Chapter 6: Motivation

• Employee Expectations & Needs• Motivation• Theories of Motivation• Applying Theory to Reality:

Limiting Factors• Building a Positive Work Climate• Focus: The Individual• Focus: The Job• Focus: The Supervisor

Motivation• There is really no valid stereotype of today’s

hospitality employee. • The industry employs people of all ages &

backgrounds. • Approximately ½ of the foodservice workforce are

employees from 18- to 40-something years old, a group referred to as Generation X (born between the late 1960s & 1980) & Generation Y (born in the 1980s or 1990s).

• At least 60% of both foodservice & hotel employees are women.

Your Experience & Technical Skills• Employees expect you to:

– Be qualified to lead.– Have technical competence.– Act like a boss (make decisions, take stands, stay in charge).– Act like a leader.– Be fair, treat them equally.– Give them information.– Give feedback on performance & listen to them.– As a new supervisor to observe them- resist change to work customs.– Treat the like human beings, know who they are, what they do, how well

they do it.

Motivation• Motivation is what makes people

tick: the needs, desires, fear, & aspirations within that makes them behave as they do.

• It is the energizer that makes people take action: the why in human behavior.

• Motivation comes from within• You cannot motivate people to

do good work, but by getting to know your employees you can activate their own motivations.

Theories of Motivation• Motivation Though Fear: uses coercion, threats, &

punishment.• Carrot-and-Stick: combines fear with incentives.• Economic Person: Frederic Taylor- money is the only

thing that people work for.• Human Relations Theory: if workers are treated as

people they will get the job done.• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: human beings, are

wanting animals, & they behave in ways that will satisfy their needs & wants (see next slide).

Self -FulfillmentEgo needs

Social Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-actualization: the desire to fulfill one’s own potential

• Theory Y (McGregor): – Revised the typical view of the

way people look at work.– It is ‘‘as natural as play or rest’’

when it is satisfying a need. – People’s needs, especially their

ego & self-actualization needs, can be made to operate on the job in harmony with the needs & goals of the organization.

Theories of Motivation

Theories of Motivation

• Herzberg’s Motivation- Hygiene Theory:– Inadequacies in the job environment create dissatisfaction

(dissatisfiers), or hygiene/maintenance factors. – Motivators are factors in the job itself provide motivation

& satisfaction (recognition, achievement, the work itself, etc.).

– The answer to motivating employees, then, lies in the job itself.

– If it can be enriched to provide opportunity for achievement & growth, it will not only motivate the worker to perform well but will also tap unused potential & use personnel more effectively.

Theories of Motivation • Behavior modification:

– Newer method for improving performance.– Bypasses inner motivation & deals instead with

behavior change. – Takes off from the behaviorist’s theory that all

behavior is a function of its consequences; people behave as they do because of positive or negative consequences to them.

• If the consequences are positive, they will tend to repeat the behavior; if they are negative, they will tend not to.

• If you want to improve performance, then, you will give positive reinforcement (attention, praise) whenever people do things right.

Reinforcement & Expectancy Theory

• Praises & rewards employees good behavior, undesired behavior is not reinforced.

• Supervisors can modify behavior by giving appropriate praise & rewards. – Positive reinforcement should

be given right after the behavior occurs.

– Negative reinforcement is the withholding of praise & rewards for inferior performance.

Applying Theory to Reality:Limiting Factors

• Nature of many jobs: dull, unchallenging, & boring.

• Company policy, administration, & management philosophy. – You must be in harmony with the companies goals,

& meet with rules & regulations.

• Extent of your responsibility, authority, & resources.

• Kinds of people that work for you (I am only working here until…).

• Time.• Constant pressures.

Building a Positive Work Climate• Morale: a group spirit with

respect to getting the job done.• Morale is made up of individual

attitudes toward the work that pass quickly from one person to another until everyone in the group shares the mood.

• High morale is the best thing that can happen in a enterprise.

• To build a positive work climate focus on: the individual, the job & the supervisor.

Focus: The Individual

• Get to know your people.• Deal with security needs:

inform, train, structure the work, support, give positive reinforcement, evaluate, praise, build confidence.

• Deal with social needs: satisfy the need for acceptance- make people feel comfortable, coach them, encourage them, get them on your side.

Rewarding Your Employees• Give recognition in a positive manner.• The entire system of rewards, both

monetary & otherwise, must be worked out with care, not only for getting the maximum motivation but also for fairness in the eyes of the employees.

• The performance required to achieve the reward must be spelled out carefully, & the goal must be within reach of everyone.

• People must know ahead of time what the rewards are & must perceive them as fair or they will cause more dissatisfaction than motivation.

Developing Your Employees

• Develop them through training, feedback, encouragement, support, positive reinforcement, & involving them.

• Continue to develop yourself.

Focus: The Job• Provide an attractive, safe, &

secure job environment.• Put the right person in the right

job.• Make the job interesting &

challenging.• Delegate.• Rearrange work to add

responsibility, challenges, etc.• Increased responsibility,

participation, & pride of achievement generate high commitment as well as better ways of doing the work.

Job Loading & Job Enrichment

• Job Enrichment: shifting the way things are done to provide more responsibility for one’s work & more opportunity for achievement & recognition.

• Job Loading: Building in job motivators to enrich jobs. This does not mean additional, but similar tasks.

Focus: The Leader

• The leader holds the key to a positive work climate.

• Employees can be motivated though enthusiasm & expectations.

• Set a good example for your workers; they are going to copy what you do.– Be a role model. – Keep your best side out at all

times.

• Establish a climate of honesty.© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc