Chapter 8Key Issues 2 and 3

Warm Up 2/17

• The US census shows that the population has continued to move in which direction?

• A. South, then east• B. North, then west• C. West, then south• D. North, then east• E. West, then north

Reminders:• Grades due Friday• Make up Test

tomorrow• Ch. 8 Reading Notes

due Monday• Sign up for AP Exam!

European Colonization 1500-2000

UN List of Non-Self-Governing TerritoriesThe US actually owns the world’s most populous colony… Puerto Rico

Colonial Possessions Today

Pitcairn IslandThe world’s smallest

colony!

Shapes of States• Shapes of states

– Five basic shapes– The shape can determine…

• Communication• Transportation• Trade• Conflict• Unity within the state

– A state can be multiple shapes

Compact• Theoretically would be the most efficient form

because:• Kind of like a circle• Improves communication and transportation• Shortest possible boundaries to defend• Ex: Kenya

Prorupted• Has an area that sticks out• Created for a reason…

– Access to resources… ex: coastline or river– To purposefully divide two neighboring states– Could be used to cut off a rival’s access

• Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, D. R. Congo

Caprivi Strip

Elongated• Least efficient shape• A state that is stretched out• Makes transportation and communication

difficult… everywhere is a long distance away• Creates a long and difficult to defend border• Ex: Mozambique, Malawi

Fragmented• Usually made up of islands, or may be separated by

another country• A state that is separated into several areas • Makes governing the fragmented areas difficult

– Because of Distance Decay and non-friendly countries

• Creates disunity within the state • Ex: Angola

Fragment

Perforated• A state with another state inside… like Swiss cheese• The perforation is called an ENCLAVE.• The surrounded state completely depend on the

perforated state for trade (imports and exports)• Ex: Lesotho

Landlocked States

• Most common in Africa (14 of 54)• Bulky goods are still mainly transported by ship (oil, grain, ores,

vehicles)• Also in Europe, but difference is much greater economic

cooperation

Landlocked countries in Africa

Landlocked Countries in Europe

Warm Up

• The term “nation-state” would best fit which country?• A. United States• B. Israel• C. Brazil• D. Japan• E. China

TODAY

Boundaries & Boundary Problems of States

• What is a boundary?– Not just a line on a map– A 3-D plane that divides states

• Types of boundaries– Frontiers– Physical boundaries– Cultural boundaries

Frontiers

• Frontiers-- A belt lying between two states or between settled and uninhabited or sparsely settled areas. (Ex. Arabian peninsula)

• Not truly a defined boundary

• PHYSICAL• Conform to

physiographic features in the landscape such as rivers, deserts or mountain ranges (natural boundaries)– Ex > Rio Grande,

Pyrenees, Great Lakes of Africa and N. America, the Himalayas in South Asia

– China sees Tibet as part of its territory b/c it is north of the Himalayas, thus w/in the natural boundary of China…

Cultural Boundaries

• 1. GEOMETRIC– Straight line boundaries– Totally unrelated to any aspects of

the cultural or physical landscape.– Ex > African nations, borders

between US and Canada to the west

Cultural Boundaries

• 2. Religiousex: Pakistan and India

• 3. Languageex: Czech Republic and Slovakia

Origin Based Classifications

• 1. Antecedent : – Boundary formed before present-

day human landscape developed– Can be seen on population maps– Ex – Borneo boundary b/w

Indonesia and Malaysia

Origin Based Classifications

• 2. Subsequent– These are installed after settlement

- but take account of cultural/ethnic/religious/language differences. Some conflict - but minimized

– Shows a long process of boundary mods

– Ex > Border b/w China and Vietnam

Origin Based Classifications

• 3. SUPERIMPOSED– Forcibly drawn across a unified landscape– Installed after settlement with no regard to

culture. colonial boundaries and truce lines

– Ex > Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, many former colonies in Africa,

– Berlin Wall >>– West Bank Wall/M.E

Origin Based Classifications

• 4. Relic - boundaries that are not currently relevant but have been in the past - and have important cultural/social implications.

– Ex > Former boundary b/w North and South Vietnam

Unitary vs. Federal States

• Unitary - Countries with highly centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity and borders that are clearly cultural as well as political. (Ex. Sweden)

• Federal - A state with a two tiered system of government and a clear distinction between the powers vested in the central government and those residing in the governments of the component regional subdivisions. (Ex. USA, Poland)

Good for a country with lots of different nationalities

Good for a country with few nationalities, or nation state

Gerrymandering

• Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting one party

• Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Mass. 1810-1812

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mky11UJb9AY&feature=plcp

Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

Irredentism

• A country claiming land currently owned by another country based on common ancestry or historical ownership.