chapter 6
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6. Rome. 753 B.C.E. Rome was founded 616-510 B.C.E. Etruscan occupation of Rome 509-27 B.C.E. Republican Rome 27 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Imperial Rome. The Etruscans. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6Rome
• 753 B.C.E.
Rome was founded
• 616-510 B.C.E.
Etruscan occupation of Rome
• 509-27 B.C.E.
Republican Rome
• 27 B.C.E.-476 C.E.
Imperial Rome
The Etruscans Italian art history begins with the
Etruscans. Etruscan Civilization was created on the now known Tuscany region of Italy.
http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/ancient/etruscan.htm
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/05map01italy500bce.jpg
• The Etruscans created artistic objects mostly for religious purposes. Important part of their art is associated with their funerary customs. The cult of the dead, similar to contemporaneous Egyptian practices, produced a highly developed sepulchral art. The sculptured lids of sarcophagi often represented a single figure or a couple with the haunting archaic smile so evident in early Greek sculpture.http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/ancient/etruscan.htm
Statue of Apollo at Veii. 520 - 550 BCE. http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/aplu.html
http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/MarriedCouple.jpg
Sarcophagus of Married Couple, 520 BCE
http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/Sarcophagus(det).jpg
Etruscan Fresco:
Double Flute Player from the Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia
--the ubiquitous Etruscan joi de vivre (zest of life)
http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/art/gallery.html
http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Etruscan/TarquiniiLyrelPlayer.jpg
“Dancing Woman and Lyre-Player,” 470 BCE
The Rise of Rome• Two myths:
--Virgil’s Aeneid: Aeneas of Troy.
--Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, were nursed by a female wolf after being abandoned.
Virgil’s Aeneid• Written circa 19 BCE at the request of
emperor Augustus
• An epic poem in which the legendry Trojan origin of the Roman people is glorified
http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm
• (1) When the Greeks destroyed Troy, Aeneas escaped alive, carrying his father on his back, and in his arms his son. He embarked upon a long and dangerous voyage around the Mediterranean. During his wanderings, Aeneas landed at Carthage where he met and had a love affair with Dido, queen of Carthage.
• http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm
http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/bdaenea.jpg
Aeneas carrying his father out of Troy as the city burns, in a detail from a painting by Raphael.
• (2) One day when she and Aeneas were on a hunting trip together, a storm blew up, and they found themselves sheltering alone in a cave. While the storm raged they made love. From then on, they lived together as man and wife, and Aeneas behaved almost as if he were king of Carthage.
• http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm
• (3) When the messenger of the Gods came to remind Aeneas of his duty to found a new Troy in Italy, Aeneas decided that he must leave his beloved and continue on his journey. Dido soon discovered what his intentions were, and confronted him with his treachery. Though himself deeply upset, Aeneas could only plead that the gods had compelled him, and begged Dido not to make their parting doubly difficult.
• http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm
• (4) In despair, Dido resolved on death. She built a vast funeral pyre for herself. . . . After a sleepless night she rose to sea Aeneas' ship already at sea. Cursing him and praying for everlasting enmity between Carthage and Aeneas' descendants, she climbed the pyre and , taking her lovers sword, mortally stabbed herself.
• http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth6a.htm
http://digilander.libero.it/vvegaz/comenius/menu1/im2.htm
http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_2b/passion.html
The Death of Dido, Rubens, circa 1640
“The fullness of her character left the door open to controversial interpretations: powerful ruler, faithful widow, lustful siren, and wronged woman.”
• (5) Eventually the band reached the shores of Italy, where Aeneas consulted the Sibyl, a priestess of Apollo, who acts as his guide on a visit to the underworld. His visit to the underworld in Book 6 is the turning point of the epic and here Aeneas finally realizes his true destiny. In the underworld he is reunited with his father, who told him of the future greatness of the race he was destined to found, and he is shown the souls of famous Romans of the future, waiting to be born.
• http://www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk/zmyth1a.htm
http://www.humanities.uci.edu/users/vfolkenflik/VRF%20Sources/Aeneas%20in%20the%20Underworld.jpg
Aeneas and Sibyl in the Underworld, Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1630shttp://www2.bc.edu/~betancur/theaeneid.html
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/capwolf.jpg
Capitoline She-Wolf, c. 500-480 BCE.
Coin of Hadrian, 2nd Century CE
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/coinhadrian.jpg
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/clubmed/syrmosaic.jpg
Syrian/Roman Mosaic, 510 CE
Roman Republic (509-30 BCE)
Roman Culture• Fatherly authority + military discipline• Morality: Patriotism, duty, masculine
self-control, respect for authority and tradition
• Virtues: bravery, honor, self-discipline, and loyalty to country and family
(Fiero 133)
Social Hierarchy• The patricians: aristocrats of
ancient Rome, who governed the city from the Senate.
• The plebeians: the commoners, 98% of the citizens
(Fiero 131)
Struggle of the Orders • The plebeian-patrician
struggle for political power.• Lasted two hundred years.
Consequences • The Roman aristocracy shifted
from one of birth to one of wealth (i.e. the equestrians).
• The equestrians: men who had wealth and influence but chose business over politics
Government• Consuls: 2 annually elected magistrates --commanded the army, served as judges, initiated legislation• The Senate --wealthy patricians, controlled public funds, foreign policy, and the law-making process• The Assembly --elected consuls, made laws (from 287 BCE) --established tribunes (Fiero 131-32)
Punic Wars
(264-146 BCE)
• Wars with Carthage:
• The First Punic War
241-218 B.C.E.
• The Second Punic War
218-201 B.C.E.
• The Third Punic War
149-146 B.C.E.
• The First Punic War– Roman fear of Carthaginian expansion– Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome– Rome seized Corsica and Sardinia
• The Second Punic War– Carthaginian expansion in Spain– Hannibal (247-182 BCE)– Carthage abandoned all territory to save
Carthage
• The Third Punic War– “Carthage must be destroyed.”
Hannibal crossing the Alps during the Winter of 218 B.C.
Territorial Expansion• Increase in Roman territory
(Sicily, North Africa, and Spain)
• Policy of westward expansion
• Greece and Macedon became Roman provinces (146 BCE)
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/13map05punicwars.jpg
Late Republic 27 B.C.E – 180 C.E.
The Principate 第一公民國• 180 – 284 C.E. The “Third Century Crisis” 內憂外患時期• 284 – 610 C.E. The Dominate 戴克里先與其後
Late Republic• A time of turbulence.
---Gracchian reforms: (Tribunes) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus proposed giving government lands to the poor. Tiberius murdered.
---Spartacus Uprising: 73-71 BCE; Slave revolts
Late Republic• Military Dictators
• Gaius Marius: served as consul 6 times from 107-100 BCE.
• Cornelius Sulla: dictator in 83 BCE
The First Triumvirate 三人執政
Caesar Pompey Crassus (North) (East) (Stayed in Rome)
http://www.beloit.edu/~classics/main/courses/history222/julius/Caesar(Kleiner-22)Medium.jpg
Julius Caesar, the most famous Roman general
Julius Caesar• 100 BC Birth in Rome
59 BC First consulship; beginning of the First Triumvirate. 52 BC Battle of Alesia, Gaul
49 BC Crossing of the Rubicon, the civil war starts. 48 BC Defeats Pompey in Greece; made dictator; second time consul. 47 BC Campaign in Egypt; meets Cleopatra VII. 46 BC Third time consul. 45 BC Defeats the last opposition in Hispania. Returns to Rome; fourth time consul. 44 BC Appointed perpetual dictator. March 15, Assassinated.
The Second Triumvirate
Antony Lepidus Octavian
(East) (Italy and Spain)
(North Africa and Gaul)
Collapse of the Republic
• 42-31 BCE Rule of Octavian,
Mark Antony
Lepidus
• 31 BCE Octavian → sole consul.
• 27 BCE Octavian → emperor,
Augustus
The Roman Empire
(30 BCE-180 CE)
Augustus of Prima Porta, early 1st century C.E. Marble, 6' 8" high. Musei Vaticani, Rome. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/52eb0007cf96249383ea.jpg
Augustus of Primaporta detail http://www.msjc.edu/art/djohnson/art101/101lecture13.html
Pax Romana
→ “Roman Peace”
the rule from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius (d. 180 C.E.)
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/42bf1e708cb56fcb3a05.jpg
Roman heritage in England: Hadrian’s Wallhttp://www.open2.net/romans/map/mmap.htm
Hadrian’s Wall
http://www.historic-uk.com/DestinationsUK/HadriansWall2.htm
http://www.worldcountries.info/UnitedKingdom/Images/17047.jpg
“Five Good Emperors”
• Nerva (96-98)
• Trajan (98-117)
• Hadrian (117-138)
• Antoninus Pious (136-171)
• Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
Late Republican Culture• Marked by the Hellenistic influence
• Epicureanism
--Lucretius (98-55 B.C.E.)
On the Nature of Things
• Stoicism
--Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.)
father of Roman eloquence
Literature• The golden age • extolling the virtues of Rome Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.) → The Aeneid Horace (65-8 B.C.E.) → Odes Livy (59 B.C.E. – 17 C.E.) → History of Rome Ovid (43 B.C.E. -- 17 C.E.) → The Metamorphoses
Literature• The silver age • (→self-conscious artifice) Juvenal (60-140 C.E.) → the satirist Tacitus (55-117 C.E.) → the historian
Third-Century Crisis
(180-284 CE)
Early Roman Laws• Before 450 B.C.E. Unwritten
customary laws, subject to arbitrary interpretation of patrician officials.
• 450 B.C.E. The Law of the Twelve Tables, the first Roman code of laws
• 287 B.C.E. End of struggle. Laws passed by the Assembly no longer required the Senate’s approval.
Roman Law• The civil law: the law of Rome and its
citizens
• The law of peoples: the law common to all people regardless of nationality.
• The natural law: a product of philosophy.
--All men are by nature equal.
--All men have some basic rights.
(Fiero 136)
The third-century crisis
• military anarchy
• barracks emperors
• Political chaos and civil wars: during the 50-year period from A.D. 235 to 284 there were approximately 23 emperors, of whom only one died a natural death
Late Antiquity(284-610 C.E.)
Diocletian • (284-305 C.E.)
• The Reorganized Empire
Diocletian’s Reform
Diocletian (Augustus)
Maximian(Augustus)
Caesar Caesar
Reign of Diocletian• 1. Diocletian shifted the empire’s
administrative weight toward the east. (Rome Nicomedia)
• 2. Oriental despotism: Adopted the titles and ceremonies of a Near Eastern lord.
• 3. The Tetrarchy (the rule of four)
Constantine
• 272-337; emperor 324-37
• 313 Edict of Milan: Favored Christianity
• Moved the capital to Constantinople (Byzantine) in 324 C.E
• Dynastic Monarchy : Made succession to the throne hereditary.
• Constantine had the soldiers paint crosses on their shields and when they won, he attributed his victory to the Christian God
• When Constantine became emperor of Rome, he issued the Edict of Milan, granting freedom of worship to all religious groups
• 80 years later (AD 392), Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and banned older religions
Spread of Christianity
Constantine’s Conversion 312 C.E.
Roman Achievements• A long-standing empire• Roman government’s ability to create and
maintain systems of communication, trade, and travel.
• Roman economy: stable currency and a prosperous international trade
• An inclusive political system: Emperor Caracalla (212 CE) extended citizenship to all inhabitants in the empire.
http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~malavet/comparat/notes/romanmap.gif
The “Fall” of Rome• Political failures --Lack of a clear law of succession --Civil war --Lack of constitutional means for
reform --Violence
Economic Crisis (1)
• No transition to industrialism: The Romans never really fostered a strong industrial base in their empire—they farmed, they fought, they traded, they enslaved and organized the world around them—but they did not cultivate industry, something which could sustain their economy outside of subjugating and exploiting conquered peoples. So, when their foreign conquests began to slow down and eventually faltered, they had nothing firm to fall back on.
