Vocabulary republic: system of government in which officials are chosen by the

people. patriancian: member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome. consul: official from the patriacian class who supervised the government

and commanded the army. dictator: a ruler appointed for six months in time of emergency. plebian: member of the lower class in Rome,

including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders. tribune: official in ancient Rome who was elected by the plebeians to

protect their interests. veto: power to block a government action. legion: basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000

soldiers. aqueduct: bridge-like stone structure that carried water from hills into

the cities. messiah: savior sent by God. sect:  small religious group. martyr: person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs. bishop: head of a diocese. pope: head of the Roman Catholic Church heresy: religious belief that is contrary to the church's beliefs. mercenary: solider serving in foreign army for pay.

Rome : The two theoriesRome : The two theories There are two theories of how the Great Roman There are two theories of how the Great Roman

history began:history began:

One theory is that after the Trojan war a Greek One theory is that after the Trojan war a Greek Prince Aeneas looked for a new place to go and Prince Aeneas looked for a new place to go and ended up in Rome and became friends with the ended up in Rome and became friends with the Estruscans who had lived there (in Italy).Estruscans who had lived there (in Italy).

The second was the story of Romulus and Remus The second was the story of Romulus and Remus the sons of Mars. They were protected by wolves the sons of Mars. They were protected by wolves and then a farmer took them home and raised and then a farmer took them home and raised them. They became very powerful people in them. They became very powerful people in society and were constantly fighting. During one society and were constantly fighting. During one brawl Romulus killed Remus and became the first brawl Romulus killed Remus and became the first ruler of Rome. ruler of Rome.

In 800 b.c. the Latins settled along the Tiber River in In 800 b.c. the Latins settled along the Tiber River in small villages in the 7 low-lying hills.small villages in the 7 low-lying hills.

Herded and farmed.Herded and farmed. Etruscans in the north of Rome had the biggest Etruscans in the north of Rome had the biggest

influenceinfluence They learned the alphabet from the Etruscans They learned the alphabet from the Etruscans Etruscan gods and goddesses mixed with Roman Etruscan gods and goddesses mixed with Roman

deities.deities. Romans took over the Etruscans in 509 B.C.Romans took over the Etruscans in 509 B.C. And had grown into a city.And had grown into a city.

GovernmentGovernment Set up a new form of government.Set up a new form of government. Officials were elected by the people called a Republic.Officials were elected by the people called a Republic. This new form of government prevented people from gaining too much power.This new form of government prevented people from gaining too much power. Between 509 B.C. – 133 B.C. adapted their government. to meet changing needs, Between 509 B.C. – 133 B.C. adapted their government. to meet changing needs,

such as a stronger military.such as a stronger military. The most powerful body was the senate.The most powerful body was the senate. Senators served for life.Senators served for life. They issued decreesThey issued decrees Interpreted the lawsInterpreted the laws Elected two consulsElected two consuls

300 members of patricians or landholding upper-class.300 members of patricians or landholding upper-class. Counsels Counsels

supervised the government supervised the government Commanded the armiesCommanded the armiesthey were partitioned they were partitioned they only served one termthey only served one term

Systems of checks on the power of the governmentSystems of checks on the power of the government During war the senate elected the senate a dictatorDuring war the senate elected the senate a dictator

• Plebeians (farmers, artisans, traders) controlled most of the population.

• their first break through was in 450 B.C• They protested that they didn’t know the laws because

they weren’t written down.• The government then had the laws written down on 12

tablets and placed in a market place in the center of Rome.

• This eventually led to them being able to appeal as well as the right to elect their own officials.

• Their officials were called tribunes- they vetoed laws that were harmful to the plebeians.

• Eventually the Plebeians could join the senate.

Expansion in ItalyExpansion in Italy By 270 B.C. occupied all of ItalyBy 270 B.C. occupied all of Italy They had become skillful diplomatsThey had become skillful diplomats Had a skill and well organized armyHad a skill and well organized army Soldiers weren’t paid and had to supply their own weaponsSoldiers weren’t paid and had to supply their own weapons A legion was a basic unit of the army and had 5,000 menA legion was a basic unit of the army and had 5,000 men Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments.Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments. They treated their defected enemies with justiceThey treated their defected enemies with justice They acknowledge roman leaders They acknowledge roman leaders Paid taxesPaid taxes Supplied soldiersSupplied soldiers And could keep their own customs, money, and local And could keep their own customs, money, and local

government.government.

The Punic wars 264 B.C. – 146 The Punic wars 264 B.C. – 146 B.C.B.C.

11stst War: War:

- Rome defeated Rome defeated CarthageCarthage

- Forcinjg it to surreder Forcinjg it to surreder Silcily, Sardenia, & Silcily, Sardenia, & CorsicaCorsica

- Gained much control Gained much control of medittereanean of medittereanean

- Battled in waterBattled in water- At first there was no At first there was no

navy and then they navy and then they built up a great one.built up a great one.

