CHAPTER 8:SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

BY : MISS SITI NOOR RASHIDAH BT SALEH

VARIOUS SUPPORT SYSTEM

• Support system consist of skeletal tissue• Skeletal tissue are made of tough substance –

calcium• Function : supporting movements of

organisms

Types of support system

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Hydrostatic skeleton

Exoskeleton

External skeleton : hard shells , cuticles, chitin

Found in invertebratesWaterproof : to prevent water loss

Function : maintain the body shapeProtecting internal organsProvide surface of attachment for muscles in the body

Endoskeleton

Internal skeleton :inside the organisms bodyFound in most VERTEBRATES• Functions :• i) supporting body weight• ii) Protects soft organs in the body• iii) Maintaining body shapes• iv) Attachments for muscles• v) Produce blood cells. E.g. bone marrows

Hydrostatic skeleton •Als

o called as hydroskeleton

•Consist of fluid cavity inside the body

•Soft body invertebrates•starfish

•Functions : •i)

Maintaining the body shapes and its rigidity

•ii) Supports soft tissues in its body

•iii) Protects internal organ.

SUPPORT IN LAND VERTEBRATES

AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

LAND INVERTEBRATES

• Outer layer made of CHITIN, SHELL (calcium carbonate), or cuticle.

• Advantage : impermeable to water• Protects inner organ• Allows movements

• Disadvantages : prevent growth• SOLUTION : ecdysis

Cicada sp.

HYDROSTATIC INVERTEBRATES

• Support by BODY FLUIDS• Keeping in body in high pressure, turgid and

firm

WOODY PLANTS

• Hard and supported by rings of hardwood• Rings of hardwood : secondary xylem• Dicotyledon

NON-WOODY PLANTS

• Also known as HERBACEOUS PLANT• Monocotyledon

SPECIAL SUPPORT FEATURES IN PLANTS

1. Buttress roots – hibiscus plants2. Prop roots – maize plants3. Clasping roots – money plants4. Aerial clasping roots – orchid plants5. Tendrils – cucumber plants6. Twinning stems – morning glory plants7. Thorns – roses plants8. Stilt roots – mangrove plants in muddy places

Strong and grow from the ground

BUTTRESS ROOTS

Prop roots – grow from the stem closed from the ground

Clasping roots – using roots to climb on other trees

Betel plant

Money plants

Twinning stem – plant that climb other structures by using it stems

Morning glory

Bean plant

TENDRILS – coiled structures that climb other structures

Stilt roots – grow in muddy area for mangrove plantsalso known as AKAR JANGKANG

Red mangrove

AQUATIC PLANTS

• Consist of : air sacs•Small leaves•Swollen leaf base that filled with air

• Water hyacinth hydrilla sp.

Lotus plant

Leech

Lobster

Pipe fish

Eel

Caterpillar Centipede

Earthworm Cockroach

EXERCISE Endoskeleton Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton

Pipe fish Lobster Earthworm

Eel Cockroach Leech

Human Centipede Caterpillar

2. (a) What are the functions of the support systems in animal?

i) To support the bodyii) To protect the soft tissue and organsiii) To maintain the shape of the body iv) To enable movement

2. (b) What makes up an endoskeleton?• Bones and cartilage

(c) How do insects with exoskeletons grow bigger in size?

•They undergoes ecdysis to remove their exoskeleton so that their body can grow bigger. Then, bigger exoskeleton will grow

3. Compare the endoskeletons of the whale and the elephant in diagram 1.

• The endoskeleton of elephant is bigger than endoskeleton of whale

Suggest a reason for your observation in 3 (a)• The whale is an aquatic animal and its

body is supported by water bouyancy• The elephant is a land animal and its body

weight is supported by its skeleton

Topic 8.2. 1. (a) land

woody tissuetall

b) Landsoftturgiditytall prop