CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

“Sex in the Cell City”

#1 Contrast asexual and sexualreproduction:

• ASEXUAL

• 1 parent

• Forms identical cells

• Forms 2 daughter cells

• SEXUAL

• 2 parents

• Forms different cells

• Forms 4 daughter cells

Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids

ANSWER

• ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN

• Chromatin – loose in interphase

• Chromosomes – dense and coiled in mitosis- single strands

• Chromatid – paired with sister chromatid –very coiled

2. (cont) What are nucleosomes and histones?

Nucleosome: Subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins.

DNA Coiling Animation

#3

• What do you call asexual reproduction in prokaryotes?

• Binary fission

• What do you call asexual reproduction in eukaryotes?

• mitosis

Asexual and Sexual Repro

• How do the chromosome numbers compare before and after reproduction in each?

• EXAMPLE:If the original cell had 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each cell have after each type of reproduction?

Start with 20…ANSWER• Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells

have half the number of chromosomes • (EXAMPLE: 10 chromosomes)

• Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have the identical number of chromosomes

• (EXAMPLE: 20 chromosomes)

#4 Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Shape

• Size

• complexity

ANSWER #4 Chromosomes differ in…

• PROKARYOTES

• Circular

• Smaller (3,000 genes in bacterium)

• simpler

• EUKARYOTES• Long strands

• Larger ( 100,000 genes in humans)

• More complex

#4 Compare the number of genes:

• Humans to bacteria

• ANSWER:

• 100,000 to 3,000

5. Put in correct order

• Telophase

• Anaphase

• Metaphase

• prophase

5. ANSWER

• PMAT–Prophase

–Metaphase

–Anaphase

–Telophase

6. How does nuclear membrane change?

•In prophase

•In telophase

6. ANSWER

• Dissolves in prophase

• Reforms in telophase

7. What is…?

•cytokinesis

7. ANSWER

•Division of the cytoplasm

8. How is cytokinesis different in…

• PLANT CELLS

• ANIMAL CELLS

8. ANSWER

• PLANT CELLS• Form cell plate

• ANIMAL CELLS

• Form a cleavage furrow by pinching in the cytoplasm

8. (continued) Define:

• Cell plate

• Cleavage furrow

8. ANSWER

• Cell plate

• In plant cells the cell wall will form

• Cleavage Furrow

• Pinching of the cytoplasm by actin pulling like a drawstring

9. What goes on in each?

•G1

•S

•G2

ANSWER

• G1grows in size, increases organelles

• S DNA synthesis (replicates)

• G2 makes centrioles for cell division + growth

What is the purpose of…

• Mitosis?A. make bigger cells

• B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells

• C. make copies of cells with twice the number of chromosomes

• D. decrease the number of cells

ANSWER

•B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells

#25 Who determines the sex of the child?

• Female donates only X’s (XX)

• Male donates X or Y

• IF daughter XX IF son XY

• SO FATHER DETERMINES THE SEX OF THE CHILD

10. Locate

• Chromatids

• Centromeres

• Asters

• Centrioles

• spindles

10. ANSWER

Chromatids

Centromeres

asters

Spindles

centrioles

11. What makes the…

•Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)?

11. ANSWER

• centromeres attach to spindles that shorten toward the centrioles

12. What is the name of…

• The protein that signals each phase of the cell cycle to start?

• cyclins

13. What body cells...

• Divide a lot?

• Not at all after formed?

13. ANSWER

• Divide a lot

• skin

• blood

• digestive tract

• Don’t divide after formed

• nerve

• muscle

• brain

13. How are cancer cells...

•Abnormal in the cell cycle?

