1. Settlers in the Ohio Valley 1730-1755: Transitional period. Lifestyle on frontier was changing. Transients: Explorers who investigated the land, then moved on to new lands. Settlers: wanted permanency. Frontier continued to move west with more settlers.

2. Conflicting Land Claims Rivalry between France andGreat Britain Series of wars for 100 years Seven Years War:(1756-1763) Last seven years of the wars and fighting in Europe Known as the French and Indian War in North America 3. Think ahead: 1. Why do you think the war is known as the Frenchand Indian War? Why not the British and French War?2. What are allies?3. Who do you think become allies, if any, whenfighting occurs in North America? French and Native Americans? British and Native Americans? No allies. Everyone fights against everyone? 4. Claims of the Ohio RiverValley de 1669: French Robert CavelierLa Salles exploration of the OhioRiver 1671: British - Batts and Fallamexploration of New River Waters flow into the Kanawha, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. 1749: French strengthened Celeron de Blainville buried leadplates along the Ohio River 5. Lead Plate found in Point Pleasant 6. Lead Plate Translation In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV., King ofFrance, We, Celeron, commandant of a detachment sent byMonsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, CommandantGeneral of New France, to re-establish tranquillity in someIndian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at themouth of the river Chinodashichetha, the 18th August, near theriver Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument ofrenewal of possessions, which we have taken of the said riverOhio, and of all those which fall into it, and of all the lands onboth sides, as far as to the sources of said rivers; the same aswere enjoyed or ought to have been enjoyed, by the precedingKings of France, and that they have maintained it by their armsand by treaties, especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, andAix-la- Chapelle. 7. Views on Treaties andLand Ownership Indians: British: Avoided difficulties by Treaties are seen as the negotiating treaties withend of warfare or as Indianstrade agreements Treaties had nothing to Used treaties to takedo with land ownership control of property Saw treaties as Saw treaties as bindingchangeable. French: Permanent ownership of land was not a major consideration. More interested in fur trade. Did not pose a threat to Indians. 8. Setting the Scene Nemacolin Path: Path cut by Nemacolin (Delaware Indian) andThomas Cresap Wills Creek in Cumberland, Maryland to beginning ofOhio River, near Pittsburgh. Brought French and British into direct contact withthe Ohio Valley Treaty of Logstown: Signed by Christopher Gist of the Ohio LandCompany, Delaware, and Shawnee tribes Gave Virginia control of the Ohio Valley 9. Treaty ofLogstown 10. Governor DinwiddiesProposal (1753) Virginian GovernorRobert Dinwiddie: Diplomatic mission to FortLeBouef, near Lake Erie. Led by 21 year old GeorgeWashington. Mission was to ask theFrench to leave the OhioValley 11. George Washington Followed the Nemacolin Path to the forks of the Ohio River where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet. There, joined by: Christopher Gist Jacob Van Braam, French interpreter Half King, Indian chieftain and guide 12. Fort LeBouef 13. George Washington atFort LeBouef Washington met withFrench leader, JacquesLegardeur de Saint Pierre Dinwiddies proposal wasrejected Group prepared to gohome. Found out that the French had bribed the Half-King to convince him to stay with them. (didnt succeed) 14. War Breaks Out Captain William Trent Ordered by Dinwiddie to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio River. May 1754: Washington sent asback up. Learns of Trents defeat French destroyed Britishs partially built fort Replaced with Fort Duquesne French actions are considered an act of war. Washington prepares to march against the French. 15. Let the War Begin! Washington and 40 men French scouting party Skirmish is over in 15minutes: Washingtons troops had killed 10 men, including French leader, Joseph Coulon de Villers de Jumonville. Marks the beginning of theFrench and Indian War. 16. Advantages French: British: Larger land claim Larger population Already-existing Powerful Iroquoissystem of forts in thealliesOhio Valley Control of the oceans Majority of Indian Population that wasalliesconcentrated in a very Superior military small areaofficers and army. Desire to protect theirown property 17. Disadvantages French: British: Sparse Population Military organization Soldiers with no Poorly organizedpersonal interest in thefrontier volunteersland Less qualified officers. Poor lines of supply 18. Battle at Fort Necessity Immediate retaliation from theFrench: Set out in search of those responsible for Jumonvilles death Washington ordered thecompletion of Fort Necessity atGreat Meadows July 3, 1754: 1,600 French soldiers and Indians; 300 British men 1/3 of Washingtons men were sick or wounded Washington surrendered 19. Terms of Surrender Washington was required toleave the Ohio Valley andnot return to build forts fora year. Washington agreed toreturn all prisoners taken inJumonville battle. French agreed to return FortDuquesne and build nomore forts in the OhioValley 20. Battle of theMonongahela Dinwiddie asked the Kingof England forreinforcements. Sent two regiments ofBritish Regulars General Edward Braddock Started training 1,000 Virginia Militia disliked them, and saw them as undisciplined Aided by George Washington 21. Braddocks force All met at Fort Made up of: Cumberland, then 1,400 British soldiers headed to Fort 60 sailors Duquesne 2,400 colonial troops 300 Indians 150 wagons 2,000 horses 22. Braddocks Road 23. Braddocks Defeat 24. The Shawnee andMary Draper Ingles Attacked a settlement at Drapers Meadows theday before Braddocks defeat. Killed many and took prisoners: Took Mrs. William Ingles (Mary Draper Ingles), her two sons, her sister-in-law (Mrs. Mary Draper), and Henry Lenard prisoners. Mary Ingles gave birth to her third child a few days after her abduction. Group was split up; Mary Ingles and her baby were taken to a salt lick near Cincinnati, Ohio. 25. Escape Mary Ingles and a Dutch womanmanaged to escape. Mary left her baby behind. They had no supplies Lived off the land: ate berries andnuts Followed the rivers for six weeksand covered 500 miles. The Dutch woman turned onher, even tried to kill Mary. They separated, but both reachedDrapers Meadow. 26. NativeAmericansFight Back Major Andrew Lewis and a After Braddocks defeat, theIndians waged war against company of militia were sentbeyond the Ohio River. (340the settlers. men) Pioneers took refuge in Ran short of supplies.forts: Made canoes to try to save Fort Pleasant, Edwards what they had, but hit rapids and lost most of what they Fort, Formans Fort, Evans had. Fort, Fort Ashby Men threatened to desert. Settlers asked for help from Lewis disbanded men in atDinwiddieDevon in Mingo county. Never reached Shawnee towns. 27. Tides of War April 1756 Group of French and Indians attacked Edwards Fort inHampshire County. Totally wiped out British forces Four months later, Dinwiddie issued a formal declaration ofwar. May 1758 Band of Shawnee attacked Fort Seybert in PendletonCounty Indians promised that if the frontiersmen surrendered, their lives would be spared. It was a trick. All eleven who surrendered were put to death. 28. Success with William Pitt British government changed priorities. They put William Pitt incharge of the war. Pitt reorganized armed forces Poured money and supplies into the war effort Instantly saw positive results. July 26, 1758: British defeat French at Louisburg and FortFrontenac. British gained control over Lake Ontario French were stopped from reinforcing their forts in the Ohio Valley British moved toward Ft. Duquesne, but French blew it up andleft. British rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt. 29. Battle of Quebec British victories at Ft. Niagara, Ft.Ticonderoga, and Crown Point precededthe Battle of Quebec. September 12, 1759, Quebec Both French and British generals werekilled. French retreat signaled beginning of theend of the French empire in NorthAmerica. Great Britain gained control of all of theland east of the Mississippi River. British won the war.