chapter 8 applications & events h-117 – introductory health physics slide 1 · 2012. 12....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8
Slide 1H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Applications & Events
![Page 2: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
Understand the two types of licenses for use of radioactive material: general and specific
Review NRC regulations for use of radioactive material and for protecting workers and members of the public found in Title 10 of the CFR
Understand the role and significance of
Slide 2H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Understand the role and significance of Agreement States
Review the applications of radioactive materials in medicine and industry
Understand types of events involving radioactive material
![Page 3: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Regulations
Slide 3H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 4: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NRC Regulations
CFR Title 10 “Energy” NRC Parts 0-199 (Note: the following list is not complete)
Part 20, “Standards for Protection Against Radiation”Part 30, “Rules of General Applicability to Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material”Part 31, “General Domestic Licenses for Byproduct Material”Part 32, “Specific Domestic Licenses to Manufacture or Transfer Certain Items Containing Byproduct Material”Part 33, “Specific Domestic Licenses of Broad Scope for Byproduct Material”
Slide 4H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Part 34, “Licenses for Industrial Radiography and Radiation Safety Requirements for Industrial Radiographic Operations”Part 35, “Medical Use of Byproduct Material”Part 36, “Licenses and Radiation Safety Requirements for Irradiators”Part 39, “Licenses and Radiation Safety Requirements for Well Logging”Part 40, “Domestic Licensing of Source Material”Part 50, “Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities”Part 61, “Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste”Part 63, “Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in a Geologic Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada”Part 70, “Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear Material”
![Page 5: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agreement States
Agreement States
Non-Agreement States
Letter of Intent
Note: NRC maintains regulation of nuclear power plants, major fuel cycle facilities and most federal facilities (e.g. VA, Air Force, Navy) in all states.
![Page 6: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Applications
Slide 6H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 7: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Applications
Industrial radiographyFixed gaugesPortable gaugesWell-loggingI di t
Slide 7H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
IrradiatorsMedical and research facilitiesFuel cycle facilitiesCommercial and research reactorsWaste processing and disposal
![Page 8: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sealed Source Applications
Slide 8H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 9: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Industrial Radiography
Slide 9H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 10: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Industrial Radiography
Industrial radiography is used to take an “X-ray,” of a pipe weld or other component.
A specific license is required to conduct industrial radiography. This requires special
Slide 10H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
training and operational experience.
Radiography is subject to NRC (10 CFR 34) or Agreement State licensing.
![Page 11: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
192Ir Radiography Cameras
Slide 11H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
QSA Global (Sentinel)Model 660
Source Production& Equipment Co.Model SPEC-150
Industrial Nuclear Co.
Model IR-100
![Page 12: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Radiography Camera Design
Locking keyLocking key
DU shield
Slide 12H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
DU shield
pill
![Page 13: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Radiography Camera & Associated Equipment
Lock AssemblySource
Guide Tube
Slide 13H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Control Sheaths
End Stop
Connector
Drive Control
Crankcollimator
![Page 14: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Source Assembly (Pigtail)
lock button
Slide 14H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Locking Pin Source CableSwageDrive Cable
Male Connector
Female Connector
dc10.ppt
pillcable
![Page 15: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sources
Slide 15H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Ir-192 wafers & Co-60 pellets
![Page 16: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
60Co Radiography Cameras
AEA Model 741
Slide 16H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
SPEC Model SPEC-300
![Page 17: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Field Radiography (outdoors)
Welding
Retract source / breakdown equipment
Crank-outSetup
Exposure
![Page 18: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Field Radiography (indoors)
Slide 18H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 19: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Unusual Locations
Lay Barge(pipe laying operation)
Slide 19H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Off ShoreOil Drilling Platform
![Page 20: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Depleted
Camera ComponentsCamera Components
Slide 20H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
DepletedUraniumShield containing“S” tube.
![Page 21: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“S” Tube
Carrying Handle
Camera ComponentsCamera Components
Slide 21H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Source
DU Shielding
Rigid Type B meets DOT/NRC regs
Locking mechanism
![Page 22: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Radiography ProcessThe Radiography Process
Slide 22H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 23: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Radiography Event: Potential Overexposure
NEBRASKA AGREEMENT STATE REPORT:
The State of Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services, Radiation Control Program, reported that a radiographer employed by Team Industrial Services, Inc. was potentially overexposed while performing radiography at a Nebraska City, NE facility. Team Industrial Services, Inc. was performing work in Nebraska under reciprocity of their Illinois license.
