Chapter 6:Chapter 6:Environmental Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations

What is hyperthermia?What is hyperthermia?

Elevated body temperatureElevated body temperature

How does the physiological How does the physiological processes in the body continue to processes in the body continue to function?function?

As long as body temperature is As long as body temperature is maintained within normal limitsmaintained within normal limits

Maintenance of normal Maintenance of normal temperature in a hot temperature in a hot environment depends on what?environment depends on what?

The ability of the body to The ability of the body to dissipate heatdissipate heat

Heat can be gained or lost through Heat can be gained or lost through what five processes?what five processes?

Metabolic heat productionMetabolic heat production Conductive heat exchangeConductive heat exchange Convective heat exchangeConvective heat exchange Radiant heat exchangeRadiant heat exchange EvaporativeEvaporative

What is metabolic heat production?What is metabolic heat production?

Production and radiation of heat Production and radiation of heat under it’s natural power; under it’s natural power; thermoregulatorythermoregulatory

What is conductive heat exchange?What is conductive heat exchange?

Physical contact with other objects Physical contact with other objects can result in either a heat loss or can result in either a heat loss or heat gainheat gain

What is convective heat exchange?What is convective heat exchange?

Body heat can either be lost or Body heat can either be lost or gained depending on the gained depending on the temperature of the circulating temperature of the circulating medium medium

What is radiant heat exchange? What is radiant heat exchange?

Radiant heat from sunshine causes Radiant heat from sunshine causes an increase in body temperaturean increase in body temperature

What is evaporative heat loss?What is evaporative heat loss?

Sweat glands in the skin allow Sweat glands in the skin allow water to be transported to the water to be transported to the surface, where it evaporates, taking surface, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it large quantities of heat with it

How much water can a normal How much water can a normal person sweat off in one to two person sweat off in one to two hours?hours?

One quartOne quart

Does sweating cause heat loss?Does sweating cause heat loss?

NoNo

What must happen to sweat in What must happen to sweat in order for heat to dissipate?order for heat to dissipate?

Sweat must evaporateSweat must evaporate

In order for evaporation to occur, In order for evaporation to occur, what must the air be relatively free what must the air be relatively free of?of?

WaterWater

When is heat loss through When is heat loss through evaporation severely impaired?evaporation severely impaired?

When relative humidity reaches When relative humidity reaches 65%65%

When does heat loss through When does heat loss through evaporation virtually stop?evaporation virtually stop?

When relative humidity reaches When relative humidity reaches 75%75%

What is heat rash?What is heat rash?

A benign condition associated with A benign condition associated with a red, raised rash accompanied by a red, raised rash accompanied by sensations of prickling and tingling sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating.during sweating.

It usually occurs when the skin is It usually occurs when the skin is continually wet with un-evaporated continually wet with un-evaporated sweat.sweat.

What is heat syncope?What is heat syncope?

Associated with rapid physical Associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat fatigue during overexposure to heat (pass out)(pass out)

How is heat syncope relieved?How is heat syncope relieved?

By laying the athlete down in a By laying the athlete down in a cool environmentcool environment

Replacing fluidsReplacing fluids

What are heat cramps?What are heat cramps?

Extremely painful muscle spasmsExtremely painful muscle spasms Occurs mainly in the calf and Occurs mainly in the calf and

abdomenabdomen

What are heat cramps related to?What are heat cramps related to?

Excessive loss of water and Excessive loss of water and several electrolytes or ions, several electrolytes or ions, which are essential elements in which are essential elements in muscle contractionmuscle contraction

What is the immediate treatment What is the immediate treatment for heat cramps?for heat cramps?

Ingestion of large quantities of Ingestion of large quantities of waterwater

Mild stretching with ice massageMild stretching with ice massage

What is heat exhaustion?What is heat exhaustion?

Inadequate replacement of fluids Inadequate replacement of fluids lost through sweatinglost through sweating

What are the signs and symptoms of What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?heat exhaustion?

CollapseCollapse Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Pale skinPale skin Mildly elevated temperature (102ºF)Mildly elevated temperature (102ºF) HyperventilationHyperventilation Rapid pulseRapid pulse

What is the immediate treatment What is the immediate treatment for heat exhaustion?for heat exhaustion?

Ingestion and eventually Ingestion and eventually intravenous replacement of large intravenous replacement of large quantities of waterquantities of water

Place in cool environmentPlace in cool environment

What is heat stroke?What is heat stroke?

Serious, life-threatening Serious, life-threatening emergency.emergency.

The specific cause is unknown The specific cause is unknown Breakdown of the Breakdown of the

thermoregulatory systemthermoregulatory system

What are the signs and symptoms for What are the signs and symptoms for heat stroke?heat stroke?

Sudden collapse with loss of Sudden collapse with loss of consciousnessconsciousness

Flushed, hot skin Flushed, hot skin Little sweatingLittle sweating Shallow breathingShallow breathing Rapid strong pulseRapid strong pulse Core temperature greater than (106º)Core temperature greater than (106º) Breakdown of the thermoregulatory Breakdown of the thermoregulatory

mechanism.mechanism.

What is the immediate treatment What is the immediate treatment for heat stroke?for heat stroke?

Cool environmentCool environment Sponge with cool waterSponge with cool water Fan with a towelFan with a towel Get to the hospitalGet to the hospital

What does prevention of hyperthermia What does prevention of hyperthermia involve?involve?

Gradual acclimatizationGradual acclimatization Identification of susceptible individualsIdentification of susceptible individuals Lightweight uniformsLightweight uniforms Routine record keepingRoutine record keeping Unrestricted fluid replacementUnrestricted fluid replacement Well-balanced dietWell-balanced diet Routine temperature and humidity Routine temperature and humidity

readingsreadings

What is hypothermia?What is hypothermia?

Lowered body temperaturesLowered body temperatures

What will easily What will easily predispose an athlete to predispose an athlete to hypothermia?hypothermia?

Combination of Combination of ColdCold WindWind DampnessDampness

What are the cold injuries What are the cold injuries included in sport?included in sport?

FrostnipFrostnip Frostbite Frostbite

What is frost nip?What is frost nip?

Exposure to damp, freezing cold Exposure to damp, freezing cold involving ears, nose, cheeks, involving ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toeschin, fingers, and toes

Commonly occurs when there is Commonly occurs when there is wind, severe cold, or both.wind, severe cold, or both.

What is the treatment of frost What is the treatment of frost nip?nip?

Firm, sustained pressure of the Firm, sustained pressure of the hands without rubbinghands without rubbing

Blowing hot breath on the spotBlowing hot breath on the spot Placing the area in the armpitsPlacing the area in the armpits

What is frost bite?What is frost bite?

Exposure to dry temperatures well below Exposure to dry temperatures well below freezingfreezing

Three forms of frost bite:Three forms of frost bite:

ChilbainsChilbains– results from prolonged and constant results from prolonged and constant

exposure to cold for many hours.exposure to cold for many hours. Superficial frostbiteSuperficial frostbite

– involves only the skin and subcutaneous involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue.tissue.

Deep frostbiteDeep frostbite– is a serious injury indicating tissues that is a serious injury indicating tissues that

are frozen are frozen

What is the treatment for frostbite?What is the treatment for frostbite?

Rapid re-warming is required!Rapid re-warming is required! Hot drinksHot drinks Heating padsHeating pads Hot water bottles that are 100º to 110º F Hot water bottles that are 100º to 110º F During re-warming, the tissue will During re-warming, the tissue will

become blotchy red, swollen, and become blotchy red, swollen, and extremely painfulextremely painful

Later, the injury may become Later, the injury may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissuegangrenous, causing a loss of tissue