Chapter 7 Organic Chemicals and Chapter 8 Radionuclide'sChapter 7 Organic Chemicals and Chapter 8 Radionuclide's

Waterworks OperationsWQT 111

Lecture 6

Waterworks OperationsWQT 111

Lecture 6

ObjectivesObjectives

1. Review Organic Contaminants

- SOC and VOC - Petroleum sources - Industrial

2. MTBE

3. Review Radionuclides Contaminants

1. Review Organic Contaminants

- SOC and VOC - Petroleum sources - Industrial

2. MTBE

3. Review Radionuclides Contaminants

Organic Chemicals

Synthetic Organic Chemical • Synthetic Organic Chemicals• Man-made (anthropogenic) organic

chemicals. • Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to

stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating

Synthetic Organic Chemical • Synthetic Organic Chemicals• Man-made (anthropogenic) organic

chemicals. • Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to

stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating

Volatile Organic ChemicalsVolatile Organic Chemical• Evaporate, or volatilize, when exposed to air.

Dissolvers- widely used as cleaning and liquefying agents in fuels, degreasers, paint thinner, and dry cleaning solutions.

Cancer causing

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies.

Volatile Organic Chemical• Evaporate, or volatilize, when exposed to air.

Dissolvers- widely used as cleaning and liquefying agents in fuels, degreasers, paint thinner, and dry cleaning solutions.

Cancer causing

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies.

VOC ChemicalsVOC's are found at airports and service

stations; machine, print and paint shops; electronics and chemical plants; dry cleaning establishments; and in household products.

• Some common VOC's are methane, trichloroethylene (TCE),tetrachloroethylene (also called "perchlorethylene," which is dry cleaning fluid), trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, and xylenes.

VOC's are found at airports and service stations; machine, print and paint shops; electronics and chemical plants; dry cleaning establishments; and in household products.

• Some common VOC's are methane, trichloroethylene (TCE),tetrachloroethylene (also called "perchlorethylene," which is dry cleaning fluid), trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, and xylenes.

Health effects of VOC exposureHealth effects of VOC exposureAcute• Eye irritation / watering • Nose irritation • Throat irritation • Headaches • Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness • Asthma exacerbation Chronic• Cancer • Liver damage • Kidney damage • Central Nervous System damage

Acute• Eye irritation / watering • Nose irritation • Throat irritation • Headaches • Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness • Asthma exacerbation Chronic• Cancer • Liver damage • Kidney damage • Central Nervous System damage

MTBE is a member of a group of chemicals commonly known as fuel oxygenates.

MTBE is used in gasoline throughout the United States to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels caused by auto emissions.

Source

Leaky underground storage tanks

Treatment

Air stripping, granular activated carbon (GAC), and advanced oxidation to remove MTBE contamination

MTBE is a member of a group of chemicals commonly known as fuel oxygenates.

MTBE is used in gasoline throughout the United States to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels caused by auto emissions.

Source

Leaky underground storage tanks

Treatment

Air stripping, granular activated carbon (GAC), and advanced oxidation to remove MTBE contamination

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

MTBE, a gasoline oxygenate, was the second most frequently detected VOC in samples from domestic and public wells at an assessment level of 0.2 µg/L.

The detection frequency of MTBE was about 3 percent in domestic well samples and about 5 percent in public well samples

2004, MTBE was the most commonly used gasoline oxygenate

Has been completely or partially banned in some States

MTBE, a gasoline oxygenate, was the second most frequently detected VOC in samples from domestic and public wells at an assessment level of 0.2 µg/L.

The detection frequency of MTBE was about 3 percent in domestic well samples and about 5 percent in public well samples

2004, MTBE was the most commonly used gasoline oxygenate

Has been completely or partially banned in some States

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

VOC In AquifersVOC In Aquifers

VOC Drinking WaterVOC Drinking Water

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

SOC are man made?SOC are man made?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%

100%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

An SOC can be a VOC?An SOC can be a VOC?

Tru

e

Fal

se

4%

96%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Eye irritation / watering Nose irritation

Throat irritation Headaches

Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness Asthma exacerbation

are all considered acute VOC exposure ?

Eye irritation / watering Nose irritation

Throat irritation Headaches

Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness Asthma exacerbation

are all considered acute VOC exposure ?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%

100%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Cancer Liver damage, Kidney damage, Central

Nervous System damage are all caused by chronic exposure to VOCs?

Cancer Liver damage, Kidney damage, Central

Nervous System damage are all caused by chronic exposure to VOCs?

Tru

e

Fal

se

8%

92%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

MTBE is a fuel oxygenate that was required by law?

MTBE is a fuel oxygenate that was required by law?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%

100%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

MTBE was the second most detected VOC in water?

MTBE was the second most detected VOC in water?

Tru

e

Fal

se

4%

96%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Endrin, Lindane, Methoxyclor, and Toxaphene are examples of

Endrin, Lindane, Methoxyclor, and Toxaphene are examples of

Inor

ganic

che

m...

Org

anic

chem

ic...