22ndnd War: War:

- 23 years later.- 23 years later.- Hannibal was the Carthaginian general.The son Hannibal was the Carthaginian general.The son

of Hemilcar Barca, a former Carthinagin of Hemilcar Barca, a former Carthinagin genrealgenreal

- He sought revengeHe sought revenge- 218 he set out from Spain with war elephants218 he set out from Spain with war elephants- Eh tried to sneak up on Rman from ther NorthEh tried to sneak up on Rman from ther North- Across the mountains throguh France & italy.Across the mountains throguh France & italy.- The won batlle after battle for 15 daysThe won batlle after battle for 15 days- Romans attacked Carthage and then Romans attacked Carthage and then

Hannibal’s army had to go back home to Hannibal’s army had to go back home to defend.defend.

- Rome wins and now contorls the reast of the Rome wins and now contorls the reast of the west.west.

• 3rd War :-Romans sent troops to Carthage.-Destroyed Carthagnian cities and then spread salt.-The Roman General Scippio Africanas was the Roman General who attacked Carthage. Africa is named after him.

In control of busy trade routesIn control of busy trade routes Riches flooded RomeRiches flooded Rome Social and Economic conquestsSocial and Economic conquests- New class of wealthy Romans New class of wealthy Romans

emergedemerged- Wealthy families built Wealthy families built

mansions and imported mansions and imported luxuriesluxuries

- Farmers fell into debt and had Farmers fell into debt and had to sell their landto sell their land

- Unemployment rate increased Unemployment rate increased and created a large gap and created a large gap between the rich and the poorbetween the rich and the poor

- Increase in corruptionIncrease in corruption- Self interest replaced hard Self interest replaced hard

work, simplicity and devotionwork, simplicity and devotion

Tiberus and Graius Tiberus and Graius attempted reform.attempted reform.

In 133 B.C Tiberius was In 133 B.C Tiberius was elected a trinbune.elected a trinbune.

10 years later Graius was 10 years later Graius was elected a tribune.elected a tribune.

They called on senate They called on senate and supported public and supported public funds for grain for the funds for grain for the poor.poor.

There was an extension There was an extension of full citizenship. of full citizenship.

The brothers as well as The brothers as well as thousands of others were thousands of others were killed by senators and killed by senators and hered thugs.hered thugs.

Over the next hundred years there were a series of civil wars.

There was a struggle of power between the senate and the popular political leaders.

Warfare changed old legions of solider into highly professional soldiers.

Julius Caesar an able commander dominated Roman politics with Pompeii.

59 B.C Caesar set out and after 9 years brought Gaul under Roman control.

Senate ordered him to disband his army.

Caesar defied this order. He conquered saying “Veni Vidi Vici”

and forced senate to make him dictator.

48 B.C. – 44 B.C. Made reforms such as public works Reorganized Roman provinces The most lasting reform was the

Julian calendar. They feared he would name himself

king. They plotted against him and he was

killed on the Ides of March.

Marc Anthony & Octavian joined forces to hunt Marc Anthony & Octavian joined forces to hunt down ceasers murderers. down ceasers murderers.

In 31 B.C Octavian defeated marc Anthony and his In 31 B.C Octavian defeated marc Anthony and his ally queen Cleopatra of Egypt.ally queen Cleopatra of Egypt.

The seanate declaired Octavian Augugstus or The seanate declaired Octavian Augugstus or exultd one.exultd one.

He ha absolut power named his sucsessor he He ha absolut power named his sucsessor he ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D.ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D.

The public came to an end under his rule.The public came to an end under his rule.

Imperial RomeImperial Rome Rome recovered from civil wars.Rome recovered from civil wars. Had efficant civil service with inforcing laws.Had efficant civil service with inforcing laws. High level jobs were offered to men with talent High level jobs were offered to men with talent

regartless with class.regartless with class. Economic reforms includedEconomic reforms included- fair tax system fair tax system - Ordered a sensis Ordered a sensis - Postal servicePostal service- Gave people jobs building roads and Aquaduts and Gave people jobs building roads and Aquaduts and

farmingfarming Augustus government worked well for two hundred Augustus government worked well for two hundred

years, but the death of an Emperer led to increasing years, but the death of an Emperer led to increasing violenceviolence

Good & Evil Emperors Good & Evil Emperors

EvilEvilCaligula (Little Boots)Caligula (Little Boots)

Was insane and evil. He Was insane and evil. He named his horse head named his horse head consul. consul. NeroNero

He persecuted Christians He persecuted Christians because he blamed them because he blamed them for setting the fire that for setting the fire that destroyed much of Rome.destroyed much of Rome.

