chapter 7 - fullerton college without... · positive comparative superlative short adjectives big...

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning

management system for classroom use.

Chapter 7

Adjectives

and Adverbs

Learning Objectives: Level 1

• Decide whether to use adjectives or adverbs in sentences.

• Form the comparative and superlative degrees of regular and irregular adjectives and adverbs.

7-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

7-3

When to Use Adverbs

Basic Functions of Adjectives and Adverbs

When to Use Adjectives

Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

Irregular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

7-4

When to Use Adjectives

Use adjectives to modify nouns and pronouns.

• She has a yellow sportscar.• The company released an exciting product.

Use adjectives (not adverbs) following linking verbs.

• Her engine sounds loud (not loudly).• She felt bad (not badly) about the noise.


7-5

When to Use Adverbs

Use adverbs (not adjectives) to modify verbs.

• Don’t take her comments personally (not personal).

• The engine runs smoothly (not smooth).


Positive Comparative Superlative

Short

Adjectivesbig

clever

high

quiet

easy

pretty

bigger

cleverer

higher

quieter

easier*

prettier*

biggest

cleverest

highest

quietest

easiest*

prettiest*

7-6

Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

*Note: If the word ends in y, change the y to i.



Longer

Adjectivesbeautiful

efficient

useful

more/less

beautiful

more/less

efficient

more/less

useful

most/least

beautiful

most/least

efficient

most/least

useful

7-7

Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs, cont.



Short

Adverbsfast

quick

faster

quicker

fastest

quickest

Longer

Adverbsslowly

carefully

costly

more/less

slowly

more/less

carefully

more/less

costly

most/least

slowly

most/least

carefully

most/least

costly

7-8

Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs, cont.



Adjectives bad

good

little

worse

better

less

worst

best

least

Adverbs badly

many

much

well

worse

more

more

better

worst

most

most

best

7-9

Irregular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs


Try Your Skill

1. Of the two finalists, we chose the (better/best).

2. Please select the (quietest/most quiet) office to hold the interview.

3. Ms. Valdez is the (efficientest/most efficient) paralegal in the office.

7-10

Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.

(either is OK)


Try Your Skill

4. Our profits are (higher/more higher) than they were last year.

5. My supervisor is (patienter/more patient) than yours.

6. Of the three candidates, Juan is definitely the (better/best).

7-11



Try Your Skill

7. Ted speaks (more confident/more confidently) since he took a speech course.

8. This machine prints (faster/more faster) than our old printer did.

9. She ran the (most fast/fastest) of all the competitors.

7-12



Try Your Skill

10. In his speech course, he learned to speak (more slower/more slowly).

11. Time passed (slow, slowly) on the plane.

12. Jeff felt (bad, badly) about his low test score.

7-13




• Use articles, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, compound adjectives, and independent adjectives correctly.

• Avoid double negatives.


7-15

Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives

Modifiers That Deserve Special Attention

Articles

Compound and Independent Adjectives

Double Negatives


7-16

Articles

For ease in pronunciation, use an before singular nouns beginning with vowel sounds.

an office

an excellent idea

an honor (h is not sounded)

an unnecessary report


7-17

Articles (continued)

Use a before singular nouns beginning with consonant sounds.

a building

a house

a one-day leave (osounds like consonant w)

a utility (u sounds like consonant y)


7-18

Articles (concluded)

Use the before singular or plural nouns beginning with consonant or vowel sounds.

the president

the decisions

the actions

the board room

the unique characteristics


7-19

Demonstrative Adjectives

Use the singular adjectives this and that

with singular nouns.

• This kind of paper is excellent.

Use the plural adjectives these and those with plural nouns.

• These kinds of paper are cheaper. (Not, These kind of paper.)


7-20

Possessive Adjectives

Some possessive pronouns serve as possessive adjectives when they describe nouns.

• My job is challenging.

• We received your application.

• His wife was transferred to Boston.

• We have made our decision.

Hint: Notice that possessive adjectives come before the nouns they are describing.


7-21

Compound Adjectives

Words joined together to form a single adjective before a noun should be hyphenated.

• This is a one-of-a-kind offer.

(BUT: This offer is one of a kind.)

• Our five-year-old company is thriving.

(BUT: Our company is five years old.)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer\

7-22

Compound Adjectives (continued)

A few words contain permanent hyphens, regardless of where they are in a sentence. Examples of these words are first-class, well-known, and up-to-date. Consult your dictionary for guidance.

• We need up-to-date transcripts for admission.

• Her technology credentials are up-to-

date.


7-23

Compound Adjectives (concluded)

Do not hyphenate ly-ending adverbs preceding nouns.

• The newly opened clinic is on Third Street.


7-24

Compound Adjectives: Does a

hyphen really matter?

• Which is correct?• In normal times the company

employs a hundred odd workers.

OR

In normal times the companyemploys a hundred-odd workers.

• See the difference?


http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684833638/ref=lib_dp_TFCV/002-0053841-6297622?v=glance&s=books&vi=reader

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684833638/ref=lib_dp_TFCV/002-0053841-6297622?v=glance&s=books&vi=reader

7-25

Independent Adjectives

• Two or more consecutive adjectives that

independently modify a noun: separate

with commas

• No comma is needed unless the word

and can be inserted between the

adjectives.


