CHAPTER 9

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Growth of Public Schools

• Parents wanted better education, basic skills not enough

• Reform schools

• By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring kids age 8-14 to attend school

• By 1910, 72% attended school

Immigrants and Education

• Education was important, why?

• Literacy skills- ?

• Adults also attended school

• Class size

• Teacher rules: courting, church, ten hours, women teachers, savings, raises

• Assimilation- ?

• Why did immigrants want to assimilate?

• Why would some not want to assimilate?

• Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

Higher Education

• Philanthropists- ?

• 1st was New York’s Vassar College 1865

• Women and African Americans experienced a real struggle trying to attend college in late 1800’s

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois

• Booker dedicated his life to educating African Americans

• Focus less on political equality and focus more on building economic security

• Could win white acceptance by succeeding economically

• Dubois rejected Washington’s message

• Believed providing leadership in the fight for Civil Rights

• Seek advanced liberal arts education instead of vocational education

• Helped found the Niagara Movement- ?

Section 2 Entertainment

• Most popular sport during the late 1800’s was?

• Vaudeville, moving pictures, and trolley parks were all popular forms of entertainment during late 1800’s

• Vaudevilles- (type of inexpensive variety show, song and dance, magic, animals, jugglers) and movies competed against one another

• Football, basketball, and bicycling also became big

• Women participated in sports as well

• Sports gave women a chance to abandon corsets

What People Were Reading

• Newspapers- yellow journalism- ?

• “Named for yellow ink used in popular comic strips

• Magazines and books

• Ragtime?

• The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain

• An example of local color, what is local color?

Section 3

• Poll Taxes- ?

• Voters had to pass a test to vote

• Grandfather Clause-?

• What was the purpose of these rules for voters?

Segregation?

• African Americans were treated as second-class citizens

• Jim Crow Laws- came from minstrel show called Jump Jim Crow- white entertainer in blackface performed unflattering caricatures of African American song and dance

• What did Jim Crow Laws do?

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Greatest setback to African American equality

• Case said that segregation was legal

• Black facilities were hardly ever equal to white facilities

• Pg.334

Violence

• Blacks were called boy while they had to call whites sir or mister

• Had to remove hats or step off the curb to let a white pass by

• Subjected to violence if they breached this racial etiquette

• Lynching- ?

Pg.334

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• Won 1st major case when Supreme Court declared grandfather clauses unconstitutional in 1915

• Pg.335

Overcoming Obstacles

• Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Association helped develop separate recreational and guidance programs for African Americans

• National Urban League 1911 improved job opportunities and housing for blacks

• George Washington Carver-scientific research, Alexander Crummell founded the American Negro Academy

• Pg.336

• Black owned businesses began springing up everywhere

• 1912 Madam CJ Walker

• Had a mail order business and had a chain of beauty parlors

• “I got myself a start by giving myself a start”

• Pg.336

Section 4 Changing Roles of Women

• Carpet sweepers and electric vacuum cleaners became popular

• Not all home cleaning time was reduced due to most homes not having electricity

• Removing dirt and dust from an 8 room house took 18 hours a week

• Pg. 338

Producer to Consumer

• More and more goods became available to purchase; department stores became big

• Marshall Field (Chicago) and Macy’s (New York)

• US Post Office began offering rural free delivery in 1896- delivering mail to farm families

Pgs. 338-339

• This free service gave farm families a chance to access big-city goods

• Mail Order Catalogs?

• 2 largest companies were Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck, and Company

• Pg. 339

Working Outside the Home

• Around 1890, there were around 85% of single women working outside the home and about 15% married women working outside the home

• This percentage increased to about 25% by 1910

• Many women went into education, healthcare, and social work

• Did this because they didn’t have to compete with men, they were discouraged to compete with men

• pg. 340

• Women were involved in voluntary work as well • Formed hundreds of clubs and associations to

facilitate their activities• Helped them in speaking, writing, and finance

and increased their self-confidence• Began to wear shorter hair and wear skirts and

blouses• Also went on dates without supervision• They saw domestic fulfillment as their main goal• Pg. 340-341