chapter 55: conservation biology & restoration ecology 1.what is conservation biology? -the...

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r 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology servation biology? egration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological diversity , physiology, molecular biology, genetics & evolutionary biology toration ecology? ecological principles to return humanly disturbed ecosystems back r natural state diversity? cal diversity s tic diversity enetic variation within a population & genetic variation etween populations ies diversity he variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere hreatened species – species likely to be considered endangered n the foreseeable future ndangered species – species in danger of becoming extinct ithin their range ystem diversity he variety of biosphere’s ecosystems xtinction of 1 species can impact its community & ecosystem

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Page 1: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1. What is conservation biology?

- The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels- Ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics & evolutionary biology

2. What is restoration ecology?- Applies ecological principles to return humanly disturbed ecosystems back

to their natural state3. What is biodiversity?

- Biological diversity- 3 levels

- Genetic diversity- Genetic variation within a population & genetic variation

between populations- Species diversity

- The variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere- Threatened species – species likely to be considered endangered

in the foreseeable future- Endangered species – species in danger of becoming extinct

within their range- Ecosystem diversity

- The variety of biosphere’s ecosystems - Extinction of 1 species can impact its community & ecosystem

Page 2: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.2 Three levels of biodiversity

Genetic diversity in a vole population

Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem

Community and ecosystem diversityacross the landscape of an entire region

Page 3: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

EXPRIMENT

Researchers observed that the population collapse of the greater prairie chicken was mirrored in a reduction in fertility, as measured by the hatching rate of eggs. Comparison of DNA samples from the Jasper County, Illinois, population with DNA from feathers in museum specimens showed that genetic variation had declined in the study population. In 1992, researchers began experimental translocations of prairie chickens from Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska in an attempt to increase genetic variation.

RESULTS After translocation (blue arrow), the viability of eggs rapidly improved, and the population rebounded.

CONCLUSION The researchers concluded that lack of genetic variation had started the Jasper County population of prairie chickens down the extinction vortex.

Num

ber

of m

ale

bird

s

(a) Population dynamics

(b) Hatching rate

200

150

100

50

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

Egg

s ha

tche

d (%

)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990 1993-97

Years

Figure 55.10

Page 4: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1. What is conservation biology?2. What is restoration ecology?3. What is biodiversity?4. What things are threatening biodiversity?

- Habitat loss- Introduced species- Overexploitation- Disruption of interaction networks (honeybee / pollination)

Page 5: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.1 Tropical deforestation in West Kalimantan, Borneo

Habitat loss

Page 6: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

(a) A red-cockaded woodpecker perches at the entrance to its nest site in a longleaf pine.

(b) Forest that can sustain red-cockaded woodpeckers has low undergrowth.

(c) Forest that cannot sustain red-cockaded woodpeckers has high, dense undergrowth that impacts the woodpeckers’ access to feeding grounds.

Figure 55.13a–c

Page 7: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.6 Two introduced species

(a) Brown tree snake, intro- duced to Guam in cargo

(b) Introduced kudzu thriving in South Carolina

Page 8: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.7 Overexploitation

North Atlantic bluefin tuna

Page 9: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1. What is conservation biology?2. What is restoration ecology?3. What is biodiversity?4. What things are threatening biodiversity?5. What’s the difference between fragmentation, an edge, and a corridor?

- Fragmentation – division of natural habitat- Edge – boundary between ecosystems – species rich- Corridor – movement strip that connects habitats

Page 10: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.15

Page 11: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Figure 55.16 An artificial corridor

Page 12: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots

Equator

Figure 55.17

Page 13: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Biotic boundary forshort-term survival;MVP is 50 individuals.

Biotic boundary forlong-term survival;MVP is 500 individuals.

Grand TetonNational Park

Wyo

min

g

Idah

o

43

42

41

40

0 50 100

Kilometers

Snake R.

Yellowstone National Park

Shoshone R.

Montana

Wyoming

Montana

Idaho

Mad

ison

R.

Gal

latin

R.

Yellowstone R.

Figure 55.18

(a) Boundaries of the zoned reserves are indicated by black outlines.

(b) Local schoolchildren marvel at the diversity of life in one of Costa Rica’s reserves.

Nicaragua

CostaRica

Pan

amaNational park land

Buffer zone

PACIFIC OCEAN

CARIBBEAN SEA

Figure 55.19a, b

Page 14: Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology 1.What is conservation biology? -The integration of all aspects of biology to conserve biological

Biophilia• The evolutionary connection between

human beings and other plants/animals within the environment.

(a) Detail of animals in a Paleolithic mural, Lascaux, France(b) Biologist Carlos Rivera Gonzales examining a tiny tree frog in PeruFigure 55.24b