7-26

Independent Adjectives (concluded)

• He bought a newer, better laptop. (Read

“newer and better” laptop)

• She drives a tiny sports car. (No comma

needed because we would not say “tiny

and sports car.”)


7-27

Double Negatives

Avoid double negatives, which occur

when negative adverbs (no, not, nothing,

scarcely, hardly, barely) are used in the same

sentence with negative verbs (didn’t, don’t,

won’t).

INCORRECT: Asking him won’t do no good.CORRECT: Asking him will do no good.CORRECT: Asking him won’t do any good.


Try Your Skill

1. We plan to take (a/an) European vacation next summer.

2. It’s been (a/an) honor to know you.

3. Our (90-day, 90 day) warranty period has passed.

7-28



Try Your Skill

4. A local contractor plans to build (three and four-bedroom, three- and four-bedroom) houses on this piece of land.

5. The factory's exhaust system emitted an (alarmingly toxic, alarmingly-toxic) gas.

7-29



Try Your Skill

6. We have an exciting well-trained team working on your project.

7-30

Is a comma needed in this sentence?

You would read “exciting and well-

trained”; therefore, a comma is needed.

,


Try Your Skill

7. That is the most beautiful new office building in the downtown section.

7-31

You would not say “beautiful and new”; therefore, no comma is needed.

Is a comma needed in this sentence?


Try Your Skill

8. We hadn’t barely discussed the issue when a vote was taken.

7-32

We had barely

discussed the issue when a vote was taken.

How would you fix this double negative?



• Master the correct use of commonly confused adjectives and adverbs.

• Make comparisons within a group, and place adverbs and adjectives close to the words they modify.


7-34

Farther Further

Adverb – actual

distance

Adverb – additionally

He walked farther

than the rest of us.

We will discuss the matter further.

Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs


7-35

Sure Surely

Adjective - certain Adverb –

undoubtedly

Are you sure of the

appointment?

She will surely call

today.

Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)


7-36

Real Really

Adjective - genuine Adverb – actually,

truly, very

She has been a real

asset to the

company.

We are really glad to

hear that the merger

went through.



7-37

Fewer Less

Adjective – refers to

numbers or

countable items

Adjective – refers to

amount or collective

quantity

We received fewer

applications than we

expected.

Less interest is

allowed on short-term

savings.



7-38

Good Well

Adjective -

desirable

Adverb – satisfactorily

OR Adjective - health

The complete

printout looks good.

Alicia did well in class.

Shannon feels well

despite a recent illness.

(Use well as an

adjective only when

referring to health.)



7-39

Almost Most

Adverb – nearly Adjective – greatest

in amount

She was almost

asleep when the fire

alarm sounded.

Most applications

are submitted online.



7-40

later latter

Adverb – after

expected time

Adjective – the

second of two things

The later you wait to

apply for financial

aid, the worse your

chances will be of

receiving it.

Between astronomy

and geology, I prefer the latter.

Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (concluded)


Try Your Skill

1. She thought she did (good, well) in her interview.

2. Peter will (sure, surely) get the Amdeck contract.

3. I did not feel (good, well) after I ate the seafood.

4. She looks (good, well) in her new interview outfit.

7-41



Try Your Skill

5. That report was (real, really) hard to write.

6. Susan writes (real, really) (good, well).

7. How much (farther, further) do we have to drive?

7-42



Try Your Skill

8. What do I need to do to (farther, further) my career?

9. We can (sure, surely) do better than this.

10. This lane is for customers with ten or (fewer, less) items.

7-43



Try Your Skill

11. We had (less, fewer) accidents on the job this year.

12. These cookies have (less, fewer) sugar than the others.

13. Of the two candidates, I recommend the (later, latter).

7-44



Try Your Skill

14. I’ll have to get back to you (later, latter) with the answer.

15. (Most, Almost) all new graduates went straight to work.

16. (Most, Almost) everyone had a cell phone and was talking.

7-45



7-46

Location

Other Uses of Adverbs and Adjectives

Comparisons Within Group


7-47

Comparisons Within Group

• When than is used to compare a person,

place, or thing with other members of a

group to which it belongs: include the words

other or else in the comparison.

• The inclusion of these words ensures that

the person or thing being compared is

separated from the group with which it is

compared.


7-48

Comparisons Within Group (concluded)

• Our real estate agency is larger than any

other agency in the city.

• Beth is paid more than anyone else in

her department.


7-49

Location

To avoid confusion, place adverbs and adjectives close to the words they modify.

• He said that he had only $1 left. (Not: He only said that he had $1 left.)

• The first three applicants will be interviewed. (Not: The three first

applicants will be interviewed.)


Try Your Skill

1. (a) He said we have to read only the progress report.(b) He only said we have to read the progress report.(c) He said only we have to read the progress report.

7-50

Identify which sentence is correct.

Note: He wants you to read one thing.


Try Your Skill

2. (a) Only the 25 first callers will receive free tickets. (b) Only the first 25 callers will receive free tickets.

3. Paris is more beautiful than (any, any other) city in Europe.

7-51

Identify which sentence

is correct.

Choose the correct form.


chapter 7 - fullerton college without... · positive comparative superlative short adjectives big...

Documents