Slide 23H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
On March 7, 2008, while at the job site, the radiographer noticed that his direct-reading pocket dosimeter was off-scale. He reported this to the regional Team Industrial Services RSO and stated that he believed he just bumped the dosimeter to cause the off-scale condition. The RSO directed him to send his TLD to Landauer Laboratories for processing.
On March 10, 2008, Landauer informed the RSO that the TLD indicated that the radiographer received 7.753 REM Deep Dose Equivalent.
![Page 24: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Damaged Cameras
Slide 24H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 25: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
X-Ray Radiography
X-ray machines are also used for conducting radiography. An X-ray machine has a selectable energy by varying voltage and current. When the unit i t d ff th di ti
Slide 25H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
is turned off, the radiation source is gone.
These devices are not regulated by the NRC, but are regulated by state radiation protection programs.
![Page 26: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Gauging Devices
Slide 26H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
FixedPortable
![Page 27: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sources8-10 mCi of 137Cs (gamma)40-50 mCi of 241Am:Be (neutron)
241Am:Be produces neutrons by utilizing the alpha particles emitted by americium through the
Portable Moisture - Density Gauges
Slide 27H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
p y gfollowing reaction:
94Be + 42α → 12
6C + 10n
Note: In ~ 10 minutes, an unshielded 10 mCi 137Cs source can deliver > 50 rem to a worker's hand (some gauges contain sources with even higher activities)
![Page 28: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cs-137 source (gamma)
method to measure soil density
source placed beneath the
Direct Transmission
fixed distance
Slide 28H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
source placed beneath the surface through a punched hole - radiation travels fixed distance to detector on the base of the gauge
density of the soil depends on amount transmitted
sourcedetector
fixed distance
![Page 29: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
gamma source (density)
neutron source (moisture)
both source and detector on surface
Backscatter
source
detector
Slide 29H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
radiation reflected (scattered) back to the gauge by material
not sensitive beyond a depth of about 4 inches
![Page 30: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Detector
SourceHolder
Fixed Gauges
Slide 30H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
1 curie cesium-1376 mR/min @ 1 m
![Page 31: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Flow and Fill
Slide 31H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 32: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fill Level
Slide 32H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 33: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Product Thickness
Slide 33H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 34: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conveyor Belt
Slide 34H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 35: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Event: Fixed Gauge
UTAH DIVISION OF RADIATION CONTROL: EQUIPMENT FAILURE TO FUNCTION AS DESIGNED
A licensee employee, trained by the device manufacturer, was performing a device inspection (inventory/shutter check/leak test) for one of the licensee's fixed gauges (Ohmart Corporation Model SH-F2) containing 7.4
Slide 35H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
( p ) ggigabecquerels (200 millicuries) of cesium-137. A screw broke off while the employee was closing the device shutter. Because the screw broke off, the shutter could not be closed.
![Page 36: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Event: Damaged Portable Gauge
AGREEMENT STATE - FLORIDA BUREAU OF RADIATION CONTROL
The Florida Bureau of Radiation Control called to report a damaged Troxler gauge, with a source strength of 8 mCiCs-137 and 40 mCi Am-241, is being quarantined in a church parking lot by the St Lucie police department An
Slide 36H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
church parking lot by the St. Lucie police department. An employee of the licensee had the gauge in his truck when he was involved in an accident. The impact of the crash caused the Troxler instrument to be ejected from the truck causing damage to the handle. The employee was air lifted to the local hospital in critical condition.
![Page 37: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Well Logging
Slide 37H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 38: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Well Logging
Well logging is regulated by the NRC in 10 CFR Part 39.
Sources use both gamma and neutron radiation.
Slide 38H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Neutron radiation is used to detect the presence of moisture or hydrogenous atoms, e.g., oil.
![Page 39: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
USES:
Oil ExplorationField & Tracer Studies
TYPES:
Well Logging
Slide 39H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
TYPES:
Gamma LoggingNeutron LoggingLogging While Drilling
![Page 40: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Well Logging tools (without sources) at storage facility
Well Logging Tools and Vehicle
Slide 40H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Well Logging tools (without sources)in transport vehicle
![Page 41: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Well Logging Sealed Sources
Slide 41H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
137Cs 241Am:Be
![Page 42: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Measurement While Drilling (MWD)
Radioactive Source Port
Slide 42H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Detectors
![Page 43: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Event: Well Logging
Texas Agreement State Report: Three well logging sources abandoned downhole in a well in Galveston County, Texas
Well logging string became stuck in a 6 3/4" wellbore over the weekend. Attempts to 'fish' for the sources were unsuccessful and the fishing tool becoming stuck in the wellbore above the well logging tool string.
