Chapter 6—Homes from the 18th Century to TodayChapter Notes

Immigrant Styles (1700-1780)

• Dutch Colonials—Stone & Brick

Dutch Colonial--This American style originated in homes built by German, or “Deutsch” settlers in

Pennsylvania as early as the 1600s. A hallmark of the style is a broad

gambrel roof with flaring eaves that extend over the porches, creating a barn-like effect. Early homes were a

single room, and additions were added to each end, creating a

distinctive linear floor plan. End walls are generally of stone, and the chimney is usually located on one or

both ends.

Immigrant Styles (1700-1780)

• Log Cabins—Wood & Quarry Stone or Square Logs

The frontier style log cabin:

was introduced by Swedish settlers in the early 1700s

used no nails contained only one room was only 10 feet wide measured 12 to 20 feet long had at least one glass windowincluded a loft area for sleeping

Immigrant Styles (1700-1780)

• Spanish—Cut Stone & Adobe Brick

Spanish Colonial styles/ American Technique are chunky looking Pueblos emerged around 1900s in California,

but proved most popular in Arizona and New Mexico, where many original designs originated in late 1700s.

The style is characterized by flat roofs, parapet walls with round edges, earth-colored stucco or adobe-brick walls,

straight-edge window frames, and roof beams that project through the wall. The interior typically features corner fireplaces, unpainted wood columns,

and tile or brick floors.

Immigrant Styles (1700-1780)

• American Technique—Sun-baked Adobe Clay

Georgian Period (1700-1780)

– A formal, balanced design—houses 2-3 stories high

– Gable Roof—“a pitched roof with 2 sloped sides”

– Hip Roof—“a roof with 4 sloped sides”– Large windows—symmetrically

placed, consisted of many small panes– Doorway Details—“Pilasters”:

decorated flattened columns” & “Pediment”: triangular / arched decoration over the door

Georgian Period (1700-1780)

• “Cornice”: a decorative strip at the area where the roof & walls meet

• A Central Chimney or a Chimney at each end of the house

• Contrasting Material—Red brick used with white wood trim

• INSIDE OF TYPICAL GEORGIAN HOUSE

The Federal Period (1770-1830)

– Name (4) Political / Social Trends that helped shape this Period

1)Renewed Patriotism after winning the American Revolution

2)Sought Architectural Styles that expressed America’s won freedom & independence

3)New trend-setting leaders emerged, many of them traders & merchants

4)Cities w/ busy ports grew; expanded civilizations into the western frontier

ADAM STYLE– Combined Georgian & Classical

Greek /Rome– “Rectangular Design w/ 1 or more

stories” “Some homes have center section w/ a wing on each side”

– Gable Roof—“slopes of roof face the front & back of the house”

– Fanlight—“a semi-circular, round, or oval window with fan-shaped panes of glass”

– Decorative Interiors—plaster & wood carvings in classical design on walls & ceilings

--mantles above fireplace are especially decorative

ADAM STYLE

Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)

– Name (4) Historical Buildings / Sites that used this style of Architecture (p. 104)

1) Thomas Jefferson’s home in Monticello2) Buildings for the University of Virginia3) Used for many government buildings

(new federal capital of Washington DC)

4) Also used for many residences being settled in the west

Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)

– Similar to the “ADAM STYLE” (Rectangle Building—Windows Symmetrically placed—Fanlight Window)

– DIFFERENCE = Portico—“tall open porch, supported by columns, over the front entrance.”

– DIFFERENCE = Pediment—“triangular / arched decoration over the front entrance.”

Early Classical Revival Style (1770-1830)

The 19th Century Architectural Styles• Greek Revival Style (1825-1860)

– 2-Story Rectangle house w/ symmetrically placed windows

– Gable roof w/ wide trim at the cornice– Pilasters on the corners of frame houses or

across the whole front– An elaborate entrance (door surrounded by

small windows & have additional wood / masonry framework)

– Columns supporting a small or large porch– Greek Columns are the most common– (i.e. Pre-Civil War “Southern Plantation

Homes”)

Greek Revival Style

Gothic Revival Style (1840-1880)

– European Features (pointed arches & circular windows w/ carved stone)

– Many were built of wood (not stone—expensive & shortage of stonemasons)

– High-Peaked Gothic Gables– Decorated with

“Gingerbread”—lacy-looking cut-out wood trimming

Gothic Revival Style (1840-1880)

Italianate Style (1840-1885)

– Square Houses ---- 2 stories high– Wide over-hanging hip roofs w/ decorative

brackets or supports at the cornices– Long narrow windows crowned with arched &

inverted U-shaped structure

Mansard Style (1837-1901)

– Box-like “Mansard Roof”—roof that has 2 slopes on all sides, with the lower slope being steep & the upper slope almost flat.

