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Page 1: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Chapter 6

Comparators

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Page 2: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

All measurements require the unknown quantity to be compared with a known quantity, called a standard. 

There are certain devices in which the standards are separated from the instrument. It compares the unknown length with the standard. Such measurement is known as comparison measurement and the instrument, which provides such comparison, is called a comparator.

Comparators are generally used for linear measurements, and various comparators available differ basically in the methods employed for amplifying and recording the variations measured.

Introduction

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Any instrument used to compare size of work piece to known standard

Page 3: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

High degree of accuracy and precision

The scale should be linear and have a wide range

High amplification

Good resolution

Comparator should be versatile

Functional Requirements

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Page 4: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Mechanical comparators

Mechanical‐optical comparator

Electrical and electronic comparators

Pneumatic comparators

Other types such as projection comparators, multi‐check comparators, etc.

Classification of Comparators

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Page 5: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Mechanical Comparators

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Page 6: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Dial Indicators

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Page 7: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Dial Indicators

It is primarily used to compare work‐pieces against a master

It consists of a body with a circular graduated dial, a contact point connected to a gear train and an indicating hand, which directly indicates the linear displacement of the contact point.

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Page 8: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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With the plunger set to approximately mid‐position, the face dial is set to read zero.

Dial Indicators

From this zero reference point, two rules apply:

• As the plunger moves out of the case, the needle travels counter‐clockwise...giving a NEGATIVE reading.

• As the plunger moves into the case, the needle travels clockwise...giving a POSITIVE reading.

Page 9: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Johansson Mikrokator

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Page 10: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Page 11: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

A light pointer made of glass fixed to a thin twisted metal strip

While one end of the strip is fixed to an adjustable cantilever link, the other end is anchored to a bell crank lever

Any linear motion of the plunger will result in a movement of the bell crank lever, which exerts either a push or pull force on the metal strip.

Accordingly the glass pointer will rotate either clockwise or anti‐clockwise depending on the direction of plunger movement

A calibrated scale is employed with the pointer, so that any axial movement of the plunger can be conveniently recorded.

Johansson Mikrokator

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Page 12: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Page 13: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Mechanical Optical Comparators

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Page 14: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

As the name of the comparator itself suggests, this is a part mechanical and part optical comparator. Small displacements of a measuring plunger are initially amplified by a lever mechanism pivoted about a point as shown in figure.

Mechanical Optical Comparator

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Page 15: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Optical projector is a versatile comparator, which is widely used for inspection purpose. 

It is especially used in tool room applications. 

It projects a two‐dimensional magnified image of the work‐piece on to a viewing screen to facilitate measurement. 

Optical Projector

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Page 16: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Profile  optical projector comparator

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Page 17: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Electrical Comparators

They are in widespread use because of their instantaneous response and convenience to amplify the input. 

Electronic comparator, in particular, can achieve exceptionally high magnification.

The mechanism carrying the pointer is very light and not sensitive to vibrations.

As the instrument is usually operated on A.C. supply, the cyclic vibration substantially reduces errors due to sliding friction.

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Disadvantages Heating of coils in the measuring unit may cause zero drift and alter 

the calibration. This is usually more expensive than mechanical instrument.

Page 18: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

The plunger is the sensing element, the movement of which displaces an armature inside a pair of coils. Movement of the armature causes change in inductance in the two coils, resulting in a net change in inductance. 

This change causes imbalance in the bridge circuit, resulting in an output. 

The output display device, whether it is analog or digital, is calibrated to show the readings in units of length, that is, linear displacement.

Elements of Electrical Comparator

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Electrical ComparatorsAURA MAKE ELECTRONIC COMPARATOR

COUNTER: A single line Display ‐Counter unit is provided which displays Signal from probe in digital form. Resolutionof this unit is Selectable ‐ 0.0001 m.m, 0.001 mm. 

Page 20: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Electrical Comparators

Electronic Gage

An electronic gage for measuring bore diameter.  The measuring head is equipped with three carbide‐tipped steel pins for wear resistance.  The LED display reads 29.158 mm.  Source:  Courtesy of TESA SA.

Page 21: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

The movement at the probe tip actuates inductance transducer which is supplied with an a.c. source from the oscillator. 

The transducer converts this movement into an electrical signal which is then amplified and fed via an oscillator to the demodulator. 

The current in D.C. form, then passes to the meter and the probe tip movement is displayed as a linear measurement over a circular scale. 

Sigma Electronic Comparator 

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Page 22: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Sigma Electronic Comparator 

Page 23: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Air Gauges or Pneumatic Comparators

Used to compare work piece dimensions with master gauge by means of air pressure or flow.

Pneumatic gauge provide gauging of several features at once, it has become essential part of production inspection in the industry. 

It is possible to gauge length, diameter, parallelism, concentricity, etc using a simple set up. 

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Two types:1. Flow ( Indicates air velocity)2. Pressure (indicates air pressure in system)

Page 24: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Compressed air with a pressure in the range 1.5 to 2 bars is passed through a tapered glass column, which contains a small metal float. 

The air then passes through a rubber or plastic hose and exits to the atmosphere through the orifice in the gauging head. 

Since the gauging head is inserted inside the work part, which is being inspected, there is a small clearance between the gauging head and the work part. 

This restricts the flow of air, thereby changing the position of the float inside the tapered glass column.

Flow Air Gauge

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Page 25: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Rate of flow proportional to clearance Gage set to master Work piece larger than

hole size, float rises Smaller, float falls

Flow Air Gauge

Source: Mahr, S 1840 PE

Page 26: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

This system uses a two orifice arrangement as shown in figure above. While the orifice O1 is called the control orifice, the orifice O2 is referred to as the measuring orifice. 

The measuring head gets compressed air supply at a constant pressure ‘P’, which is called the source pressure

Depending upon the gap d, the back pressure Pb changes, thereby providing a means for measuring dimension ‘d’.

Back Pressure Gauge

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Page 27: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

In the set up shown in figure above, the back pressure is let into a bourdon tube, which undergone deflection depending on the magnitude of air pressure. This deflection of the bourdon tube is amplified by lever and gear arrangement and indicated on a dial. 

Back Pressure Gauge

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Page 28: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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Back Pressure Gauge

Mahr Federal Micro‐Dimensionair

Page 29: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

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• Holes may be checked for taper, out-of-roundness, concentricity, and irregularity

• Gage does not touch workpiece• Gaging heads last longer than fixed gages• More than one diameter may be checked at same time.

Advantages of Air Gauges

Page 30: Chapter 6site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH61.pdf · Mechanical‐optical comparator Electrical and electronic comparators Pneumatic comparators Other types such as

Pneumatic gauging is one of the widely used methods for inspection of holes. 

The gauging elements can be adapted to measure nearly any feature of the hole including diameter, roundness, squareness and straightness. 

Applications of Pneumatic Comparators

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