Slide 43H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
The tool string contained three sealed sources: an 18 curie Am-241/Be; a 2 curie Cs-137; and a 0.8 microcurie Cs137. The sources were declared abandoned late on October 19, 2004.
The licensee had to seal the well with red dyed cement and placed a deflection device in the wellbore. The tool string is sitting at the bottom of the well at 9,150 feet downhole.
![Page 44: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
General Information or Other Event Number: 40863
Rep Org: TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHLicensee: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORP
Notification Date: 07/12/2004Event Date: 07/10/2004
Event: Well Logging
TEXAS AGREEMENT STATE REPORT ON DOSE TO THE PUBLIC FROM EXPOSED SEALED SOURCE
"Full investigation has been started by Schlumberger. Many details missing from initial notification Crew using a CAPSTAR rig without a floor were
Slide 44H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
from initial notification. Crew using a CAPSTAR rig, without a floor were working a well site in Pecos County, Texas, from the Midland office (Subsite042). During the evening of probably 07/09/2004 the rig was moved to a new site. When setup for work it was determined by the well loggers that a sealed 1.7 curie Cs-137 source was missing from their tool. They went back to the last site and discovered the source in a pile of mud that was located 10-15 feet from the rig location. It is suspected that the source was missing for 24-36 hours. Suspect dose to the public to the rig crew/roustabouts. The logging crew was badged. No estimates are currently available. A Schlumberger management team has been dispatched from Houston (Subsite 000) to assess dose and investigate this incident. Investigation is ongoing."
![Page 45: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Irradiators
Slide 45H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 46: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Irradiators
Subject to NRC (10 CFR 36) or Agreement State licensing.
High activity gamma sources (millions of Ci) are used to sterilize medical devices, to alter products (e g golf balls
Slide 46H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
alter products (e.g., golf balls, flooring), or to preserve food.
Potential for whole body lethal doses in very short time period (seconds).
![Page 47: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
I Source always shielded
II Open beam port
Irradiator Categories
Slide 47H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
III Source underwater
IV Source stored underwater, exposed in air
![Page 48: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The source is completely enclosed in a dry container constructed of solid materials and is shielded at all times, and where human access to the sealed source and the volume undergoing irradiation is not physically possible
Category I
Slide 48H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Self-ContainedDry Source Storage
Irradiators
![Page 49: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Category II
The source is enclosed in a dry container constructed of solid materials, is fully shielded when not in use and is exposed within a radiation volume that is
i t i d i ibl d i
Slide 49H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
BeamPort
maintained inaccessible during use by an entry control system (ANSI Std. N43.12)
![Page 50: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Category III
An irradiator in which the sealed source is contained in a water filled storage pool and is shielded at all times,
Slide 50H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Source
and where human access to the source is physically restricted (ANSI Std. N43.15)
![Page 51: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Category IV
Slide 51H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 52: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Category IV Sources
source element
Slide 52H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
rackpencil module
source exchange
![Page 53: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Medical Uses
Slide 53H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 54: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Medical Uses
Radionuclides are used for diagnosis and therapy.
Brachytherapy – sources inserted into the body or body cavity, e.g., cancer treatment.
Slide 54H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Teletherapy – source is outside the body, radiation is administered to treat conditions.
![Page 55: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Isotope Generators
Slide 55H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 56: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
201 Co-60sourcesabout33 Curieseach
Slide 56H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
GammaKnife
each
![Page 57: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy is regulated by the NRC under 10CFR35
Brachytherapy involves implanting a radioactive source in an organ or body cavity. Some sources are retracted after a prescribe dose has been
Slide 57H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
are retracted after a prescribe dose has been delivered. Other sources may remain permanently in an organ.
Based on the half-life of the isotope being used, they may decay and no longer be radioactive. The activity used is selected to deliver a prescribe dose.
![Page 58: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Brachytherapy: I-125 Seeds
I-125 is used in brachytherapybecause of the relatively short half life (60 days) and low energy gammas emitted (35 keV).
Slide 58H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
The low energy photons allow the dose to be delivered in proximity to the “seeds” that contain the I-125. The seeds are implanted in an organ/tumor for cancer therapy, such as prostate cancer, and they remain in place permanently.
