nd catch
– organism evidence (nests, burrows, tracks, feces)
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Mark & Recapture Example:
• 50 marked in 1st catch
• 2nd catch of 100, 10 are already marked
• How many in the population?
N= 50 x 100 / 10
N = 500
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Patterns of Dispersal
- Spacing patterns within a population
Provides insight into the
environmental associations & social interactions of individuals in population
Figure 50.2
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Clumped Pattern (most common)
WHY?
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Uniform Pattern
• May result from direct interactions between individuals in the
population →→→→territoriality
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Changes to Population Size
• Adding & removing individuals from a population
– birth
– death
– immigration
– emigration
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Demography• Study of factors that affect growth & decline of
populations
– vital statistics & how they change over time
What does this tell you about the
population?
Life Table
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Survivorship Curve
- Graphic representation of life table
Conclusions?
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Survivorship Curves
• What does this tell about survival & strategy of a species?
Figure 50.3
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Reproductive Table• Fertility schedule
– age-specific summary of reproductive rates
for females
Why track only females?
Would a different species have a similar reproductive pattern?
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II. Population GrowthChange in population = births – deaths
• Exponential model (ideal conditions; assumes unlimited resources)
dN = rmaxNdt
N = # of individuals
r = rate of growth
t = time period
growth increasing at constant rate
Figure 52.8
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Exponential Growth Rate
• Characteristic of populations introduced to a new environment or rebounding from a catastrophe
Whooping crane
coming back from near extinction
African elephant
protected from hunting
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Carrying Capacity
• Can populations continue to grow exponentially?– of course NOT!
– what sets limit?
• Carrying Capacity (K)– maximum population
size that environment can support with no degradation of habitat
– not fixed; varies with changes in resources
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Logistic growth
What happens as N
approaches K?
Figure 52.11
Incorporates effect of
population density on rate of increase
dN = rmaxN (K-N/ K)
dt
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Logistic Model of Growth
Doesn’t fit the
pattern of many natural populations
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Life History Traits• K-selection = density dependent
• r-selection = density independent
K-selection
r-selection
mortality constant
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Reproductive Strategies
• K-selection—maximizes K (pop. size)
– have few offspring & invest a lot of
energy in raising them to reproductive age
• primates
• r-selection—maximizes r (growth rate)
– have many offspring & invest little in their survival
• insects
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Trade-OffsNumber &
size of offspring
vs.
Survival of offspring or
parent
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Parental Survival
The cost of larger broods to both male & female parents
Figure 52.6
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III. Population-Limiting Factors
Regulation of population size
• Limiting factors
– density independent
• environmental disturbances
– density dependent
• food supply
• competition
• predators
• Population cycles
– population fluctuations
Dungeness crabs, ocean
currents, & cannibalism
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Limits to growth• Negative feedback prevents unlimited
growth
Density dependent—death rate rises as birth rate falls
Density independent–no change in death rate or birth rate
What does it mean to be density dependent or density independent?
Figure 52.13
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Effects of Increased Population
Density
Figure 52.14
Decreased Fecundity
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Decreased Survivorship
Figure 52.15
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Loss of habitat, predation, climatic changes affecting food availability
Population dynamics• Complex interaction of biotic & abiotic
influences
Decline of Northern Pintail
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Example: Isle Royale studies
Moose population on small island in Lake Superior
Why so unstable?
wolvesstarvation
winter loss
Figure 52.17
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Predator – prey interactions
• Population cycles
Figure 52.19
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IV. Human Population Growth
What factors have contributed to this exponential growth pattern?
Where in the world is most of the population growth occurring?
Figure 52.20
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Demographic Transition
What do the data imply about population growth in these countries?
Figure 52.21
High birth and
death rates →
Low birth and
death rates
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Age Structure
• Relative number of individuals of each ageWhat do the data imply about population growth in these countries?
Figure 52.22
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Ecological Footprint
Based on land & water area appropriated to produce all resources a country consumes & to absorb all wastes it generates
Is the human population near carrying capacity?
2011 = ~6.9 billion
K = 10–15 billion??
deficit
surplus
Figure 52.23