chapter 6: origins of american politics section 1: liberty vs. order in the 1790’s
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6: Origins of American Politics
Section 1: Liberty vs. Order in the 1790’s
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Hamilton’s Programs• One issue was the large war debt
owed to other nation’s & it’s own citizens• Hamilton had to come up with a
plan to pay off the debt & become economically stable
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• Used to create a strong central government • Government had to expand its
role & direct the economy
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A Deal with the South
• 1790- Congress approved Hamilton’s plan for the government to assume states’ debt from the war• Southern states didn’t want to help
pay back northern debt
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• Deal–South supports the plan &
the north would agree to move the capital south–Planned to move the capital
to the Potomac River
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Assuming State Debts
• Controversial–Federal government already had a $75
million debt–Why add to it?–This plan strengthen the government•People they owed money to didn’t want the government to collapse
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Hamilton’s Strategy
• Outlined a specific budget & set up a regular payment plan• Two measures would help raise
money to pay off debts–Congress created a tariff in 1789–1791- tax on distilled liquors
(whiskey)
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• Most of the money raised went to the expenses of the government–Examples- Salaries & to pay creditors a
little every year–Government paid the creditors
interest on their loans–To handle this, Congress established
the Bank of the U.S. in 1791
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Hamilton’s Opponents
• Didn’t like government control or new taxes• Thought it was similar to Britain’s
rule
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson
• Washington usually sided with Hamilton• Jefferson resigned as Secretary of
State in 1793• Jefferson favored a strict
construction of the Constitution
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• Hamilton preferred the loose construction–“Necessary & proper”- elastic
clause–Jefferson believed Hamilton &
the Federalists were betraying the Revolution
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Foreign Policy Issues
• 1789- French Revolution- “Liberty, Fraternity, & Equality”• Differences to obtain these goals led
to the “Reign of Terror”–Executed Louis XIV & Marie
Antoinette
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Americans Split over the Revolution
• Federalists tended to oppose it• Jefferson’s supporters saw it as an
extension of the American Revolution–Applauded its rejection of
government by kings & acceptance of republic government
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Citizen Genet• Arrived at South Carolina in 1793• Mission was to win America’s
support for the French• Overstepped the bounds of
diplomacy- tried to convince private Americans to serve as soldiers & privateers against the British
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• Eventually Washington asked France to recall him–He would face the guillotine
when he got home, so he married a governor’s daughter & became a U.S. citizen
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Proclaiming American Neutrality
• With France & Britain fighting, America didn’t know what side to take• Couldn’t afford to offend the British,
whose Navy dominated the Oceans, but the French helped us during our Revolution
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• 1793- Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality• British began seizing neutral U.S.
trading ships headed for the French West Indies• British were supporting the Indians
in the Northwest Territory
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Jay’s Treaty
• 1794- Chief Justice John Jay was sent to London to negotiate an agreement• British agreed to leave the forts it
occupied in the Northwest Territory• Other provisions were aimed at
expanding trade
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• No agreement for the British to stop searching our ships• Ratified in 1795
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Political Parties Emerge
• The Whiskey Rebellion–Western PA many refused to pay
the tax on whiskey–Crucial to their economy–Could be transported without
spoiling–Used as currency
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• Rebels closed courts & attacked tax collectors• Summer 1794- Washington sent
more than 12,000 men & the rebellion was soon dissolved• Demonstrated to American citizens
& the world that the government was committed to enforcing its laws
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The Election of 1796
• John Adams- Federalist candidate for President & Thomas Pinckney for VP• Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr for
the Republicans• Adams won 71 to 68
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Washington’s Farewell
• Didn’t believe political parties were good for the nation• Called for a foreign policy of
neutrality