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/chapters/121romhist.htm
Economic Crisis (2)
• With that, taxation and money woes increased over time—inflation was a persistent and corrosive influence from the third century on—to the point that people began avoiding work altogether, just to dodge taxes. And from that came the abandonment of cities, the failure of central government and the inability to pay the soldiers defending the empire, which led to the rupture of the frontiers that kept at bay the barbarians living outside the boundaries of Rome. A state in such deep and lingering debt cannot go on for long.
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/chapters/121romhist.htm
http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/RomanLinks/AlaricsackofRome.gif
The Sack of Rome - 410
Roman Achievements• Roman government’s ability to create and
maintain systems of communication, trade, and travel.
• Roman economy: stable currency and a prosperous international trade
• An inclusive political system: Caracalla extended citizenship to all inhabitants in the empire.
•Visual Art
• “Art was functional: in a highly material and prosperous urban society, it was an adjunct of luxury and a status symbol; or it extolled the glory of the state, the fame of family, the renown of national or civic heroes—propaganda art”
• (Piper, The Illustrated History of Art 46-47).
•Sculpture
Portrait of an Old Man, 80 BCE
http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Roman/PortraitOldMan.jpg
During the Republican era there were many detailed, realistic, portraits done of famous senators, political leaders, and even writers. The Romans of the Republican era looked on the lines of the face and the sagging flesh as a sign of maturity and a way to immortalize the person.
http://online.elcamino.edu/art2/roman.html
http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/cicero.jpg
Spinario (Boy Pulling a Thorn from his Foot), 1st century C.E. Bronze. Musei Capitolini, Rome. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/810aaff2801c2b34414c.jpg
Trajan’s Column, 113 CE
http://nautarch.tamu.edu/class/489-502/Column%20of%20Trajan.jpg
Trajan’s Column, Rome, detail
The marble low relief winds unbroken up its shaft and retails the course of the Emperor’s campaigns against the Dacians (in modern Romania) in 101 and 105-06 CE.
http://www.honors.umaine.edu/images/hon111/forum/Trajan's%20Column%20Detail.jpg
Trajan's Column (detail of Roman soldiers offering severed heads of Dacians to Trajan), Rome. 106-113 A.D. Marble.
http://daphne.palomar.edu/mhudelson/WorksofArt/07Roman/2987.html
Double Portrait of Gratidia M.L. Chrite and M. Gratidius Libanus, late 1st century B.C.E. White marble with traces of color, height 23 3/4". Museo Pio Clementino, Musei Vaticani, Rome http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/f69311d15147a3c024a1.jpg
Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (before restoration), 164-166 C.E. Bronze, 11' 6" high. Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/b7f8fb8cbbeaf183af72.jpg
The Techtrarchs, c. 303
Each emperor clasps his deputy with his right arm and grasps his sword with his left. Each is identical, a symbol of an idea of unity rather than a real ruler.
http://nautarch.tamu.edu/class/489-502/Tetrarchs.jpg
http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/martha_hollander/GalleryPictures/FullSizedImages/Roman/HeadConstantine.jpg
Head of Constantine, 8ft, 330 CE
Roman Painting
Mourners at the Door of the Other World, Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia, c. 510 B.C.E. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/5efc8c289ea89bba5fae.jpg
• The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of wall paintings on plaster.
• The majority of Roman frescoes were found in Campania, in the region around the Bay of Naples. It is here that Mount Vesuvius erupted on August 24, 79 A.D., burying much of the countryside, the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and nearby private residences.
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropt/hd_ropt.htm
Roman wall paintings create the illusion of space, like this example from a villa at Boscoreale (near Pompeii). It almost looks like we are gazing through an open window into the town. These paintings gave the rooms of Roman houses a more open feeling. http://carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/ROME/painting.html
Fresco from Boscoreale
illusionistic and naturalistic
Again, the paintings create the illusion of space.