![Page 59: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
High Dose-rate Remote Afterloading (HDR)
Slide 59H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Source travels from unit, through catheter (plastic guide tube) into patient
![Page 60: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Prostate HDR
Slide 60H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 61: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Brachytherapy Misadministration
On April 21, 2006, the Arkansas Department of Health and Human Services was notified of a possible medical misadministration, which had been identified during the post-implant CT of a prostate implant patient. Based upon the CT scan, the facility determined that the I-125 seeds had been implanted in the incorrect area. The post-implant treatment plan generated on April 24, 2006, indicated that a dose greater than 50 rem had been delivered to an unintended area of tissue
Slide 61H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
unintended area of tissue.
Post-implant dosimetry imaging determined that the 84, I-125 seeds with average activity of 0.219 mCi on March 28, 2006, were misplaced approximately 4 cm inferior to their intended position. The post-implant dose calculation determined that a dose of 108 Gy (10,800 rad), which was consistent with the prescribed dose, had been delivered to the incorrect area.
![Page 62: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT)
Slide 62H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 63: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fuel Cycle
Slide 63H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 64: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fuel Cycle
Uranium recovery to extract (or mine) uranium ore, and concentrate (or mill) the ore to produce "yellowcake"
Conversion of yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride (UF6)
Enrichment to increase the concentration of uranium-235 (U235) in UF6
Deconversion to reduce the hazards associated with the depleted uranium hexafluoride (DUF6), or “tailings,” produced in earlier
Slide 64H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
6
stages of the fuel cycle
Fuel fabrication to convert enriched UF6 into fuel for nuclear reactors
Use of the fuel in reactors (nuclear power, research, or naval propulsion)
Interim storage of spent nuclear fuel
Recycling (or reprocessing) of high-level waste (currently not done in the U.S.) [1]
Final disposition (disposal) of high-level waste
![Page 65: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Power Reactors
Reactors utilize fission of U-235 atoms. The energy released from this reaction is used to heat water. Natural uranium is 0.7% U-235, and is enriched to about 5% U-235 for commercial reactors.
Water heated by the fission process is used to produce steam. This is done directly in a boiling water reactor (BWR) and indirectly in a pressurized water reactor (PWR)
Slide 65H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
(BWR) and indirectly in a pressurized water reactor (PWR). About 2/3 of the reactors in the US are PWRs.
The steam is used to turn a turbine that is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
A 1000 MWe reactor produces electricity valued at $50,000/hour (based on 5 cents per kW-hr).
![Page 66: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
BWR Conceptual Diagram
Slide 66H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 67: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
PWR Conceptual Diagram
Slide 67H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 68: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Comanche Peak – Dual Unit PWR
Slide 68H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 69: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Reactor Core
Slide 69H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 70: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Spent Fuel Pool
Slide 70H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 71: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Examples of radiation dose rates encountered in commercial reactors:
Radiation Dose Rates
Location: Dose rate (rad/hr):
Spent fuel (in pool) 100,000 – 1,000,000
Radwaste Resin Tank 5,000
Slide 71H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Steam generator channel head
10-40
TIPS and cables-incore reactor instrumentation
1 – 100,000
Thimbles 50,000
Reactor cavity > 1,000
- Reg. Guide 8.38, Rev. 1, May 2006
![Page 72: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
New Reactors
Slide 72H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 73: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Waste Disposal
Slide 73H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 74: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compacts
Disposal of low-level radioactive waste in near-surface disposal facilities is regulated by the NRC (since 1982; 10 CFR 61).
There are 3 classes of low-level radwaste, A, B, and C. Class is based on the activity, concentration, and half-life of the isotopes in the
Slide 74H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
and half life of the isotopes in the waste.
Congress established “Compact” system (LLW Policy Act of 1980) to encourage states to collaborate in disposal of low level waste.
The facility in Barnwell, SC closed June 2008 to all but the Atlantic Compact member states.
![Page 75: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal
Slide 75H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Barnwell, SC
![Page 76: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
High Level Waste: ISFSI Storage Sites
Dry cask storage allows spent fuel that has already cooled in the spent fuel pool for at least one year to be surrounded by inert gas inside a container called a cask.
Storage may be by either a general or specific license.
Casks are typically steel cylinders
Slide 76H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
Casks are typically steel cylinders that are either welded or bolted closed. The steel cylinder provides a leak-tight containment of the spent fuel.
Each cylinder is surrounded by steel, concrete, or other material to provide radiation shielding to workers and members of the public.
Some cask designs can be used for both storage and transportation.
![Page 77: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ISFSI Operations
Slide 77H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 78: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Nuclear Waste Future?
