chapter 9 lifespan development - weebly · 2020-03-19 · chapter 9 lifespan development figure 9.1...

Chapter 9

Lifespan Development

Figure 9.1 (LT�E>SB�VLR�@E>KDBA�PFK@B�@EFIAELLA��(LT�>OB�VLR�QEB�P>JB��7E>Q�TFII�VLRO�IFCB�?B�IFHB��VB>OPCOLJ�KLT��&FCQV�VB>OP�COLJ�KLT��,FCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�PQRAFBP�ELT�VLR�@E>KDB�>P�TBII�>P�ELT�VLR�OBJ>FK�QEB�P>JBLSBO�QEB�@LROPB�LC�VLRO�IFCB��@OBAFQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�'FIBP�#LLH

Chapter Outline�� 7E>Q�)P�,FCBPM>K�$BSBILMJBKQ�� ,FCBPM>K�4EBLOFBP�� 3Q>DBP�LC�$BSBILMJBKQ�� $B>QE�>KA�$VFKD

Introduction7BI@LJB QL QEB PQLOV LC VLRO IFCB� )K QEFP @E>MQBO TB BUMILOB QEB C>P@FK>QFKD Q>IB LC ELT VLR E>SB DOLTK>KA ABSBILMBA FKQL QEB MBOPLK VLR >OB QLA>V� 7B >IPL ILLH >Q PLJB FAB>P >?LRQ TEL VLR TFII DOLT FKQLQLJLOOLT��9LROP�FP�>�PQLOV�LC�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�Figure 9.1 �COLJ�QEB�PQ>OQ�LC�IFCB�QL�QEB�BKA�

4EB MOL@BPP LC ERJ>K DOLTQE >KA ABSBILMJBKQ FP JLOB L?SFLRP FK FKC>K@V >KA @EFIAELLA VBQ VLROABSBILMJBKQ FP E>MMBKFKD QEFP JLJBKQ >KA TFII @LKQFKRB JFKRQB ?V JFKRQB CLO QEB OBPQ LC VLRO IFCB� 7ELVLR >OB QLA>V >KA TEL VLR TFII ?B FK QEB CRQROB ABMBKAP LK > ?IBKA LC DBKBQF@P BKSFOLKJBKQ @RIQROB OBI>QFLKPEFMP >KA JLOB >P VLR @LKQFKRB QEOLRDE B>@E ME>PB LC IFCB� 9LR E>SB BUMBOFBK@BA CFOPQE>KA JR@ELC TE>Q FP AFP@RPPBA FK QEFP @E>MQBO� .LT @LKPFABO TE>Q MPV@ELILDF@>I P@FBK@B E>P QL P>V >?LRQ VLROMEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA�MPV@ELPL@F>I�ABSBILMJBKQ �COLJ�QEB�TLJ?�QL�QEB�QLJ?�

#E>MQBO��,FCBPM>K�$BSBILMJBKQ ��

9.1 What Is Lifespan Development?

Learning Objectives

"V�QEB�BKA�LC�QEFP�PB@QFLK �VLR�TFII�?B�>?IB�QL�k $BCFKB�>KA�AFPQFKDRFPE�?BQTBBK�QEB�QEOBB�ALJ>FKP�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ��MEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB�>KA

MPV@ELPL@F>Ik $FP@RPP�QEB�KLOJ>QFSB�>MMOL>@E�QL�ABSBILMJBKQk 5KABOPQ>KA�QEB�QEOBB�J>GLO�FPPRBP�FK�ABSBILMJBKQ��@LKQFKRFQV�>KA�AFP@LKQFKRFQV �LKB

@LJJLK�@LROPB�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ�LO�J>KV�RKFNRB�@LROPBP�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ �>KA�K>QROBSBOPRP�KROQROB

-V�EB>OQ�IB>MP�RM�TEBK�)�?BELIA!�O>FK?LT�FK�QEB�PHV�3L�T>P�FQ�TEBK�JV�IFCB�?BD>K�3L�FP�FQ�KLT�)�>J�>�J>K�3L�?B�FQ�TEBK�)�PE>II�DOLT�LIA /O�IBQ�JB�AFB�4EB�#EFIA�FP�C>QEBO�LC�QEB�->K�)�@LRIA�TFPE�JV�A>VP�QL�?B"LRKA�B>@E�QL�B>@E�?V�K>QRO>I�MFBQV��7LOAPTLOQE ��

)K QEFP MLBJ 7FIIF>J 7LOAPTLOQE TOFQBP pQEB @EFIA FP C>QEBO LC QEB J>K�q 7E>Q ALBP QEFP PBBJFKDIVFK@LKDORLRP PQ>QBJBKQ JB>K >KA TE>Q ALBP FQ E>SB QL AL TFQE IFCBPM>K ABSBILMJBKQ� 7LOAPTLOQE JFDEQ?B PRDDBPQFKD QE>Q QEB MBOPLK EB FP >P >K >ARIQ ABMBKAP I>ODBIV LK QEB BUMBOFBK@BP EB E>A FK @EFIAELLA�#LKPFABO QEB CLIILTFKD NRBPQFLKP� 4L TE>Q BUQBKQ FP QEB >ARIQ VLR >OB QLA>V FKCIRBK@BA ?V QEB @EFIA VLRLK@B�TBOB��4L�TE>Q�BUQBKQ�FP�>�@EFIA�CRKA>JBKQ>IIV�AFCCBOBKQ�COLJ�QEB�>ARIQ�EB�DOLTP�RM�QL�?B�

4EBPB >OB QEB QVMBP LC NRBPQFLKP ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP QOV QL >KPTBO ?V PQRAVFKD ELT ERJ>KP@E>KDB >KA DOLT COLJ @LK@BMQFLK QEOLRDE @EFIAELLA >ALIBP@BK@B >ARIQELLA >KA AB>QE� 4EBV SFBTABSBILMJBKQ >P > IFCBILKD MOL@BPP QE>Q @>K ?B PQRAFBA P@FBKQFCF@>IIV >@OLPP QEOBB ABSBILMJBKQ>IALJ>FKPoMEVPF@>I @LDKFQFSB >KA MPV@ELPL@F>I ABSBILMJBKQ� Physical development FKSLISBP DOLTQE>KA @E>KDBP FK QEB ?LAV >KA ?O>FK QEB PBKPBP JLQLO PHFIIP >KA EB>IQE >KA TBIIKBPP� Cognitivedevelopment FKSLISBP IB>OKFKD >QQBKQFLK JBJLOV I>KDR>DB QEFKHFKD OB>PLKFKD >KA @OB>QFSFQV�Psychosocial development FKSLISBP BJLQFLKP MBOPLK>IFQV >KA PL@F>I OBI>QFLKPEFMP� 7B OBCBO QL QEBPBALJ>FKP�QEOLRDELRQ�QEB�@E>MQBO�

CONNECT THE CONCEPTSCONNECT THE CONCEPTS

Research Methods in Developmental Psychology

9LRhSB IB>OKBA >?LRQ > S>OFBQV LC OBPB>O@E JBQELAP RPBA ?V MPV@ELILDFPQP� $BSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP RPBJ>KV LC QEBPB >MMOL>@EBP FK LOABO QL ?BQQBO RKABOPQ>KA ELT FKAFSFAR>IP @E>KDB JBKQ>IIV >KA MEVPF@>IIV LSBOQFJB��4EBPB�JBQELAP�FK@IRAB�K>QRO>IFPQF@�L?PBOS>QFLKP��@>PB�PQRAFBP��PROSBVP��>KA�BUMBOFJBKQP��>JLKD�LQEBOP�

.>QRO>IFPQF@ L?PBOS>QFLKP FKSLISB L?PBOSFKD ?BE>SFLO FK FQP K>QRO>I @LKQBUQ� ! ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQ JFDEQL?PBOSB ELT @EFIAOBK ?BE>SB LK > MI>VDOLRKA� >Q > A>V@>OB @BKQBO� LO FK QEB @EFIAhP LTK ELJB� 7EFIB QEFPOBPB>O@E >MMOL>@E MOLSFABP > DIFJMPB FKQL ELT @EFIAOBK ?BE>SB FK QEBFO K>QRO>I PBQQFKDP� OBPB>O@EBOP E>SB SBOVIFQQIB�@LKQOLI�LSBO�QEB�QVMBP�>KA�LO�COBNRBK@FBP�LC�AFPMI>VBA�?BE>SFLO�

)K > @>PB PQRAV� ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP @LIIB@Q > DOB>Q AB>I LC FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ LKB FKAFSFAR>I FK LOABO QL?BQQBO RKABOPQ>KA MEVPF@>I >KA MPV@ELILDF@>I @E>KDBP LSBO QEB IFCBPM>K� 4EFP M>OQF@RI>O >MMOL>@E FP >K BU@BIIBKQ

�� #E>MQBO��,FCBPM>K�$BSBILMJBKQ

4EFP�@LKQBKQ�FP�>S>FI>?IB�CLO�COBB�>Q�

T>V QL ?BQQBO RKABOPQ>KA FKAFSFAR>IP� TEL >OB BU@BMQFLK>I FK PLJB T>V� ?RQ FQ FP BPMB@F>IIV MOLKB QL OBPB>O@EBO?F>P�FK�FKQBOMOBQ>QFLK��>KA�FQ�FP�AFCCF@RIQ�QL�DBKBO>IFWB�@LK@IRPFLKP�QL�QEB�I>ODBO�MLMRI>QFLK�

)K LKB @I>PPF@ BU>JMIB LC QEFP OBPB>O@E JBQELA ?BFKD >MMIFBA QL > PQRAV LC IFCBPM>K ABSBILMJBKQ 3FDJRKA &OBRA>K>IVWBA QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC > @EFIA HKLTK >P i,FQQIB (>KPj �&OBRA� �� &OBRAhP CFKAFKDP EBIMBA FKCLOJEFP QEBLOFBP LC MPV@ELPBUR>I ABSBILMJBKQ FK @EFIAOBK� TEF@E VLR TFII IB>OK >?LRQ I>QBO FK QEFP @E>MQBO� ,FQQIB 'BKFB�QEB PR?GB@Q LC > @>PB PQRAV AFP@RPPBA FK QEB @E>MQBO LK QEFKHFKD >KA FKQBIIFDBK@B� MOLSFABP >KLQEBO BU>JMIBLC ELT MPV@ELILDFPQP BU>JFKB ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKBP QEOLRDE ABQ>FIBA OBPB>O@E LK > PFKDIB FKAFSFAR>I� )K'BKFBhP @>PB� EBO KBDIB@QCRI >KA >?RPFSB RM?OFKDFKD IBA QL EBO ?BFKD RK>?IB QL PMB>H RKQFI� >Q >DB �� PEB T>POBJLSBA COLJ QE>Q E>OJCRI BKSFOLKJBKQ� !P PEB IB>OKBA QL RPB I>KDR>DB� MPV@ELILDFPQP TBOB >?IB QL @LJM>OBELT EBO I>KDR>DB >@NRFPFQFLK >?FIFQFBP AFCCBOBA TEBK L@@ROOFKD FK EBO I>QB PQ>DB ABSBILMJBKQ @LJM>OBA QL QEBQVMF@>I >@NRFPFQFLK LC QELPB PHFIIP AROFKD QEB >DBP LC FKC>K@V QEOLRDE B>OIV @EFIAELLA �&OLJHFK� +O>PEBK� #ROQFPP�2FDIBO��2FDIBO��#ROQFPP��

4EB PROSBV JBQELA >PHP FKAFSFAR>IP QL PBIC OBMLOQ FJMLOQ>KQ FKCLOJ>QFLK >?LRQ QEBFO QELRDEQP� BUMBOFBK@BP� >KA?BIFBCP� 4EFP M>OQF@RI>O JBQELA @>K MOLSFAB I>ODB >JLRKQP LC FKCLOJ>QFLK FK OBI>QFSBIV PELOQ >JLRKQP LC QFJB�ELTBSBO� S>IFAFQV LC A>Q> @LIIB@QBA FK QEFP T>V OBIFBP LK ELKBPQ PBIC OBMLOQFKD� >KA QEB A>Q> FP OBI>QFSBIV PE>IILTTEBK�@LJM>OBA�QL�QEB�ABMQE�LC�FKCLOJ>QFLK�@LIIB@QBA�FK�>�@>PB�PQRAV�

%UMBOFJBKQP FKSLISB PFDKFCF@>KQ @LKQOLI LSBO BUQO>KBLRP S>OF>?IBP >KA J>KFMRI>QFLK LC QEB FKABMBKABKQ S>OF>?IB�!P PR@E� BUMBOFJBKQ>I OBPB>O@E >IILTP ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP QL J>HB @>RP>I PQ>QBJBKQP >?LRQ @BOQ>FKS>OF>?IBP QE>Q >OB FJMLOQ>KQ CLO QEB ABSBILMJBKQ>I MOL@BPP� "B@>RPB BUMBOFJBKQ>I OBPB>O@E JRPQ L@@RO FK> @LKQOLIIBA BKSFOLKJBKQ� OBPB>O@EBOP JRPQ ?B @>RQFLRP >?LRQ TEBQEBO ?BE>SFLOP L?PBOSBA FK QEB I>?LO>QLOVQO>KPI>QB�QL�>K�FKAFSFAR>IhP�K>QRO>I�BKSFOLKJBKQ�

,>QBO FK QEFP @E>MQBO� VLR TFII IB>OK >?LRQ PBSBO>I BUMBOFJBKQP FK TEF@E QLAAIBOP >KA VLRKD @EFIAOBK L?PBOSBP@BKBP LO >@QFLKP PL QE>Q OBPB>O@EBOP @>K ABQBOJFKB >Q TE>Q >DB PMB@FCF@ @LDKFQFSB >?FIFQFBP ABSBILM� &LOBU>JMIB� @EFIAOBK J>V L?PBOSB > NR>KQFQV LC IFNRFA MLROBA COLJ > PELOQ� C>Q DI>PP FKQL > Q>II� PHFKKV DI>PP� !P QEBBUMBOFJBKQBOP NRBPQFLK QEB @EFIAOBK >?LRQ TE>Q L@@ROOBA� QEB PR?GB@QPh >KPTBOP EBIM MPV@ELILDFPQP RKABOPQ>KA>Q TE>Q >DB > @EFIA ?BDFKP QL @LJMOBEBKA QE>Q QEB SLIRJB LC IFNRFA OBJ>FKBA QEB P>JB >IQELRDE QEB PE>MBP LCQEB�@LKQ>FKBOP�AFCCBOP�

!@OLPP QEBPB QEOBB ALJ>FKPoMEVPF@>I @LDKFQFSB >KA MPV@ELPL@F>IoQEB normative approach QLABSBILMJBKQ FP >IPL AFP@RPPBA� 4EFP >MMOL>@E >PHP p7E>Q FP KLOJ>I ABSBILMJBKQ�q )K QEB B>OIV AB@>ABP LCQEB ��QE @BKQROV KLOJ>QFSB MPV@ELILDFPQP PQRAFBA I>ODB KRJ?BOP LC @EFIAOBK >Q S>OFLRP >DBP QL ABQBOJFKBKLOJP F�B� >SBO>DB >DBP LC TEBK JLPQ @EFIAOBK OB>@E PMB@FCF@ ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKBP FK B>@E LC QEBQEOBB ALJ>FKP 'BPBII �� 'BPBII � )ID �� (>II �� !IQELRDE @EFIAOBK ABSBILM >QPIFDEQIV AFCCBOBKQ O>QBP TB @>K RPB QEBPB >DB�OBI>QBA >SBO>DBP >P DBKBO>I DRFABIFKBP QL @LJM>OB @EFIAOBKTFQE P>JB�>DB MBBOP QL ABQBOJFKB QEB >MMOLUFJ>QB >DBP QEBV PELRIA OB>@E PMB@FCF@ KLOJ>QFSB BSBKQP@>IIBA developmental milestones B�D� @O>TIFKD T>IHFKD TOFQFKD AOBPPFKD K>JFKD @LILOP PMB>HFKD FKPBKQBK@BP �>KA�PQ>OQFKD�MR?BOQV�

.LQ >II KLOJ>QFSB BSBKQP >OB RKFSBOP>I JB>KFKD QEBV >OB KLQ BUMBOFBK@BA ?V >II FKAFSFAR>IP >@OLPP >II@RIQROBP� "FLILDF@>I JFIBPQLKBP PR@E >P MR?BOQV QBKA QL ?B RKFSBOP>I ?RQ PL@F>I JFIBPQLKBP PR@E >P QEB >DBTEBK @EFIAOBK ?BDFK CLOJ>I P@ELLIFKD >OB KLQ KB@BPP>OFIV RKFSBOP>I� FKPQB>A QEBV >CCB@Q JLPQ FKAFSFAR>IPFK > M>OQF@RI>O @RIQROB 'BPBII � )ID �� &LO BU>JMIB FK ABSBILMBA @LRKQOFBP @EFIAOBK ?BDFK P@ELLI>OLRKA � LO � VB>OP LIA ?RQ FK ABSBILMFKD @LRKQOFBP IFHB .FDBOF> @EFIAOBK LCQBK BKQBO P@ELLI >Q >K>AS>K@BA >DB FC >Q >II (RB?IBO �� 5KFQBA .>QFLKP %AR@>QFLK>I 3@FBKQFCF@ >KA #RIQRO>I /OD>KFW>QFLK;5.%3#/< ��

4L ?BQQBO RKABOPQ>KA QEB KLOJ>QFSB >MMOL>@E FJ>DFKB QTL KBT JLQEBOP ,LRFP> >KA +FJ?BOIV TEL >OB@ILPB COFBKAP >KA E>SB @EFIAOBK >OLRKA QEB P>JB >DB� ,LRFP>sP A>RDEQBO FP �� JLKQEP LIA >KA +FJ?BOIVsPPLK FP �� JLKQEP LIA� !@@LOAFKD QL QEB KLOJ>QFSB >MMOL>@E QEB >SBO>DB >DB > @EFIA PQ>OQP QL T>IH FP ��JLKQEP� (LTBSBO >Q �� JLKQEP ,LRFP>sP A>RDEQBO PQFII FPKsQ T>IHFKD� 3EB QBIIP +FJ?BOIV PEB FP TLOOFBA QE>QPLJBQEFKD JFDEQ ?B TOLKD TFQE EBO ?>?V� +FJ?BOIV FP PROMOFPBA ?B@>RPB EBO PLK PQ>OQBA T>IHFKD TEBK


EB T>P LKIV �� JLKQEP LIA� 3ELRIA ,LRFP> ?B TLOOFBA� 3ELRIA PEB ?B @LK@BOKBA FC EBO A>RDEQBO FP KLQT>IHFKD�?V��JLKQEP�LO��JLKQEP�

4EB�#BKQBOP�CLO�$FPB>PB�#LKQOLI�>KA�0OBSBKQFLK��#$#�ABP@OF?BP�QEB�ABSBILMJBKQ>IJFIBPQLKBP�CLO�@EFIAOBK�COLJ��JLKQEP�QEOLRDE��VB>OP�LIA��!CQBO�OBSFBTFKD�QEBFKCLOJ>QFLK��Q>HB�QEFP quiz (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/milestones) QL�PBB�ELTTBII�VLR�OB@>II�TE>Q�VLRhSB�IB>OKBA��)C�VLR�>OB�>�M>OBKQ�TFQE�@LK@BOKP�>?LRQ�VLRO@EFIAhP�ABSBILMJBKQ��@LKQ>@Q�VLRO�MBAF>QOF@F>K�

ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY4EBOB >OB J>KV AFCCBOBKQ QEBLOBQF@>I >MMOL>@EBP OBD>OAFKD ERJ>K ABSBILMJBKQ� !P TB BS>IR>QB QEBJ FKQEFP @E>MQBO OB@>II QE>Q ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDV CL@RPBP LK ELT MBLMIB @E>KDB >KA HBBM FK JFKA QE>Q>II QEB >MMOL>@EBP QE>Q TB MOBPBKQ FK QEFP @E>MQBO >AAOBPP NRBPQFLKP LC @E>KDB� )P QEB @E>KDB PJLLQE LORKBSBK @LKQFKRLRP SBOPRP AFP@LKQFKRLRP� )P QEFP M>QQBOK LC @E>KDB QEB P>JB CLO BSBOVLKB LO >OB QEBOBJ>KV AFCCBOBKQ M>QQBOKP LC @E>KDB LKB @LROPB LC ABSBILMJBKQ SBOPRP J>KV @LROPBP� (LT AL DBKBQF@P>KA�BKSFOLKJBKQ�FKQBO>@Q�QL�FKCIRBK@B�ABSBILMJBKQ�K>QROB�SBOPRP�KROQROB�

Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?Continuous development SFBTP ABSBILMJBKQ >P > @RJRI>QFSB MOL@BPP DO>AR>IIV FJMOLSFKD LK BUFPQFKDPHFIIP Figure 9.2� 7FQE QEFP QVMB LC ABSBILMJBKQ QEBOB FP DO>AR>I @E>KDB� #LKPFABO CLO BU>JMIB > @EFIAsPMEVPF@>I DOLTQE� >AAFKD FK@EBP QL EBO EBFDEQ VB>O ?V VB>O� )K @LKQO>PQ QEBLOFPQP TEL SFBT ABSBILMJBKQ>P discontinuous ?BIFBSB QE>Q ABSBILMJBKQ Q>HBP MI>@B FK RKFNRB PQ>DBP� )Q L@@ROP >Q PMB@FCF@ QFJBP LO >DBP�7FQE QEFP QVMB LC ABSBILMJBKQ QEB @E>KDB FP JLOB PRAABK PR@E >P >K FKC>KQsP >?FIFQV QL @LK@BFSB L?GB@QMBOJ>KBK@B�

Figure 9.2 4EB�@LK@BMQ�LC�@LKQFKRLRP�ABSBILMJBKQ�@>K�?B�SFPR>IFWBA�>P�>�PJLLQE�PILMB�LC�MOLDOBPPFLK��TEBOB>PAFP@LKQFKRLRP�ABSBILMJBKQ�PBBP�DOLTQE�FK�JLOB�AFP@OBQB�PQ>DBP�

Is There One Course of Development or Many?)P ABSBILMJBKQ BPPBKQF>IIV QEB P>JB LO RKFSBOP>I CLO >II @EFIAOBK F�B� QEBOB FP LKB @LROPB LC ABSBILMJBKQLO ALBP ABSBILMJBKQ CLIILT > AFCCBOBKQ @LROPB CLO B>@E @EFIA ABMBKAFKD LK QEB @EFIAsP PMB@FCF@ DBKBQF@P>KA BKSFOLKJBKQ F�B� QEBOB >OB J>KV @LROPBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ� $L MBLMIB >@OLPP QEB TLOIA PE>OB JLOBPFJFI>OFQFBP LO JLOB AFCCBOBK@BP FK QEBFO ABSBILMJBKQ� (LT JR@E AL @RIQROB >KA DBKBQF@P FKCIRBK@B >@EFIAsP�?BE>SFLO�

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/milestones

3Q>DB QEBLOFBP ELIA QE>Q QEB PBNRBK@B LC ABSBILMJBKQ FP RKFSBOP>I� &LO BU>JMIB FK @OLPP�@RIQRO>I PQRAFBP LCI>KDR>DB ABSBILMJBKQ @EFIAOBK COLJ >OLRKA QEB TLOIA OB>@E I>KDR>DB JFIBPQLKBP FK > PFJFI>O PBNRBK@B'IBFQJ>K � .BTMLOQ �� )KC>KQP FK >II @RIQROBP @LL ?BCLOB QEBV ?>??IB� 4EBV ?BDFK ?>??IFKD >Q >?LRQQEB P>JB >DB >KA RQQBO QEBFO CFOPQ TLOA >OLRKA �� JLKQEP LIA� 9BQ TB IFSB FK AFSBOPB @LKQBUQP QE>Q E>SB >RKFNRB BCCB@Q LK B>@E LC RP� &LO BU>JMIB OBPB>O@EBOP LK@B ?BIFBSBA QE>Q JLQLO ABSBILMJBKQ CLIILTP LKB@LROPB CLO >II @EFIAOBK OBD>OAIBPP LC @RIQROB� (LTBSBO @EFIA @>OB MO>@QF@BP S>OV ?V @RIQROB >KA AFCCBOBKQMO>@QF@BP E>SB ?BBK CLRKA QL >@@BIBO>QB LO FKEF?FQ >@EFBSBJBKQ LC ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKBP PR@E >P PFQQFKD @O>TIFKD �>KA�T>IHFKD�+>O>PFH �!ALIME �4>JFP�,B-LKA> ��"LOKPQBFK ��

&LO FKPQ>K@B IBQsP ILLH >Q QEB !@Eb PL@FBQV FK 0>O>DR>V� 4EBV PMBKA > PFDKFCF@>KQ >JLRKQ LC QFJB CLO>DFKDFK CLOBPQP� 7EFIB CLO>DFKD !@Eb JLQEBOP @>OOV QEBFO VLRKD @EFIAOBK O>OBIV MRQQFKD QEBJ ALTK FK LOABOQL MOLQB@Q QEBJ COLJ DBQQFKD EROQ FK QEB CLOBPQ� #LKPBNRBKQIV QEBFO @EFIAOBK T>IH JR@E I>QBO� 4EBV T>IH>OLRKA ��n�� JLKQEP LIA FK @LJM>OFPLK QL FKC>KQP FK 7BPQBOK @RIQROBP TEL ?BDFK QL T>IH >OLRKA ��JLKQEP LIA� (LTBSBO >P !@Eb @EFIAOBK ?B@LJB LIABO QEBV >OB >IILTBA JLOB COBBALJ QL JLSB >?LRQ >KA?V >?LRQ >DB � QEBFO JLQLO PHFIIP PROM>PP QELPB LC 5�3� @EFIAOBK LC QEB P>JB >DB� !@Eb @EFIAOBK >OB >?IB QL@IFJ? QOBBP RM QL �� CBBQ Q>II >KA RPB J>@EBQBP QL @ELM QEBFO T>V QEOLRDE QEB CLOBPQ +>MI>K � $LSB ��!P VLR @>K PBB LRO ABSBILMJBKQ FP FKCIRBK@BA ?V JRIQFMIB @LKQBUQP PL QEB QFJFKD LC ?>PF@ JLQLO CRK@QFLKPJ>V�S>OV�>@OLPP�@RIQROBP��(LTBSBO �QEB�CRK@QFLKP�QEBJPBISBP�>OB�MOBPBKQ�FK�>II�PL@FBQFBP�Figure 9.3�

Figure 9.3 !II�@EFIAOBK�>@OLPP�QEB�TLOIA�ILSB�QL�MI>V��7EBQEBO�FK��>�&ILOFA>�LO��?�3LRQE�!COF@>��@EFIAOBK�BKGLVBUMILOFKD�P>KA��PRKPEFKB��>KA�QEB�PB>��@OBAFQ�>��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�i6FPFQ�3Q��0BQB�#IB>OT>QBOj�&IF@HO��@OBAFQ�?�JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V��PQOFKDBO=?BI��&IF@HO

How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?!OB TB TEL TB >OB ?B@>RPB LC nature ?FLILDV >KA DBKBQF@P LO >OB TB TEL TB >OB ?B@>RPB LC nurtureLRO BKSFOLKJBKQ >KA @RIQROB� 4EFP ILKDPQ>KAFKD NRBPQFLK FP HKLTK FK MPV@ELILDV >P QEB K>QROB SBOPRPKROQROB AB?>QB� )Q PBBHP QL RKABOPQ>KA ELT LRO MBOPLK>IFQFBP >KA QO>FQP >OB QEB MOLAR@Q LC LRO DBKBQF@J>HBRM >KA ?FLILDF@>I C>@QLOP >KA ELT QEBV >OB PE>MBA ?V LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ FK@IRAFKD LRO M>OBKQP MBBOP >KA @RIQROB� &LO FKPQ>K@B TEV AL ?FLILDF@>I @EFIAOBK PLJBQFJBP >@Q IFHB QEBFO M>OBKQPoFP FQ ?B@>RPB LCDBKBQF@P LO ?B@>RPB LC B>OIV @EFIAELLA BKSFOLKJBKQ >KA TE>Q QEB @EFIA E>P IB>OKBA COLJ QEB M>OBKQP� 7E>Q>?LRQ @EFIAOBK TEL >OB >ALMQBAo>OB QEBV JLOB IFHB QEBFO ?FLILDF@>I C>JFIFBP LO JLOB IFHB QEBFO >ALMQFSBC>JFIFBP��!KA�ELT�@>K�PF?IFKDP�COLJ�QEB�P>JB�C>JFIV�?B�PL�AFCCBOBKQ�

