chapter 6 business-government trade relations. © prentice hall, 2008international business 4e...
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Chapter 6 - 1International Business 4e© Prentice Hall, 2008
Chapter 6 Business-
Government Trade Relations
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 2
• Describe the political, economic, and cultural reasons nations intervene in trade
• Identify the methods that nations use to promote trade
• Describe the methods that nations use to restrict trade
• Discuss the main institutions of the global trading system
Chapter PreviewChapter Preview
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 3
Political MotivesPolitical Motives
ProtectProtectjobsjobs
PreservePreservenationalnationalsecuritysecurity
Respond toRespond to““unfair”unfair”
tradetrade
GainGaininfluenceinfluence
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 4
Economic MotivesEconomic Motives
Potential resultsPotential results
+ National income increases
– Wrong industries protected
– Firms grow complacent
– Consumer prices rise
– Public funds poorly spent
Protect infant Protect infant industriesindustries
Protect emerging industries during development from global competition
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Economic MotivesEconomic Motives
Potential resultsPotential results
+ Global industry created
– Firms’ efficiency reduced
– Domestic costs increase
– Special interests benefit
Pursue Pursue strategic trade strategic trade
policypolicyHelp companies achieve economies of scale and gain a first-mover advantage
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 6
Cultural MotivesCultural Motives
Result of increasedResult of increasedglobalizationglobalization
Nations block importsNations block importsdeemed harmfuldeemed harmful
Usual suspectsUsual suspectsare US media andare US media andconsumer goodsconsumer goods
Protect Protect national national identityidentity
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Trade Promotion and Trade Promotion and RestrictionRestriction
Trade promotionmethods
Trade restrictionmethods
Subsidies
Export financing
Foreign trade zones
Special government agencies
Tariffs
Quotas
Embargoes
Local content requirements
Administrative delays
Currency controls
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Financial assistance in the form of cash, tax breaks, price supports, etc.
Potential results
+ Increased competitiveness
– Encourage inefficient firms
– Increased consumer prices
– Overuse of resources
Potential results
+ Increased competitiveness
– Encourage inefficient firms
– Increased consumer prices
– Overuse of resources
SubsidiesSubsidies
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 9
Export FinancingExport Financing
Export-Import Bank of the United StatesExport-Import Bank of the United States Working capital loan guarantees Credit information on nation or firm abroad Export credit insurance against loss Loan guarantees to buyers of U.S. goods and much more…
Export-Import Bank of the United StatesExport-Import Bank of the United States Working capital loan guarantees Credit information on nation or firm abroad Export credit insurance against loss Loan guarantees to buyers of U.S. goods and much more…
Financing such as low-interest loans and loan guaranteesFinancing such as low-interest loans and loan guarantees
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 10
Designated geographic region in which merchandise is allowed to pass through with lower customs duties (taxes) and/or fewer customs procedures
Purpose is to increase employment and trade within the nation
Foreign Trade ZonesForeign Trade Zones
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Special Government Agencies
Organize trade missions for officials and businesses
Operate export-promotion offices at locations abroad
Help import products the home nation does not produce
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Tariffs
Potential resultsPotential results
+ Protect domestic firms from competitors+ Generate income for the government
– Reduce competitiveness of home-based firms– Raise consumer prices
Potential resultsPotential results
+ Protect domestic firms from competitors+ Generate income for the government
– Reduce competitiveness of home-based firms– Raise consumer prices
Export tariff
Transit tariff
Import tariff
Government tax levied on a product as it enters or leaves a nation
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 13
Import and Export QuotasImport and Export Quotas
Restriction on the amount of a good that can enter or leave a country during a certain
period of time
Import Quotas
1. Protect domestic producers of a good
2. Force outside firms to compete for market access
Export Quotas
1. Retain an adequate domestic supply of a product
2. Restrict world supply of a product to raise its price
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EmbargoesEmbargoes
Complete ban on trade (imports and exports)in one or more products with a particular country
Can be difficult for a nation to
enforce
Often used to achieve political
goals
Most restrictive nontariff trade
barrier
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Local Content Requirements
Laws that domestic producers must supply a specific amount
of a good or service
Forces international companies toemploy local resources (usually labor)
in production process
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Administrative Delays
Regulatory controls or bureaucratic rules to slow imports into a country
Inconvenient ports for imports
Product-damaging inspections
Understaffed customs offices
Lengthy licensing procedures
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Currency Controls
Restrictions on theconvertibility of a nation’s currency
Limit the amount of globally accepted currency available to pay for imports
Set an unfavorable exchange rate when paying for imports
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 18
General Agreement onGeneral Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT)Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Treaty designed to promote free trade byreducing tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade
Treaty designed to promote free trade byreducing tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade
Uruguay Round Uruguay Round
Extended coverage to services Extended coverage to services
Improved intellectual property rules Improved intellectual property rules
Established the WTO Established the WTO
Reduced trade barriers in agriculture Reduced trade barriers in agriculture
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World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO)(WTO)
International organization that regulatestrade between nations
International organization that regulatestrade between nations
Dumping and antidumping duties Dumping and antidumping duties
Doha Round of trade talks Doha Round of trade talks
Normal trade relations (“most-favored-nation status”) Normal trade relations (“most-favored-nation status”)
Dispute Settlement Body Dispute Settlement Body
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© Prentice Hall, 2008 International Business 4e Chapter 6 - 20
• Describe the political, economic, and cultural reasons nations intervene in trade
• Identify the methods that nations use to promote trade
• Describe the methods that nations use to restrict trade
• Discuss the main institutions of the global trading system
Chapter ReviewChapter Review