January 29, 2010
Secretary Chu Announces Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future
The Commission, led by Lee Hamilton and Brent Scowcroft, will provide recommendations on managing used fuel and nuclear waste
WASHINGTON, D.C. – As part of the Obama Administration’s commitment to restarting America’s nuclear industry U S Secretary of Energy Steven Chu today
Slide 78H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
restarting America s nuclear industry, U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu today announced the formation of a Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future to provide recommendations for developing a safe, long-term solution to managing the Nation’s used nuclear fuel and nuclear waste. The Commission is being co-chaired by former Congressman Lee Hamilton and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft.
In light of the Administration’s decision not to proceed with the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, President Obama has directed Secretary Chu to establish the Commission to conduct a comprehensive review of policies for managing the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. The Commission will provide advice and make recommendations on issues including alternatives for the storage, processing, and disposal of civilian and defense spent nuclear fuel and nuclear waste.
![Page 79: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Yucca Mountain
Slide 79H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 80: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Yucca Mountain Conceptual Design
Slide 80H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 81: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
North Portal
Slide 81H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 82: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Tunnel Boring Machine at Yucca Mt.
Slide 82H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 83: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
INCIDENTS/ACCIDENTS
Slide 83H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 84: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Brazil
Slide 84H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
September1987
![Page 85: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
IRRADIA
Slide 85H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
(El Salvador 2/89) (Israel 6/90)
ATORS
![Page 86: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
In September 30, 1999, three workers at a uranium conversion facility were involved in a criticality accident resulting from procedural violations. The d b t 350 G 800
Tokaimura Criticality Accident
Slide 86H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
doses were about 350 cGy, 800 cGy, and 1500 cGy as determined from Na-24 from whole body counts.
Radioactivity resulting from the accident was released to the environment and onitoring of the public was conducted.
![Page 87: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Tokaimura Criticality Accident
Slide 87H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 88: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
And There Are Others…
1 2 3 4
Slide 88H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
![Page 89: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
(8/90)
Slide 89H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 90: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Slide 90H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 91: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Slide 91H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
![Page 92: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
QUESTIONS?
END OF
APPLICATIONS
Slide 92H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
&
EVENTS
![Page 93: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
What purpose does beryllium (Be) serve in a moisture density gauge?
What isotope is used in fixed process flow gauges?
What is the difference between brachytherapy and
Review
Slide 93H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
teletherapy?
What isotope is used in high dose rate afterloaders?
![Page 94: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
What isotope is used in industrial radiography?
What material is used to shield radiation in industrial radiography “cameras?”
Why is americium-241 (Am-241), an alpha emitter, used in well logging?
Review
Slide 94H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
gg g
What is the process called where radioactive materials are used to sterilize objects?
![Page 95: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
What is the Congressional system called for disposal of low-level radioactive waste?
What class of low-level radioactive waste requires an intrusion barrier? What is the design parameter for this barrier?
H l l l di ti di l it i
Review
Slide 95H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
How many low-level radioactive disposal sites receive “class c” waste from all states?
What are the temporary storage facilities called at nuclear power plants for spent fuel?
![Page 96: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Which reactor design type utilizes a pressurizer?
How are spent fuel storage facilities licensed?
In which state is the proposed high level waste facility located?
Review
Slide 96H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
located?
What isotope is responsible for the requirement to post areas as “caution-airborne radioactive material,” in the proposed high level waste disposal facility?
![Page 97: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
What purpose does beryllium (Be) serve in a moisture density gauge?
What isotope is used in fixed process flow gauges?
What is the difference between brachytherapy and
Review
Slide 97H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
teletherapy?
What isotope is used in high dose rate afterloaders?
![Page 98: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
What isotope is used in industrial radiography?
What material is used to shield radiation in industrial radiography “cameras?”
Why is americium-241 (Am-241), an alpha emitter, used in well logging?
Review
Slide 98H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
gg g
What is the process called where radioactive materials are used to sterilize objects?
![Page 99: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
What is the Congressional system called for disposal of low-level radioactive waste?
What class of low-level radioactive waste requires an intrusion barrier? What is the design parameter for this barrier?
Review
Slide 99H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
How many low-level radioactive disposal sites receive “class c” waste from all states?
What are the temporary storage facilities called at nuclear power plants for spent fuel?
![Page 100: Chapter 8 Applications & Events H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 · 2012. 12. 5. · H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 23 On March 7, 2008, while at the job](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062311/60255e9c3560a94fc763cb3b/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Which reactor design type utilizes a pressurizer?
How are spent fuel storage facilities licensed?
In which state is the proposed high level waste facility located?
Review
Slide 100H-117 – Introductory Health Physics
located?
What isotope is responsible for the requirement to post areas as “caution-airborne radioactive material,” in the proposed high level waste disposal facility?