chapter 7 interest groups and political parties. interest groups and democracy whose interests are...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Interest GroupsInterest Groups
and Political and Political PartiesParties
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Interest Groups and Democracy
Whose interests are served? Who is/is not represented by an
interest group? What groups have power, influence
over decision-making? How do interest groups influence
policy?
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Definition
Organized group of individuals Common goals or objectives Influence government policy/
policymakers Heart of pluralist theory Lobbyist = works for interest group,
interacts with policymakers
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Why Join?
Solidarity – associate with others with common interest
Material – economic benefits/ opportunities
Purpose – ethical beliefs, ideological principles
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Types
Economic = by far the most powerful, influential
EnvironmentalPublic InterestSpecial Interest
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Economic
Business = Business and trade organizations
Agricultural = very influential Labor = labor/working class interests Public Employee = American
Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, AFSCME; FACCC
Professional Associations = American Bar Association, American Medical Association
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Others Environmental
National Wildlife Federation, Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, Sierra Club, National Audubon Society, WISE37
Public – advocate for community interests Common Cause, CALPIRG
Special - single interest (pro/anti-abortion, age, etc.)
Foreign Governments
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Group Power
Size (numbers)Resources (organization and
money)LeadershipCohesiveness
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Direct Lobbying = meeting officials
testifying before congressional committees, executive rulemaking, drafting legislation, entertaining legislators, providing information, etc.
Ratings (voting) Campaign Assistance (volunteers) Political Action Committees (PACs)= raises
money, gives donations to candidates or parties
Political Contributions = most important form of campaign help
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Indirect
Public pressure = using public opinion
Climate control = public relations to create favorable public opinion
Shotgun approach = constituents act in concert by writing, emailing, phoning or sending postcards
Rifle approach = influential constituent contacts legislator on particular issue
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Campaign Money
Political Action Committee (PAC) = represent business, labor, special interest group Most are corporate
Contributions Primarily given to incumbents $5,000 per election per candidate is upper limit under
campaign finance laws Soft money (to parties)
Outlawed in 2002 Issue advocacy advertising
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Regulating Lobbyists
Legislative Reorganization Act (1946) public disclosure lack of enforcement United States v. Harriss (1954)
constitutional 1995-96 reforms
“Lobbyist” = 20% of time lobbying Register; Semiannual reports
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Political Party
Activists who organize to win elections, operate government, and make public policy Distinct from interest groups,
which don’t seek office
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Functions
Recruiting candidatesOrganizing and running
electionsAlternative policiesOperating governmentOrganized opposition
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Parties in U.S. History
1789-1812 – Creation of parties 1816-1828 – Personal politics 1828-1860 – National two-party rule 1864-1892 – Post-Civil War period 1896-1928 – Progressive era 1932-present – Modern era
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Two-Party System Two parties have reasonable chance
of winning “Are you now, or have you ever
been, a member of the…” Other parties: Green, Reform,
Libertarian, Socialist Workers, Communist, Socialist, States Rights Democrats/Workers World, Natural Law, and Social Labor Party
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Core Supporters
Democratic corelower SES (income, education) groups; African Americans; union members; Jews; individuals with less than high school education; college grads with a postgraduate education; women
Republican corehigher SES groups; college grads with no postgraduate education; professionals; businesspeople
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Policies
Democrats = More likely to approve social-welfare spending, government regulation of business, measures to improve status of minorities and elderly
Republicans = More supportive of private enterprise; believe federal government should be less involved in social programs
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Why Two-Party System
Historical foundations = sectional/regional and class politics
Political socialization/party identification
Commonality of views Winner-take-all electoral system
plurality voting in single member district elections
State and federal laws favoring two party system
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Party Identification
© 2004 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
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Minor Parties
Most successful splinter parties broke from major party Bull Moose Progressives (from Republicans) Dixiecrats (States Rights) Party (from Democrats) American Independent Party 1968 (from Democrats)
Platforms often adopted Candidates can impact election outcomes
Nader and Gore (2000) Libertarian, Reform, Green, Natural Law,
Communist, Socialist, Socialist Workers, etc.