chapter 59
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Chapter 59. Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function. Hypothalamus and Pituitary. Related anatomically and functionally Regulate all bodily processes 15 hormones and regulatory factors. Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Endocrinology. Hormones of the anterior pituitary - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 59
Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function
2Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Related anatomically and functionally Regulate all bodily processes 15 hormones and regulatory factors
3Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Endocrinology
Hormones of the anterior pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Corticotropin Thyrotropin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin
Hormones of the posterior pituitary Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone
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Fig. 59–2. Negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
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Growth Hormone Biologic effects
Promotes growth Promotes protein synthesis Carbohydrate metabolism
Physiology Regulation of release Biologic effects Promotion of protein synthesis Effect on carbohydrate metabolism
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Growth Hormone Pathophysiology
Deficiency• Pediatric: short stature• Adult: reduced muscle mass
Excess• Pediatric: gigantism• Adult: acromegaly• Treatment overview
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Growth Hormone Therapeutic uses
Pediatric growth hormone deficiency Pediatric non–growth-hormone-deficient short
stature Pediatric short stature associated with Prader-Willi
syndrome (PWS) Adult growth hormone deficiency
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Growth Hormone Adverse effects and interactions
Hyperglycemia Neutralizing antibodies Carpal tunnel syndrome Fatality in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome Interaction with glucocorticoids
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Fig. 59–3. Regulation of growth hormone release.
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Acromegaly Growth hormone excess Pituitary adenoma Clinical manifestations Treatment
Surgery Radiation Somatostatin
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Somatropin (Humatrope) 10 preparations available Identical to human GH IM or subQ administration
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Mecasermin (Increlex)
Synthetic of natural insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
Used in GH deficiency that is not responsive to GH treatment
Adverse effects• Hypoglycemia, hypertrophy of tonsils, intracranial
hypertension, vomiting, arthralgia, otitis media, elevation of serum aminotransferases and lipids, overgrowth of fat, facial bones, and kidneys
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Prolactin Produced by the anterior pituitary Stimulation of milk production after parturition Effects of hypersecretion (excessive
secretion) Females: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility,
possible delay of puberty in girls Males: reduced libido and potency, galactorrhea,
possible delay of puberty in boys
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Prolactin Treatment for hypersecretion
Suppression of prolactin release • Cabergoline (Dostinex)• Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
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Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Thyrotropin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Corticotropin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Antidiuretic Hormone ADH: also known as vasopressin
Promotes renal conservation of water Works on the collecting ducts of the kidney to
increase their permeability to water Produced in the hypothalamus
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Antidiuretic Hormone Therapeutic uses
Diabetes insipidus Cardiac arrest Postoperative abdominal distention Preparation for abdominal radiography Desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) Hemophilia A Von Willebrand’s disease
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ADH Use with Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes insipidus
Deficiency of ADH• Polydipsia (excessive thirst)• Excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
Treatment: ADH replacement• Desmopressin (agent of choice)• Vasopressin
Adverse effects• Water intoxication• Excessive vasoconstriction
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Antidiuretic Hormone Antagonist Conivaptan (Vaprisol)
ADH antagonist Used in short-term IV therapy for hyponatremia in
hospitalized patients with euvolemia and/or hypervolemia
Monitor serum sodium closely owing to risk of hypernatremia
Tolvaptan Oral vasopressin antagonist Used to reduce hyponatremia in euvolemic or
hypervolemic patients
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Oxytocin Produced by hypothalamus Stored in posterior pituitary Two physiologic roles
Promotion of uterine contractions during labor Stimulation of milk ejection during breast-feeding
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Drugs for Acromegaly Somatostatin analogs
Octreotide and lanreotide GH receptor antagonist
Pegvisomant (Somavert)
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Drugs Related to Hypothalamic Function
Seven regulatory factors in the hypothalamus Have only three clinical applications GnRH and its synthetic analogs: to treat prostate
cancer and endometriosis and to induce ovulation CRH: diagnose adrenal disorders Somatostatin: acromegaly
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones Leuprolide Goserelin Nafarelin Gonadorelin