GoodGoodHadrianHadrian

- Codified Roman lawCodified Roman law- Build a wall across Britain Build a wall across Britain

to hold back attackers it to hold back attackers it bordered Britain and bordered Britain and Scotland.Scotland.Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

- Red philosophy on Red philosophy on military companions.military companions.

- Committed to his dutyCommitted to his duty

Pax Romana Pax Romana

Two hundred years from the rein of Two hundred years from the rein of Augustus to Marcus Aurelius.Augustus to Marcus Aurelius.

Brought peace prosperity to Roman Brought peace prosperity to Roman Empire.Empire.

Egypt supplied grain Africa supplied Egypt supplied grain Africa supplied gold, ivory, and wild animals, the gold, ivory, and wild animals, the silk road brought exotic goods from silk road brought exotic goods from China.China.

People also spread the ideas and People also spread the ideas and knowledge.knowledge.

Roman Achievement

• Greco Roman Civilization • Absorbed Greek Culture• Greek Art• Literature• Philosophy• Science• Blend of Greek, Hallenistic &

Roman Traditions• Art • Improved greek Statues• Roman sculptures adapted

Greek styles• Architecture• Used Greek columns • Emphasized grandeur• Improved arches & domes• Engineering• Made an Aqueduct

• Literature, Philosophy & History• Many Roman spoke Greek• Used location to create literature • Poetry• Aeneid wrote an epic poem (virgil)• Orid Linked Rome to create by

retelling tales • Historians• Liby tried to arouse fellings &

restore traditions, reconted tales of great heros

• Tacitus wrote bitterly about Agustus & his succesors, he felt the destroyed Roman Liberty

by 63b.c Rome conquered by 63b.c Rome conquered

Palestine and most of the Jews.Palestine and most of the Jews.

Romans tolerated Jews.Romans tolerated Jews.

Jews had 1 God.Jews had 1 God.

Jews absorbed Greek customsJews absorbed Greek customs

Jews rules were strictJews rules were strict

Zealots, or other Jews, had a Zealots, or other Jews, had a different motive than the Jewish different motive than the Jewish priests. They wanted to break priests. They wanted to break awayaway

They called on Jews to revolt They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish a against Rome and reestablish a independent Israelindependent Israel

Jesus, the messiah would appear Jesus, the messiah would appear to lead the Jews to freedomto lead the Jews to freedom

Roman forces crushed rebels, Roman forces crushed rebels, captured Jerusalem and destroyed captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple.the Jewish temple.

drove Jews out of their homeland drove Jews out of their homeland and forbade them to return. and forbade them to return.

This scattering of Jews was known This scattering of Jews was known as dispora. as dispora.

Jews did survive in scattered Jews did survive in scattered communities around the communities around the Mediterranean. Mediterranean.

Many Jews wanted to rebuild an Many Jews wanted to rebuild an independent Jewish state in independent Jewish state in Palestine. Palestine.

Founder of ChristianityMost of what we know of him is from the gospel accounts.born 4b.c in Bethlehem to a family of decedents of King David. the angel Gabriel came to his mother one night and said "she will bear child and he will be called son of most high, God“growing up he was a regular Jewish boy.worked as a carpenter with his father Josephperformed miracles and preached the word of God. many people came to see him speak. he preached strict obedience to the law of Moses and defended the teachings of Jewish prophets. His main thing he preached about was love your enemies.Some welcomed him and loved his teaching others called him a dangerous trouble maker.betrayed by one of his apostles and condemned to death by the Jews. They said he committed blasphemy.He had death on the cross. He carried his cross and was nailed to it. a mockery was made of his death. On the top of his cross the letters INRI were inscribed which means "King of the Jews."

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

Christianity remained a sect w/in Judaism.Christianity remained a sect w/in Judaism.work of Paul.work of Paul.Paul a Jew from Asia Minor began wide spread of a Paul a Jew from Asia Minor began wide spread of a new religion.new religion.He a a vision a Jesus spoke to him. He said that he He a a vision a Jesus spoke to him. He said that he must go out and spread the word of God. must go out and spread the word of God. he would spread the word everywhere even to non-he would spread the word everywhere even to non-Jews called Gentiles.Jews called Gentiles.Paul emphasized the idea that Jesus sacrificed his Paul emphasized the idea that Jesus sacrificed his life for our sake and out of love for all people.life for our sake and out of love for all people.He said that if you followed the word of God you will He said that if you followed the word of God you will achieve salvation or eternal life. achieve salvation or eternal life.

