Chapter 9 Behavioral Disabilities

9

Behavioral DisabilitiesBehavioral Disabilities

E. Michael Loovis

C H A P T E R

Learning Objectives• To understand emotional disturbance as defined in

IDEA

• To understand the clinical features that lead to a differential diagnosis of emotional disturbance

• To understand and apply various instructional and managerial strategies that have proven successful when teaching students with behavioral disorders

• To identify and apply specific approaches that have been used with students with emotional disturbance

• To understand positive behavior support, including functional behavioral assessment and behavioral intervention plans

Emotional Disturbance

• An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors

• An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers

• Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances

• A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression

• A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems

Emotional Disturbance:Three Qualifiers

• Duration

• Degree

• Adverse effects on educational performance

Quay’s Dimensional Classification

• Conduct disorder

• Socialized aggression

• Attention problems–immaturity

• Anxiety–withdrawal

• Psychotic behavior

• Motor excess

Achenbach et al.’sTwo Primary Dimensions (1991)

• Externalizing

• Internalizing

Kauffman’s Classification

• Overt (undersocialized)

• Covert (socialized)

American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress

• Expressing self-destructive ideas

• Talking about specific plans to harm self or others

• Having difficulty controlling impulses

• Blaming other people or events for problems

• Engaging in substance abuse

DSM-IV Criteria: Conduct Disorder vs. Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Psychiatric Disorders

• Anxiety disorders

• Depression and other mood disorders

• Schizophrenia

• Other psychotic disorders

Causes of Behavioral Disabilities

• Biological

• Family

• School

• Culture

Instructional and Management Considerations

Physical Restraint and Seclusion

Types of restraint

• Mechanical

• Physical escort

• Physical restraint

• Seclusion

• Time-out

Humanistic Approach

• Sherrill

• Hellison

Hellison’s Levels

• Level 0 – Irresponsibility

• Level 1 – Respecting the rights and feelings of others

• Level 2 – Participation and effort

• Level 3 – Self-direction

• Level 4 – Helping others and leadership

• Level 5 – Outside the gym

Hellison’s Strategies

• Awareness talks

• The lesson itself

• Individual decision making

• Group meetings

• Reflection time

• Counseling

Data-Based Gymnasium

• Self-indulgent behavior

• Noncompliant behavior

• Aggressive behavior

• Self-stimulatory behavior

Positive Behavior Support: Its Roots

1. Applied behavior analysis

2. Normalization/inclusion

3. Person-centered values

Positive Behavior Support: Its Values

• Respect for the individual• Meaningful outcomes• Social validation• Dignity• Normalization• Inclusion• Person-centered planning• Self-determination• Stakeholder participation

Positive Behavior Support: Two-Stage Process

1. Functional behavioral assessment

2. Behavioral intervention plans

New Standard for Manifestation Determination

10-Step Process of FBA and BIP

1. Determining the function of the undesirable behavior

2. Appropriate alternative behavior

3. Frequency of alternative behavior

4. Teaching sequence

5. Manipulating environment

(continued)

10-Step Process of FBA and BIP(continued)

6. Decreasing probability of failure

7. Reinforcement of positive responses

8. Consequences for problem behavior

9. Data-collection system

10. Goals and objectives

Inclusion

• 30.2% of students with behavioral conditions spend more than 60% of the school day in regular classrooms.

• Placement in regular classrooms should be based on

– frequency of behavioral episodes, and

– intensity of behavioral episodes.

• Inclusion is facilitated much of the time by development and implementation of the BIP.