chapter 56 first aid for accidents and injuries copyright ©2012 delmar, cengage learning. all...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 56
First Aid for Accidents and Injuries
Copyright ©2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Accidents and Injuries
• Knowing basic first aid is critical• Seek medical assistance if unsure or untrained
to render aid
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Foreign Bodies• In the eye
– Remove with fold of tissue or moistened cotton– Turn upper lid over swab and
remove >>– Flush with water– Embedded material requires
medical intervention– Cover both eyes with compress– Advise not to rub
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Foreign Bodies
• In the ear– Instill warm water; then drain– Avoid oil with smooth objects– Irrigate out objects that will not swell with water
• In the nose– Irrigate or reach with forceps
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Foreign Bodies
• Swallowed items– Will move through the body and be eliminated
• Splinters– Use needle or thumb forceps– Area washed and covered with adhesive bandage
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Foreign Bodies
• Fish hook– Removal techniques– Clean and dress wounds– Tetanus and antibiotic
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Strains and Sprains
• Strains– Rest in comfortable
position– Ice then heat– Analgesic or muscle
relaxers
• Sprains– Elevate– Apply ice first 48-72
hours– Elastic bandage for
support
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Dislocations
• Usually severe pain and deformity at joint• Immobilize and get medical attention
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Fractures
• Closed or simple• Open or compound
– Control bleeding– Splint as is
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Fractures
• Treat for shock• Check pulse, motor and sensory reflexes• Medical attention as soon as possible
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Bites and Stings
• Can come from humans, animals, or insects• Can be superficial or break the skin
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Bites
• Animal bites– Cleanse thoroughly– Provider examination– Report bite to authorities– Observe animal– Anti-rabies serum if rabid or animal status not
available– Snake bites
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Bites
• Human bites– Skin surface breaks and biter has bleeding gums– Give hepatitis B immunization– Tetanus injection
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Stings
• Number of stings is a factor• Allergic response
– Restlessness– Shortness of breath with cyanotic skin– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea– Need for emergency kit
• Remove stinger by scraping
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Burns
• Types– Thermal – Chemical– Electrical
• Degree of skin involvement– First-degree– Second-degree– Third- and fourth-degree
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Classification of Burns
• Based on percentage of body surface area and degree of skin involvement
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Treatment of Burns
• Minor burn– Treat with cold water– No butter or ointment– No ice (due to frostbite possibility)– Photosensitive drugs increase sunburn risk
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Treatment of Burns
• Second-degree– Can involve prevention of shock– Remove jewelry, due to edema– Force fluids– Cover area with sterile dressing– Provider breaks blisters
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Treatment of Burns
• Third- and fourth-degree– Immediate medical treatment– Surgical intervention possible– Replacement fluids by IV– Pain medication and tetanus– No cleaning, cover with sterile dressing– Treatment for shock
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Treatment of Burns
• Electrical– Remove victim from electrical source
• Electrical shut-off• Water conduction danger
– Administer CPR if in arrest– Treat burn as non-electrical– Damage along conduction path
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Treatment of Burns
• Chemical– Remove clothing from area– Brush off dry chemical first– Flood with water– Cover with sterile dressing– If in eye, flush for 20 minutes and have provider
examine
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Use of Heat and Cold
• Disposable packs, activate and reuse– May place in covering or towel
• Use on 20 minutes, off 10
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Cold Applications
• Decreases local circulation
• Provides local anesthetic
• Relieves inflammation• Controls bleeding and
swelling
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Heat Applications
• Increases tissue temperature
• Increases circulation• Increases healing• Decreases pain• Relieves congestion in
deep tissues
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Wounds
• Abrasions, scrapes of epidermis– Treat by cleaning and applying dressing
• Avulsion– Clean and replace flap of torn skin
• Incision, clean cut by sharp object– May require Steri-strips or sutures to close
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Wounds
• Laceration, tearing of the tissue– Hard to clean and close
• Puncture– From pointed object or bite– Clean thoroughly
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Cleaning Wounds
• Clean and assess• Wash (Betadine) or other antibacterial agent• Apply disinfectant• Pressure bandage is applied• Prepare suture setup
With severe bleeding, initial cleaning is delayed until medical care is received
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Dressing and Bandaging Wounds
• Apply nonstick dressing• Bandage with appropriate material
– Tubular gauze and cylinder– Open or closed spiral– Figure-eight– Cravat from triangular bandage
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Bandaging
Figure Eight Cravat
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