chapter 6-3 rate of change. how do new species form? a new species can form when a group of...
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Chapter 6-3
Rate of Change
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How Do New Species Form?
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits that prevent reproduction.
Example-Fig 1 on p181 The squirrels are separated by the Grand Canyon. They are the species but overtime can become separate species.
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What Patterns Describe the Rate of Evolution?
Two patterns describe the pace of evolution: gradualism & punctuated equilibrium.
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Gradualism
Involves small changes that add up to major changes over a long period of time.
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Punctuated Equilibrium
Short periods of rapid change and then don’t change much.
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Primates
A group of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians
Characteristics:Opposable thumb (bends opposite index
finger)Binocular vision (eyes at front of head, 3-
D)
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Our closest living relative?
Chimpanzee!
97% of our genetic material is identical
Humans did not descend from chimpsInstead, humans and chimps share a common
ancestor• Split approximately 7 mya
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Hominids
Hominids include humans and human-like ancestors
Walk upright on two legs for locomotionCalled bipedalism
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Prosimians
First primatesAbout 55 mya
Only 1 species, the lemur survives today
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Australopithecines
“Southern Man Ape”
Long arms, short legs, small brains
Brains are larger than ape brains, but smaller than modern humans
Lucy (1979) 2 myaFootprints 3.6 myaAustralopithicus afarensis
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Homo habilis
“Handy Man”
2.3 mya
Used crude stone tools
Short in size, small brain, and large jaw
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Homo habilis
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Homo erectus
Survived for nearly 1 million yearsLonger than any other species
Lived in caves, built fires, wore clothing, hunted large animals, made tools
Migrated across the globe
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Homo sapiens?Neanderthals
230,000 years ago
Hunted large animals, made fires, wore clothing
Cared for the sick and elderly, buried the dead
Heavy brow rides, larger brain than modern humans
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Homo sapiensCro-Magnon
100,000 years old
Smaller and flatter faces, high round skulls, thicker and heavier bones
Made cave paintings, sculptures, and carvings
Complex social organization and civilizations
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Cave Paintings