ANSWER

• Do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system-grow uncontrollably

14. Name the Phase of Mitosis

• Chromatin thickens

• nuclear envelope disappears

• nuclear envelope reforms

• Prophase

• prophase

• telophase

14. Name the Phase of Mitosis• Centrioles move

to the opposite poles

• spindle fibers form

• cell plate forms

• Prophase

• prophase

• telophase

14. Name the Phase of Mitosis

• Chromosomes line up at the equator

• cytoplasm divides

• Metaphase

• cytokinesis

14

• nucleoli break down

• Nucleoli reform

• Prophase

• telophase

14. Identify the phase

• anaphase

14. Identify the Phase of Mitosis

• prophase

14. Identify the Phase of Mitosis

• telophase

14. Identify the Phase of Mitosis

• Interphase

14. Identify the Phase of Mitosis

• prophase

14. Identify the Phase

• Metaphase

ESSAY #1

• HOW IS A KARYOTYPE MADE?

• A. Blood is separated with a centrifuge (fluid plasma on top and cells on bottom)

• B. A hypotonic solution is added to break the cell membrane of the RBC

Essay #1 (cont)

• C. White blood cells are used

• D. Cells stopped in metaphase with colchicine (stops spindles)

• E. Arranged by size, shape, bars matching

#2 Why would the study of cyclins be helpful in the research of

cancer?

• A. Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle.

• B. Their levels rise to activate checkpoints in the cell cycle and levels fall to end the part of the cycle.

#2 Essay (continued)

• C. p53 acts to check and repair DNA. IF there is a problem, it will stop the cell cycle. If it is malfunctioning, it is one of the greatest causes of cancer.

• D. Analogy: Roman soldiers building camp, conquering town, tearing down camp and moving on to another town.

ESSAY #3

• MITOSISa. 2n to 2n(diploid to

diploid)b. forms cells

identical to parent cell

• MEIOSIS• a. 2n to n• (diploid to

haploid)• b. forms cells

different from parent cell

ESSAY #3 (cont.)

• MITOSIS

• c. 1 divison

• d. forms 2 daughter cells

• e. makes somatic cells

• MEIOSIS

• c. 2 divisions

• d. forms 4 daughter cells

• e. makes sex cells

#4 What would cause greater damage?

• Gain of an autosome. There is more vital information on the autosomes. The Y chromosome only determines the testes determining factor.

• A. Gain of Autosome: Trisomy 21-Down Syndrome, mental retardation, short, respiratory problems, sluggish muscles

• Gain of a sex chromosome:

• XXY-Klinefelters’s

• Small testes (sterile)

• Soft breasts

• Feminine features

• Normal intelligence

OR

• Loss of a chromosome – Turner Syndrome

• Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)

• Web between head and shoulders

• Short stature

• Normal intelligence

18. Difference between…

• Sex chromosomes and autosomes?

• ANSWER: Sex chromosomes are X and Y (usually #23)

Autosomes are rest of chromosomes, in human karyotype #1-22

17. Somatic or Sex Cell?

• Skin• Somatic (body cell)• Sperm• Sex• Blood• Somatic• Egg• sex

19. What is the difference…

• Between diploid and haploid (and symbols)?

• ANSWER:Diploid is 2n with 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell

• Haploid is n with one set of chromosmes in a cell

• What is the diploid and the haploid number for humans?

• ANSWER: diploid – 2n = 46

• haploid – n = 23

If given the diploid number, what is the haploid number?

• Diploid

• 40

• 24

• 16

• Haploid

• 20

• 12

• 8

26. What are homologous chromosomes?

What are sister chromatids?• ANSWER: Sister chromatids are exact

duplicates (from S phase)

• Homologous chromosome are two sister chromatids from the father and two sister chromatids from the

mother with the same

inherited characteristics

Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• Normal Female

• Due to XX

Which does not belong?

• Skin cell

• Diploid

• Gamete

• Somatic cell

• ANSWER: gamete

Which does not belong?

• 2N

• Haploid

• Gamete

• Sperm

• Egg

• ANSWER: 2N

Which is not a male?• XXY• XY• XO• XXXY• Which is the normal male?• XO is not a male and XY is the

normal male

#28 What are gametes?