– Decorated Cornices– French Windows (long windows

that open lengthwise at the middle)

– Dormer Windows (for the top story project from the lower slope of the roof)

Mansard Style (1837-1901)A mansard roof has two slopes on each of the four sides. The lower slope is steeper than the upper slope. Dormers are often

set in the lower slope. The upper slope is usually not visible from

the ground.

Queen Anne Style (1870s-1880s)

– Most Fanciful of the Victorian Styles

– Irregular steep roofs with ornate gables

– Overlapping decorative shingles for siding

– Wraparound porches with railings & columns

– Circular Tower that extends the entire height of the building

Queen Anne Style (1870s-1880s)

*Elegant Curved Porch*Trim detail b/t posts*Turrets*Bay Windows

The Early 20th Century Architectural Styles

• Colonial Revival Style (1880-1955)– Georgian, Saltbox, & Cape Cod Style

houses– Doors / Windows have distinctive

features– Door is prominent (usually w/

decorated pediment supported by pilasters)—see p. 108

– Windows appear in symmetrically balanced pairs w/ double-hung slashes

Colonial Revival Style (1880-1955)

Tudor Style (1890-1940)

– “Half-Timbered” look—see p. 112– Steeply pitched gables at front &

sides– Tall-narrow windows placed in

groups, with many small panes– Massive chimneys with decorative

“Chimney Pots”—earthenware pipes placed at the tops of chimneys

– Stucco, Brick, & Stone are used for the exterior

Tudor Style (1890-1940)

Chateauesque Style

– Modeled after French Palaces

– Feature: Towers, Turrets, Ornamental Metal Cresting, Elaborate Moldings, Relief Carvings, & Arched Windows & Doorways.

– Castle-like Details

Irregular outlines composed of steeply pitched roofs with

dormers, decorated chimneys and

towers are characteristic of this style. Gothic

stone tracery, finials and Tudor arches are often utilized. Always built of masonry,

this style structures have a massive

appearance.

Mission Style (1890-1920)

– Most Common in Southwestern United States—inspire by Hispanic Heritage

– Arched Doorways & windows, tile roofs, “Parapets” (low walls or railings along balconies) & exterior walls made of stucco.

– Often, bell towers & turrets with Pyramid-shaped roofs often added charm to the Mission-Style’s traditional shapes.

Mission Style (1890-1920)

This style of house usually has these features:

•Smooth stucco siding

Roof parapets Large square pillars Twisted columns Arcaded entry porch Round or quatrefoil window Red tile roof

The earliest Mission style homes were built in California, USA. The style spread eastward, but most Mission homes are located in the southwestern states. Deeply shaded porches and dark interiors make these homes particularly suited for warmer climates.

Prairie Style (Built until 1920s)

– “Frank Lloyd Wright” Design– Emphasis on: horizontal lines, low-pitched

roofs with over-hanging eaves, wide porches.

– Square 2-story house with a hip roof and wide front porch.This style of house usually has these

features:

•Low-pitched roof Overhanging eaves Horizontal lines Central chimney Open floor plan Rows of small windows One-story projections Frank Lloyd Wright believed that rooms in Victorian era homes were boxed-in and confining. He attempted to refine American housing by designing houses with low horizontal lines and open interior spaces. Rooms were often divided by leaded glass panels. Furniture was either built-in or specially designed.

Craftsman Style (until 1920)

– Very Similar to “Prairie Style”– Difference =

BUNGALOW--“small 1-story house with an overhanging roof & covered porch”

– Low-pitched gable roof, decorative beams & braces under eaves, full- or partial-width porches with the roof supported by columns or pedestals extending to the ground.

