chapter 9: development · where does level of development vary by gender? • gender-related...

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9: Development

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography


Development •  The process of improving the material

conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology

•  More developed countries (MDCs) – AKA developed countries

•  Lesser developed countries (LDCs) – AKA emerging or developing countries


Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

•  Economic indicators of development – The Human Development Index (HDI)

•  Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development:

–  Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita

–  Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education – Demographic = (4) life expectancy


Human Development Index

Figure 9-1


Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

•  Economic indicators of development – Types of jobs

•  Primary sector •  Secondary sector •  Tertiary sector

– Productivity •  Measured by the value added per capita •  MDCs are more productive than LDCs

– Consumer goods


Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4



•  Social indicators of development – Education and literacy

•  The literacy rate – Health and welfare

•  Diet (adequate calories) •  Access to health care


Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6



•  Demographic indicators of development – Life expectancy

•  Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s

– Other demographic indicators: •  Infant mortality •  Natural increase •  Crude birth rate


Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

•  More developed regions – North America and Europe – Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia,

Japan, Australia, and New Zealand •  Less developed regions

– Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs – Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central

Asia = similar HDI – South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low

levels of development


More and Less Developed Regions

Figure 9-10


Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

•  Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) –  Compares the level of women’s development with

that of both sexes –  Four measures (similar to HDI):

•  Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes

•  Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males

•  Percent of literate females to literate males •  Life expectancy of females to males


Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

Figure 9-17


Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy

Figure 9-21


Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

•  Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) –  Compares the decision-making capabilities of men

and women in politics and economics –  Uses economic and political indicators:

•  Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes

•  Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women

•  Percentage of administrative jobs held by women •  Percentage of women holding national office


Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Figure 9-22


Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals

Figure 9-23


Progress Toward Development

Figure 9-26


Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

•  Development through self-sufficiency – Characteristics:

•  Pace of development = modest •  Distribution of development = even •  Barriers are established to protect local

business –  Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas,

and (3) restricting the number of importers

•  Two major problems with this approach: –  Inefficient businesses are protected –  A large bureaucracy is developed



•  Development through international trade –  Rostow’s model of development –  Examples of international trade approach

•  The “four Asian dragons” •  Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states

–  Three major problems: •  Uneven resource distribution •  Increased dependence on MDCs •  Market decline



•  International trade approach triumphs – The path most commonly selected by the

end of the twentieth century – Countries convert because evidence

indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development •  Example: India

– World Trade Organization – Foreign direct investment


Triumph of International Trade Approach

Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28


Foreign Direct Investment

Figure 9-30



•  Financing development – LDCs require money to fund development – Two sources of funds:

•  Loans –  The World Bank and the IMF –  Structural adjustment programs

•  Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations


Debt as a Percentage of Income

Figure 9-31



•  Fair trade approach – Products are made and traded in a way

that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs

– Two sets of standards •  Fair trade producer standards •  Fair trade worker standards

– Producers and workers usually earn more – Consumers usually pay higher prices


Core and Periphery Model

Figure 9-32


The End.

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