• A. autosomes

• B. female chromosomes

• C. sex cells

• D. daughter cells

• ANSWER: Gametes are sex cells. For Human they are sperm (male) and egg (female)

#29 Meiosis or Mitosis?

• Makes cells that are haploid?

• Meiosis

• Makes cells that are diploid?

• Mitosis

• Makes sex cells

• meiosis

What is the difference between

• A gamete and a zygote?

• A gamete is a sex cell (like egg and sperm) and a zygote if a fertilized egg (the joining of egg and sperm)

21. How are they related?

• Tetrad and synapsis

• Tetrad are 4 homologous chromosomes and synapsis is the joining of these 4 to form a tetrad

21. In what phase…

• Does synapsis (joining of tetrads) form?

• Prophase I

• Prophase II

• Metaphase I

• Metaphase II

• ANSWER: Prophase 1

22. Crossover

• When does it occur?

• During prophase I

• Between which two chromosomes does it occur?

• Inner two of a tetrad

• What is the site where it occurs?

• chiasma

22. What is a chiasma?

A

B

C

22. CHIASMA ANSWER

Point where crossing over occurs between two inner chromosomes

Hair color

• Is a gene on a chromosome. The variations of it, such as brown, red, or black would be known as _________.

• Alleles are the choices of a gene

23. How many possible combinations?

• What is the formula?

• 2n

• What does n stand for?

• Haploid number

• How many combos if n = 2?

• 4

23. (cont.) How many possible combinations?

• How many combos if n = 3?

• 8 = (2 x 2 x 2)

• How many combos if n = 23?

• About 8 million

24. What type of mutation?

• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion

• Inversion

24. What type of mutation?

• Duplication• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion• Duplication

24. What type of mutation?

• Insertion• Deletion• Translocation• Inversion• Translocation

25. Who determines…

• The sex of the offspring? Father or mother

• FATHER

• WHY?

• If he donates an X = child is girl (XX)

• If he donates a Y = child is a boy (XY)

• Mother only can donate an X

27. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Turner’s

27. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Normal Male

27. Karyotypes: Which is it?

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Normal Male

• Normal Female

• ANSWER: Klinefelter’s

Just Checking: What is this showing?

• Crossing over• It occurs during what phase?

• Prophase I

If the testicle cell has

• 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does the sperm have?100 50 25 10

• ANSWER: 25

Give the missing info

• If the Diploid Number is…

• 46

• 18

• 72

• Then the HapoidNumber is…

• 23

• 9

• 36

27. Define:• Karyotype:

• A. diagram of meiosis

• B. An orderly display of magnified images of the individual chromosomes

• C. chromosomes as they appear in Prophase I

• ANSWER: B

Define…

• Nondisjunction:

• A. switching of parts of two chromosomes

• B. inversion of two parts of a chromosome

• C. members of chromosome pairs fail to separate

• D. two freshman fighting each other

• ANSWER: C

Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromatids?

• Meiosis I or II?

• Anaphase I

Which phase of meiosis?

• Where are the chromosomes going?How many cells?

• Anaphase II

How many cells form?

• At the end of meiosis?

• 4 haploid

• At the end of mitosis?

• 2 diploid

Mitosis or Meiosis?

•Has 1 division•Mitosis•Has 2 divisions•Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Makes identical cells?• Mitosis• Makes similar, but not identical cells?

• Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis?

• Which makes sex cells?

• Meiosis

• Which makes somatic cells?

• Mitosis

Match the disorder

• Round face, small teeth, flattened nose, sluggish muscles, Trisomy 21

• Sterile, breast enlargement, small testicles, XXY

• Short, sterile, underdeveloped breasts, XO

• A. Turner’s syndrome

• B. Klinefelter’ssyndrome

• C. Down Syndrome

Making a karyotype?

• Stop cells in what phase?

• Metaphase

• With what chemical?

• Colchicine

• Use what type of cells?

• White Blood Cells