Chapter 9Chapter 9

Discussion and ReviewDiscussion and Review

IslamThe Religion

and a Way of Life

Muhammad the ProphetMuhammad the Prophet

Born about 570 Born about 570 CECE

He is not seen as He is not seen as a god or a savior a god or a savior

He is the He is the messenger of messenger of GodGod

Received Received revelations from revelations from angel Gabrielangel Gabriel

The Basic Teachings of IslamThe Basic Teachings of Islam

Islam (surrender to the will of God) is Islam (surrender to the will of God) is monotheistic,monotheistic,based on the belief in one God (Allah)based on the belief in one God (Allah)

Based on the teachings of the Based on the teachings of the QuranQuranContain words of AllahContain words of Allah

Are there any similarities to Judaism Are there any similarities to Judaism and Christianity?and Christianity?

Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam All Muslims accept five dutiesAll Muslims accept five duties 1.1. faith faith “There is no God but “There is no God but

Allah, and Muhammad is his Allah, and Muhammad is his messengermessenger

2.2. daily prayerdaily prayer (5 times facing (5 times facing Mecca)Mecca)

3.3. charity charity to the poorto the poor4.4. fasting during Ramadan fasting during Ramadan (9th (9th

month of Islamic calendar; month of Islamic calendar; Quran was revealed to Quran was revealed to Muhammad Muhammad

5.5. hajj, or pilgrimage to Meccahajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca (once in lifetime)(once in lifetime)

Some of Muhammad’s Some of Muhammad’s TeachingsTeachings

Each person is responsible for their Each person is responsible for their own behavior own behavior

All are should be humble, show mercy All are should be humble, show mercy and give. and give.

If you have nothing to give you can If you have nothing to give you can give a smile give a smile

All believers are spiritually equalAll believers are spiritually equalAllah will judge each person and based

upon their actions, he will send them to heaven or hell for eternity.

Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

Pilgrims camp outside waiting to kiss

the Kaaba’s black stone

Kaaba

Built by Abraham

Reclaimed from pagan Arabs by Muhammad

The people march around seven times and then kiss the Black Stone.

Black Stone

The Hajj ends as a Muslim kisses this sacred stone in the Kaaba. Must be completed once in a Muslims lifetime. This Black Stone was left untouched by Mohammad when the 100 idols were destroyed in the Kabba

Jihad or Holy War

Some authorities add a sixth pillar:Jihad means active opposition to evil and injustice, more than literal warfare.

Muhammad Flees!•From Mecca to Medina in 622 and becomes the political leader and leads many to embrace the faith •This journey becomes known as the “hijra” a turning point for Islam

Muhammad the Prophet Muhammad leads

10,000 back to Mecca and captures the city

He destroys the idols in the Kaaba

Unified Arabia by the time of his death in 632

Sources of Islamic Doctrine

• Koran/Quran (holy book): – 114 suras, collections of Mohammed’s

teachings with no overall theme – Considered sacred word of God and is a

complete guide for life

Islam as a Way of Life •The Islamic system of law, called Sharia, regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community. •How do you convert to Islam?•Gradually learn about Islam•Must cite “there is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger”

The World of Islam Today

The Schism: Division of Islam

Reasons: Succession to Caliphate

(successor of Mohammed) Worldliness of Caliphs,

discrimination against non-Arab Muslims

Sunnis and Shiites: Find Common Ground?

Iranian Shiite

Woman

Sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. These are the mystics of the Muslim world.

Believed that only descendents of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendents of Muhammad to be divinely inspired.

Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority.

SUFISHIITESSUNNI

Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam.

Movements Within Islam

Islam and its Women

An Age of Conquests 2

1. Abus Bakr, first caliph aka successor

2. He was Muhammad’s close friend and father in law,

3. He and the next three caliph’s spread Islam throughout Syria, Spain & North Africa by military conquest.

How were the Muslims able to conquer so many lands?

1. The Byzantine and Iranian empires were weak from years of fighting each other.

2. People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberators.

3. The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies.

4. The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a determined, unified state.

What is a Caliphate?What is a Caliphate?

Caliph- head of state, military commander, Caliph- head of state, military commander, chief judge and military leader (emperor chief judge and military leader (emperor and religious leader combined into one)and religious leader combined into one)

Caliphate (Islamic Empire – Theocracy)Caliphate (Islamic Empire – Theocracy)

Succession brings troubleSuccession brings trouble

No clear line of SuccessionNo clear line of SuccessionFirst 4 caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, First 4 caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman,

Ali ( Ali was assasinated and succeded by Ali ( Ali was assasinated and succeded by his son Hasan)his son Hasan)

Prominent family in Mecca (Umayyad) Prominent family in Mecca (Umayyad) forced Hasan to relinquish his power and forced Hasan to relinquish his power and started the Umayyad Dynasty with its started the Umayyad Dynasty with its capital in Damascus, Syriacapital in Damascus, Syria

Umayyad DynastyUmayyad Dynasty Language (Arabic) Language (Arabic) EconomyEconomy

Gold and silver became standard monetary unitsGold and silver became standard monetary units SocialSocial

Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert or pay Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert or pay a taxa tax

TerritoryTerritoryExpanded to northern Africa and Spain (stopped by Expanded to northern Africa and Spain (stopped by

Frankish leader Charles Martel from further advancement Frankish leader Charles Martel from further advancement into Europe)into Europe)

Spain – became center of learning; multiethnicSpain – became center of learning; multiethnic

Split: Shiite Vs SunniSplit: Shiite Vs Sunni

Battle for controlBattle for controlAbu al-Abbas (a descendent of Abu al-Abbas (a descendent of

Mohamad’s uncle, supported by the Mohamad’s uncle, supported by the descendent of Ali, Shia, and Mawali-non descendent of Ali, Shia, and Mawali-non Arab Muslims, the Umayyad was defeated Arab Muslims, the Umayyad was defeated and replaced by Abbassid Dynasty in 750 and replaced by Abbassid Dynasty in 750 (everywhere but Spain)(everywhere but Spain)

Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258 Golden AgeGolden Age

Arts and science flourishedArts and science flourishedCapital at BaghdadCapital at Baghdad introduced credit, receipts and bills, steel in introduced credit, receipts and bills, steel in

weapons, medicine ( medical encyclopedia) and weapons, medicine ( medical encyclopedia) and mathematics (algebra) flourishedmathematics (algebra) flourished

Acquired knwolege from India (math) and Acquired knwolege from India (math) and China (paper)China (paper)

Bulit libraries and universities and gathered Bulit libraries and universities and gathered information from all over the world (preserved information from all over the world (preserved western culture)western culture)

The role of SufisThe role of Sufis

Islamic mystics (missionaries)Islamic mystics (missionaries)Stressed a personal relationship to godStressed a personal relationship to godEncouraged followers to practice their own Encouraged followers to practice their own

ways tom revere Allah, tollerant of othersways tom revere Allah, tollerant of othersResponsible for converting large numbers to Responsible for converting large numbers to

the people of Islamthe people of Islam

Islam Penetrates Europe

• Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented.

• In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.

• In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East.

Despite the decline of the empire, Islam continued to link diverse people

across an enormous area.

Decline of the Muslim Empire