The scene is life-size and makes effective use of light and shade.
http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm
Young Woman with a Stylus
(sometimes called Sappho), from Pompeii, 1st century C.E.
Fresco, 11 3/8" diameter. Museo
Nazionale Archeologico,
Naples
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/94a29df67f5918c72844.jpg
Roman artists' intense desire to accurately describe their world. The painting shows a keen sense of the observation of the different qualities of light and how they affect forms. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mxb/roman_painting.html
Painting from the "Villa of Mysteries," Pompeii, thought to portray initiation into the mysterious Dionysion cult. http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm
View of the frescoes at the Villa of the Mysteries, near Pompeii, c. 65-50 B.C.E. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/046252471102c53b7dfa.jpg
Villa of the Mysteries Pompeii., Second century B.C.
The scene depicts a rite of initiation, perhaps the passage to adulthood of a young girl, who is seen here with her head in the lap of an older woman. http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/gallery/images/roman_wall_.jpg
At this time there were many mystery cults which came from the Hellenistic east with secret rites a part of the practice - many of the cults included salvation through mystical union with the deity - ecstatic, hallucinatory state created by fasting, drugs and beating http://www.coco.cc.az.us/apetersen/_ART201/Wall_painting.htm http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/e3b4b83
cab026610b2cb.jpg
Three Graces, from Pompeii, 1st century C.E. Fresco. National Archaeological Museum, Napleshttp://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/60bf8503f3151b4f5ccc.jpg
Landscape with Boats, from Pompeii, Third Style, 1st century C.E. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/852ec0aa15d63d845bd7.jpg
Odysseus Being Attacked by the Laestrygonians, from the Esquiline Hill, Rome, c. 50-40 B.C.E. Fresco, 3' 10" high. Musei Vaticani, Rome. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/2916b1e42d5e7b2d04e3.jpg
•Roman Arches
The Arch of Constantine was erected between 312 and 315CE by the Senate in honor of his military triumph over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. A substantial portion of the decoration on the Arch of Constantine was taken from other earlier monuments in an attempt to liken Constantine to his great predecessors, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius.
http://www.students.sbc.edu/smith04/ancientrome.html
Arch of Constantine, Rome, c. 313 C.E. Marble, 70' high, 85' 8" wide. Scala/Art Resource, NY. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/c5241d2fcc066e83ba7c.jpg
Medallions (Hadrianic, 117-138 C.E.) and frieze (Constantinian, early 4th century) from the Arch of Constantine,
Rome. Frieze, approx. 3' 4" high. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/b0e6f7bf044826da7883.jpg
http://egghead.psu.edu/~ma_tapps/arch/roman.html
Vaults
http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/italren/pics.arch/0268/26806.JPG
http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/109images/romanesque/st_sernin/nave_vault.jpg
http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/italren/pics.arch/0268/26807.JPG
The Pantheon
http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/black/pantheon/ab780206.html
Reconstruction (section) of the Pantheon during the Imperial era. Watercolour, undated, by Peter Connolly.http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/b9b903670d26fb6a28b3.jpg
http://www.monolithic.com/thedome/pantheon/pictorial8.html
The Pantheon, dome
http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/images2/202.jpg
The Pantheon, dome
West side of the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), Rome, 13-9 B.C.E. Scala/Art Resource, NY. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/c5241d2fcc066e83ba7c.jpg
Basilica• “A rectangular colonnaded hall
commonly used for public assemblies”.
• “The Roman basilica became the model for the early Christian Church in the West” (Fiero 151)
• http://www.gleaden.plus.com/churches/images/basilica.jpg
http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~nemeaucb/175b/week09/ForTrai4.jpg
Reconstruction drawing of the interior of the Basilica Ulpia, from P. Connolly. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/bd63d8bc5c920499a1a2.jpg
Reconstruction drawing of the Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/b5fad49775547482fcaa.jpg
Atrium and peristyle, House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, early 1st century C.E.. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/91f5882fc2ee922cfbd1.jpg
The End