Craftsman Style (until 1920)

International Style (1930s-1940s)

– This style emphasizes—function & usefulness (no ornaments / decorations)

– Use of Geometric Shapes—Asymmetrical Design (like a sculpture)

– Roof = Flat– Walls = Smooth, blank

surfaces & large expanse windows

International Style (1930s-1940s)

Asymmetrical Horizontal orientation Flat roof No cornices or eaves Cube-like shape Smooth, white walls Sleek, streamlined Rounded corners Aluminum and stainless steel window and door trim Little or no ornamentation Open floor plans

Ranch Style (1945-modern)

– Long & Low 1-story house– Low-pitched gable or hip roof– Most have decorative shutters, iron or

wooden porch-roof supports, & picture windows

Ranch Style (1945-modern)

One story

Low-pitched roof: hipped, cross-gabled, or side-gabled, sometimes with deep eaves Horizontal but asymmetrical arrangement, creating an informal feel

An integral garage Rectangular, L- or U-shaped floor plan

Rooms frequently open to one another and to private courtyards, patios, or porches Generally few decorative exterior details

exposed beams. Both breeds tend to be one-story tall and were designed to incorporate the surrounding landscape into their overall look.

Contemporary Style (1950s-1970s)

• Features wide overhanging eaves, flat or low-pitched gable roofs, exposed support beams, contrasting wall materials & textures, and unusual placement & shapes of windows.

Split-Level Style (1950s-modern)

– Has horizontal lines, low-pitched roof, & overhanging eaves

– Has 3 levels of living space—each connected by short flight of stairs

Split-Level Style (1950s-modern)

Two stories Attached garage Partially submerged basement with living quarters Low pitched gable roof Asymmetrical Large windows: double-hung, sliding, and picture Sliding glass doors leading out to patio Lack decorative detailing, aside from decorative shutters and porch-roof supports

Shed Style (1960s)

– Roofline—made up of a combo of shed roofs—each of which slope at a different angle & face in a different direction.

– Little or no decoration– Exterior = wood shingle or wood board

siding– Windows = small & symmetricalThese homes were particular

favorites of architects in the 1960s and 1970s. They feature multiple roofs sloping in different

directions, which creates multigeometric shapes; wood

shingle, board, or brick exterior cladding; recessed

and downplayed front doorways; and small

windows. There's virtually no symmetry to the style.

A-Frame (New Design)– Gabled roof that continues

down to the ground (no side walls)

– Used for vacation homes

Geodesic Dome (New Design)

– Energy-efficient home built of triangular frames joined to form a self-supporting roof & walls

– Frame is metal or plastic covered by flexible skin or rigid panels.

– Dome-Shaped (no interior walls)

– Large Windows

Interior advantages of the dome include greater freedom of floor plan design, cathedral ceilings, evenness of light, heat, and sound distribution. Domes display

superior light characteristics as spherical shapes tend to amplify light while rectangular shapes tend to absorb light; in many cases it is actually brighter inside a dome without any interior lights turned on than it is outside. Acoustical advantages

include more even sound distribution and approximately 30% less outside noise infiltration.

• Imagine that you are a hot new up-and-coming Architectural Designer! You have been commissioned to create a totally new housing design. You must use:

• (1) Characteristic from 10 Different Housing / Architectural Styles studied in Chapter 6

• EXAMPLE: Select a Mansard Roof (Mansard Style) & Half-Timbered Exterior (Tudor Style)

• On one sheet of paper, you must NEATLY outline these (10) specifications for your new design…be sure to identify the Housing Style that each characteristic comes from.

• Include how many stories, rooms, & bathrooms that your house has.

• Give Reasons for EACH of your choices (“I chose to include a Portico to enhance my elegant design.”)

• Come up with a unique and marketable “Title” for your New Housing Style Design.

• Describe how your new style makes sense & come up with a clever marketing slogan / catch-phrase to help “sell” your design.

• On a piece of Graph Paper; Draw a sketch of your New Architectural Style & LABEL (10) Characteristics

• Use a ruler for straight, neat lines• Use a Scale Proportion of ¼” = 1 Ft. (1 square =

1 ft)