chapter 9 let your motto be resistance, 1833-1850
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9
Let Your Motto Be Resistance,
1833-1850
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I. A Rising Tide: Racism & Violence
Increased racism and violence, 1830-1860– Met with growing abolitionist militancy
Manifest Destiny – Legitimized war for territorial expansion– Defined progress in racial terms
• White people are a superior race– Nativism– Scientific justification– Continued enslavement of black people– Extermination of Indians
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Anti-black and Anti-abolitionist Riots Urban riots pre-dated abolition
– Increased as abolitionism gained strength, 1830s-1840s
• Philanthropist, 1836 and 1841• Providence, Rhode Island• New York City
– See Map 9-1 and Figure 9-1
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Texas and War with Mexico
Texas annexation divided the nation– Fear of adding another slave state
• Political parties avoided the issue
Manifest Destiny and “54-40 or Fight”– James K. Polk wanted Texas and Oregon
• Texas annexed in 1845
War with Mexico, 1846-1848– Polk provoked war
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Texas and War with Mexico (cont.) Mexican Cession
– Wilmot Proviso– Slavery expansion– California gold– Compromise of 1850
• Stronger fugitive slave law• Personal liberty laws
– Prigg v. Pennsylvania
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II. The Response of the Antislavery Movement
Race-related violence increased– Created difficulties
• Setting policies– White abolitions set policy
• Abolitionist commitment to non-violence weakened
– Limited options
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The American Anti-Slavery Society American Anti-Slavery Society
– AASS, 1831• Black men participated without formal
restrictions– Rarely held positions of authority
– William Lloyd Garrison• Immediate, uncompensated emancipation• Equal rights for African Americans
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Black and Women’s Anti-slavery Societies Fundraising
– Main task • Bake sales, bazaars, and fairs
Feminism– Created an awareness of women’s rights
• Challenged male culture– Essays, poems, speeches– Sojourner Truth
» See PROFILE
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The Black Convention Movement First convention, Philadelphia, 1831
– Local, state, and national black conventions
– Provided a forum for black male abolitionists
• Abolition of slavery• Improve conditions for northern black people
– Integrate public schools– Black suffrage– Juries– Testify against white people in court
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III. Black Community Institutions Free black communities
– Fivefold increase, 1790-1830• Gradual emancipation and individual
manumission
– Provided resources • Churches, schools, and benevolent
organizations– Provided the foundations for black anti-slavery
institutions
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Black Churches
Leading black abolitionists often ministers– Used pulpits to attack slavery and racial
hatred– Provided meeting places for abolitionists– Forum for speakers
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Black Newspapers
Important voice in abolition movement– Freedom’s Journal
• Samuel Cornish
– North Star• Frederick Douglass
– Financial difficulties
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IV. Moral Suasion
Reform strategy– Appeal to Christian conscience
• Support abolition and racial justice• Slaveholding was a sin
– Sexual exploitation, unrestrained brutality– Northerners’ guilt
» Government protected slaveholder interests» Cloth manufactures» Fugitive Slave Act of 1798
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Moral Suasion (cont.)
AASS– Used moral arguments against slave
owners• Ultimately failed
– Great Postal Campaign• Sent anti-slavery literature to the South
– Petitions to Congress• To end slavery in Washington, D.C.
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Moral Suasion (cont.)
Reactions– Southern response
• Southern postmasters censored mail• Vigilantes attacked antislavery supporters• Gag Rule, 1836
– Northern response• Mobs attacked abolitionists
– Disrupted meetings, destroyed newspaper presses– Elijah P. Lovejoy
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V. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Divided by failure of moral suasion
– AASS splintered in 1840• Role of women in abolitionism• Garrison’s increasing radicalism• Members form the AFASS
– Lewis Tappan
• Liberty party– First antislavery political party– James G. Birney, 1840
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VI. A More Aggressive Abolitionism
Growing northern empathy for slaves– Labor demands sent slaves to the Southwest– Radical wing of Liberty party
• Constitution supported slave resistance – Encouraged northerners to help slaves escape
The Amistad and the Creole The Underground Railroad
– Harriet Tubman• See Map 9-2
Canada West
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VII. Black Militancy
Too much talk and not enough action– More black abolitionists consider forceful
action• Weak loyalty to national organizations• Influenced by rebellious slaves
– Many black abolitionists wanted to do more, 1840s-1850s
• Charged white abolitionists with duplicity– Lewis Tappan– William Lloyd Garrison
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VIII. Frederick Douglass
Born a slave, 1818– Learned to read– Developed a trade– Escaped in 1838– Antislavery lecturer, 1841
• Encouraged by Garrison– Breaks with Garrison in 1847
– North Star, 1847– Endorsed the New York Liberty party, 1851
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IX. Black Nationalism African-American migration and black
nationalism– Best means to realize black aspirations– Violence
• Convinced a small few to advocate emigration – Martin R. Delany
» See VOICES
– Henry Highland Garnett » See PROFILE
– Douglass and other black abolitionists rejected» Wanted freedom in the Unites States
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X. Conclusion From gradual to immediate abolition of slavery
– Adjust antislavery tactics to meet rising violence– Combined approach
• Moral suasion• Political involvement• Direct action
Movement to black nationalism– Promote interests, rights, and identity