PersecutionPersecution

Roman didn't like Christianity. Roman officials saw Roman didn't like Christianity. Roman officials saw Christians as disloyal to Rome because they refused Christians as disloyal to Rome because they refused to make sacrifices the emperor or to the Roman to make sacrifices the emperor or to the Roman Gods.Gods.Many people accused them of evil practices for Many people accused them of evil practices for hiding their meetings.hiding their meetings.Persecution grew at a rapid pace during the Roman Persecution grew at a rapid pace during the Roman empire. empire. Many Christians became martyrs. Paul was also Many Christians became martyrs. Paul was also killed during the reign of Nero.killed during the reign of Nero.

Survival of ChristianitySurvival of Christianity

Christianity continued to grow stronger.Christianity continued to grow stronger.Jesus welcomed all people and many people found Jesus welcomed all people and many people found comfort in his message .comfort in his message .Christians added many ideas from great Christians added many ideas from great philosophers.philosophers.Even through all the persecution many people Even through all the persecution many people converted. converted.

Role of womenRole of women

Women were just important as men were. Women were just important as men were. They too preached the word of God and looked for They too preached the word of God and looked for converts.converts.

Christians finally began to organize and they formed a church. Communities had their own priest and the priest were followers of bishops. A bishop was responsible for all Christians in their diocese. Many great bishops moved up to archbishop who would direct the other bishops in his area.Only men were allowed to join the Christian clergy.Many of the bishops were being very competitive because the wanted to move up.Finally the decisions to have the bishop of Rome become the pope was made. He was the head of the R.C.CAs the church accepted moor e and more people it made many new rules.A council of Christians met to decide the official Teachings of the Christian faith.They accepted the New Testaments which was 27 books about the life of Jesus, sent out missionaries to spread the word and try to get people to convert and they also fought off heresy. Christian persecution ended in ad 313.Ryman power began to fade as the Christina religion rose  but the empire was still strong.

• The pax roman ended in 180.

• The roman empire was in a time of disaster for about 100 years.

•Many generals were overthrown in the matter of months.

• Many farmers left their farms and went to seek protection from wealthy landowners.

• Many farmers made their own plots on the land of the wealthy.

• They were almost like serfs because they weren't allowed to leave the land without permission.

Diocletian and Constantine each set up strongone-man rule during their times as leader. They

bothinitiated many reforms.

Diocletian:• Strived to restore order.• He divided the empire into two parts.• Appointed a co-emperor to take care of the

western, or poorer part, and the co-emperor had to obey his commands.

• Surrounded himself with extravagant ceremonies to show off.

• He also took steps to end economic decay. Such as fixing prices at set rates so they don’t rise as much and making farmers stay on their farms at all times.

• These rules were made to modify the supply of food and other goods.

Constantine:• Gained the throne in 312.• Continued many of Diocletian's reforms.• He granted toleration to the Christians and

he encouraged the growth of Christianity.• He built a new capital in the east because it

was richer than the west.• The capital was Constantinople.

This made the eastern Roman empire do better than the western Roman empire

As rome grew weaker more invaders tried toconquer it. Their were 2 main ivaders the Visogoths and theHuns.

The Visogoths:• Germanic barbarians • They sought safety by entering the empire.• The Visogoths attacked Rome. • Rmoe suffered a bad defeat.• General Alerac overran Italy and plundered Rome.• When troops from all over the Empire came to Rome, the borders were left

unguarded, and more Germanic tribes came in.

The Huns

• Led by Attila• Embarked on a fatal hunt across Europe.• Christians called Attila the “scourge of God”• The Christians believed Attila was sent as a• punishment for our sins.• When Attila died the Huns grew weaker but still• conquered more land.• Odoacer, another Germanic leader, finished off• the Roman empire. • After his attack the Roman empire was much to• weak to go on.

• Military causes:Germanic invasions.Roman legions lacked discipline and training of earlier roman armies. Mercenaries didn't have enough skill in war to beat the invaders.

• Political causes: government lost support of the people.Many officials became corrupt.The division of the empire at a time of crisis.

• Economy cause: heavier taxes and inflation.the wealth of the empire decreased rapidly. people became to reliant on slaves.Problems with foreigners.population decreased because of war.

• Social cause:the upper class devoted itself to luxury and became selfishproviding "bread and circuses" may have undermined the self reliance of masses.

The Roman empire didn’t fall in a day.The Roman empire didn’t fall in a day. An emperor still ruled the eastern roman empire An emperor still ruled the eastern roman empire

which was made the Byzantine Empire.which was made the Byzantine Empire. The fall was actually a very slow processThe fall was actually a very slow process Over the next few centuries Germans customs Over the next few centuries Germans customs

and ideas replaced Roman ways. and ideas replaced Roman ways. Cities crumbled and were not restored. Cities crumbled and were not restored. Roman civilization gave a jumpstart on another Roman civilization gave a jumpstart on another

big time in history… The Renaissance. big time in history… The Renaissance.