Met

al S

alts

Hal

ogens

45%

0%0%

55%1. Inorganic chemicals

2. Organic chemicals

3. Metal Salts

4. Halogens

1. Inorganic chemicals

2. Organic chemicals

3. Metal Salts

4. Halogens

Radium 226 and 228 (20 pCi/L)-most common radionuclide

-from soil similar to Ca causes bone cancer

Uranium 20 g/L-(uranium sandstone or shale)-

-causes cancer and damages human kidneys

Radon 300 pCi/L-(gas from natural decay of uranium)

-confined spaces, transfers from water to air

-lung cancer

Radium 226 and 228 (20 pCi/L)-most common radionuclide

-from soil similar to Ca causes bone cancer

Uranium 20 g/L-(uranium sandstone or shale)-

-causes cancer and damages human kidneys

Radon 300 pCi/L-(gas from natural decay of uranium)

-confined spaces, transfers from water to air

-lung cancer

When does/did/will the final rule for Radionuclides in Drinking

Water take effect?

When does/did/will the final rule for Radionuclides in Drinking

Water take effect?

Dec

ember

7, 2

0...

Dec

ember

31,

2...

Dec

ember

8, 2

0...

Ther

e is

no s

u...

10%

67%

0%

24%

1. December 7, 2003

2. December 31, 2007

3. December 8, 2003

4. There is no such rule

1. December 7, 2003

2. December 31, 2007

3. December 8, 2003

4. There is no such rule

The Final Radionuclide Rule applies only to CWS and not

NTNCWS at this time

The Final Radionuclide Rule applies only to CWS and not

NTNCWS at this time

Tru

e

Fal

se

53%

47%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

RadionuclidesRadionuclides

Alpha RadiationAlpha Radiation

•Most common naturally occurring radionuclide•Heaviest particle (doubly charged He ion)•10 percent the speed of light (slow radiation)•Don’t travel far (10 cm) stopped by paper

•Most common naturally occurring radionuclide•Heaviest particle (doubly charged He ion)•10 percent the speed of light (slow radiation)•Don’t travel far (10 cm) stopped by paper

Beta RadionuclidesBeta Radionuclides

•Negatively charged electrons (30-99 percent speed of light)•Travel farther then alpha but will get stopped by tin foil

•Negatively charged electrons (30-99 percent speed of light)•Travel farther then alpha but will get stopped by tin foil

Gamma RadiationGamma Radiation

•Electromagnetic radiation•Photon move at the speed of light•Great penetrating power (need Lead or concrete to stop it)

•Electromagnetic radiation•Photon move at the speed of light•Great penetrating power (need Lead or concrete to stop it)

Radionuclides include which of the following:

Radionuclides include which of the following:

Alp

ha an

d Bet

a

Lep

ton a

nd Pho

...

Gam

ma

and N

ano

Gam

ma

and S

igm

...

100%

0%0%0%

1. Alpha and Beta

2. Lepton and Photon

3. Gamma and Nano

4. Gamma and Sigma

1. Alpha and Beta

2. Lepton and Photon

3. Gamma and Nano

4. Gamma and Sigma

Radiation UnitsRadiation Units

•Unit of radioactivity is a Curie = 3.7 X 1010 disintegrations per second

MCL based on pCi or picocuries per second

10-12 curies

•Unit of radioactivity is a Curie = 3.7 X 1010 disintegrations per second

MCL based on pCi or picocuries per second

10-12 curies

Radiation MapRadiation Map

Average human dose=200 mrem 3% of this dose from drinking water

UraniumUranium

RadonRadon

Radon is a gas?Radon is a gas?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%

100%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Radon comes from the radioactive decay of uranium it is

the decay daughter of radium 226?

Radon comes from the radioactive decay of uranium it is

the decay daughter of radium 226?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%

100%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Radium is the most common radionuclide in drinking water

and the second leading cause of lung cancer in the US?

Radium is the most common radionuclide in drinking water

and the second leading cause of lung cancer in the US?

Tru

e

Fal

se

17%

83%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

There are two isotopes for radium 220 and 228?

There are two isotopes for radium 220 and 228?

Tru

e

Fal

se

88%

13%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Uranium is associated with basalt?

Uranium is associated with basalt?

Tru

e

Fal

se

70%

30%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

The average human dose of radiation per year is 40 mrem?

The average human dose of radiation per year is 40 mrem?

Tru

e

Fal

se

70%

30%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Alpha radiation contains the heaviest particles that move the

slowest?

Alpha radiation contains the heaviest particles that move the

slowest?

Tru

e

Fal

se

4%

96%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Beta radiation can be stopped by aluminum foil but moves at a rate of 30 to 99 percent the

speed of light?

Beta radiation can be stopped by aluminum foil but moves at a rate of 30 to 99 percent the

speed of light?

Tru

e

Fal

se

5%

95%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Gamma radiation moves at the speed of light and is an x-ray?Gamma radiation moves at the speed of light and is an x-ray?

Tru

e

Fal

se

14%

86%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

The MCL for radionuclide's is a pCi or pesocurie per liter?

The MCL for radionuclide's is a pCi or pesocurie per liter?

Tru

e

Fal

se

65%

35%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

The objectives stated in the syllabus to learn the fundamentals and health hazards of water

contamination/chemistry as it relates to drinking water standards were met ?

The objectives stated in the syllabus to learn the fundamentals and health hazards of water

contamination/chemistry as it relates to drinking water standards were met ?

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

50%

0%0%

50%1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree

4. Strongly Disagree

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree

4. Strongly Disagree