7B >OB >II ?LOK TFQE PMB@FCF@ DBKBQF@ QO>FQP FKEBOFQBA COLJ LRO M>OBKQP PR@E >P BVB @LILO EBFDEQ >KA @BOQ>FKMBOPLK>IFQV QO>FQP� "BVLKA LRO ?>PF@ DBKLQVMB ELTBSBO QEBOB FP > ABBM FKQBO>@QFLK ?BQTBBK LRO DBKBP >KALRO BKSFOLKJBKQ� /RO RKFNRB BUMBOFBK@BP FK LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ FKCIRBK@B TEBQEBO >KA ELT M>OQF@RI>O QO>FQP>OB BUMOBPPBA >KA >Q QEB P>JB QFJB LRO DBKBP FKCIRBK@B ELT TB FKQBO>@Q TFQE LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ $F>JLKA �� ,L?L �� 4EFP @E>MQBO TFII PELT QE>Q QEBOB FP > OB@FMOL@>I FKQBO>@QFLK ?BQTBBK K>QROB >KA KROQROB>P�QEBV�?LQE�PE>MB�TEL�TB�?B@LJB �?RQ�QEB�AB?>QB�@LKQFKRBP�>P�QL�QEB�OBI>QFSB�@LKQOF?RQFLKP�LC�B>@E�


The Achievement Gap: How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Development?

4EB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>M OBCBOP QL QEB MBOPFPQBKQ AFCCBOBK@B FK DO>ABP� QBPQ P@LOBP� >KA DO>AR>QFLK O>QBP QE>Q BUFPQ>JLKD PQRABKQP LC AFCCBOBKQ BQEKF@FQFBP� O>@BP� >KAfFK @BOQ>FK PR?GB@QPfPBUBP �7FKBOJ>K� �� 2BPB>O@EPRDDBPQP QE>Q QEBPB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>MP >OB PQOLKDIV FKCIRBK@BA ?V AFCCBOBK@BP FK PL@FLB@LKLJF@ C>@QLOP QE>QBUFPQ >JLKD QEB C>JFIFBP LC QEBPB @EFIAOBK� 7EFIB QEB OBPB>O@EBOP >@HKLTIBADB QE>Q MOLDO>JP >FJBA >QOBAR@FKD PR@E PL@FLB@LKLJF@ AFP@OBM>K@FBP TLRIA IFHBIV >FA FK BNR>IFWFKD QEB >MQFQRAB >KA MBOCLOJ>K@B LC@EFIAOBK COLJ AFCCBOBKQ ?>@HDOLRKAP� QEBV OB@LDKFWB QE>Q PR@E I>ODB P@>IB FKQBOSBKQFLKP TLRIA ?B AFCCF@RIQ QL>@EFBSB� 4EBOBCLOB� FQ FP OB@LJJBKABA QE>Q MOLDO>JP >FJBA >Q CLPQBOFKD >MQFQRAB >KA >@EFBSBJBKQ >JLKDAFP>AS>KQ>DBA @EFIAOBK J>V ?B QEB ?BPQ LMQFLK CLO AB>IFKD TFQE FPPRBP OBI>QBA QL >@>ABJF@ >@EFBSBJBKQ D>MP�$RK@>K��->DKRPLK��

,LT FK@LJB @EFIAOBK MBOCLOJ PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB MLLOIV QE>K QEBFO JFAAIB >KA EFDE FK@LJB MBBOP LK > KRJ?BOLC BAR@>QFLK>I S>OF>?IBP� 4EBV E>SB PFDKFCF@>KQIV ILTBO PQ>KA>OAFWBA QBPQ P@LOBP� DO>AR>QFLK O>QBP� >KA @LIIBDBBKQO>K@B O>QBP� >KA QEBV E>SB JR@E EFDEBO P@ELLI AOLMLRQ O>QBP� 4EBOB E>SB ?BBK >QQBJMQP QL @LOOB@Q QEB>@EFBSBJBKQ D>M QEOLRDE PQ>QB >KA CBABO>I IBDFPI>QFLK� ?RQ TE>Q FC QEB MOL?IBJP PQ>OQ ?BCLOB QEB @EFIAOBK BSBKBKQBO�P@ELLI�

0PV@ELILDFPQP "BQQV (>OQ >KA 4LAA 2FPIBV �� PMBKQ QEBFO @>OBBOP ILLHFKD >Q B>OIV I>KDR>DB >?FIFQV >KAMOLDOBPPFLK LC @EFIAOBK FK S>OFLRP FK@LJB IBSBIP� )K LKB ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV� QEBV CLRKA QE>Q >IQELRDE >II QEBM>OBKQP FK QEB PQRAV BKD>DBA >KA FKQBO>@QBA TFQE QEBFO @EFIAOBK� JFAAIB >KA EFDE FK@LJB M>OBKQP FKQBO>@QBATFQE QEBFO @EFIAOBK AFCCBOBKQIV QE>K ILT FK@LJB M>OBKQP� !CQBO >K>IVWFKD �� ELROP LC M>OBKQ @EFIA FKQBO>@QFLKP�QEB OBPB>O@EBOP CLRKA QE>Q JFAAIB >KA EFDE FK@LJB M>OBKQP Q>IH QL QEBFO @EFIAOBK PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB� PQ>OQFKDTEBK QEB @EFIAOBK >OB FKC>KQP� "V � VB>OP LIA� EFDE FK@LJB @EFIAOBK HKBT >IJLPQ ALR?IB QEB KRJ?BO LC TLOAPHKLTK ?V QEBFO ILT FK@LJB @LRKQBOM>OQP� >KA QEBV E>A EB>OA >K BPQFJ>QBA QLQ>I LC �� JFIIFLK JLOB TLOAPQE>K QEB ILT FK@LJB @LRKQBOM>OQP �(>OQ � 2FPIBV� �� !KA QEB D>MP LKIV ?B@LJB JLOB MOLKLRK@BA� "BCLOBBKQBOFKD HFKABOD>OQBK� EFDE FK@LJB @EFIAOBK P@LOB �� EFDEBO LK >@EFBSBJBKQ QBPQP QE>K QEBFO ILT FK@LJBMBBOP��,BB��"ROH>J��

4EBOB >OB PLIRQFLKP QL QEFP MOL?IBJ� !Q QEB 5KFSBOPFQV LC #EF@>DL� BUMBOQP >OB TLOHFKD TFQE ILT FK@LJB C>JFIFBP�SFPFQFKD QEBJ >Q QEBFO ELJBP� >KA BK@LRO>DFKD QEBJ QL PMB>H JLOB QL QEBFO @EFIAOBK LK > A>FIV >KA ELROIV?>PFP� /QEBO BUMBOQP >OB ABPFDKFKD MOBP@ELLIP FK TEF@E PQRABKQP COLJ AFSBOPB B@LKLJF@ ?>@HDOLRKAP >OBMI>@BA FK QEB P>JB @I>PPOLLJ� )K QEFP OBPB>O@E� ILT FK@LJB @EFIAOBK J>AB PFDKFCF@>KQ D>FKP FK QEBFO I>KDR>DBABSBILMJBKQ� IFHBIV >P > OBPRIQ LC >QQBKAFKD QEB PMB@F>IFWBA MOBP@ELLI �3@EB@EQBO � "VB?� �� 7E>Q LQEBOJBQELAP LO FKQBOSBKQFLKP @LRIA ?B RPBA QL AB@OB>PB QEB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>M� 7E>Q QVMBP LC >@QFSFQFBP @LRIA ?BFJMIBJBKQBA�QL�EBIM�QEB�@EFIAOBK�LC�VLRO�@LJJRKFQV�LO�>�KBFDE?LOFKD�@LJJRKFQV�

9.2 Lifespan Theories

Learning Objectives

"V�QEB�BKA�LC�QEFP�PB@QFLK �VLR�TFII�?B�>?IB�QL�k $FP@RPP�&OBRAsP�QEBLOV�LC�MPV@ELPBUR>I�ABSBILMJBKQk $BP@OF?B�QEB�J>GLO�Q>PHP�LC�@EFIA�>KA�>ARIQ�MPV@ELPL@F>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�>@@LOAFKD�QL�%OFHPLKk $FP@RPP�0F>DBQsP�SFBT�LC�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ�>KA�>MMIV�QEB�PQ>DBP�QL�RKABOPQ>KAFKD

@EFIAELLA�@LDKFQFLKk $BP@OF?B�+LEI?BODsP�QEBLOV�LC�JLO>I�ABSBILMJBKQ

4EBOB >OB J>KV QEBLOFBP OBD>OAFKD ELT ?>?FBP >KA @EFIAOBK DOLT >KA ABSBILM FKQL E>MMV EB>IQEV >ARIQP�7B�BUMILOB�PBSBO>I�LC�QEBPB�QEBLOFBP�FK�QEFP�PB@QFLK�

DIG DEEPER



PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT3FDJRKA &OBRA ��n�� ?BIFBSBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMP AROFKD B>OIV @EFIAELLA� &LO &OBRA @EFIAELLA BUMBOFBK@BP PE>MB LRO MBOPLK>IFQFBP >KA ?BE>SFLO >P >ARIQP� &OBRA SFBTBA ABSBILMJBKQ >PAFP@LKQFKRLRP� EB ?BIFBSBA QE>Q B>@E LC RP JRPQ M>PP QEOLRDE > PBOFLRP LC PQ>DBP AROFKD @EFIAELLA >KAQE>Q FC TB I>@H MOLMBO KROQRO>K@B >KA M>OBKQFKD AROFKD > PQ>DB TB J>V ?B@LJB PQR@H LO CFU>QBA FK QE>QPQ>DB� &OBRAsP PQ>DBP >OB @>IIBA QEB PQ>DBP LC psychosexual development� !@@LOAFKD QL &OBRA @EFIAOBKsPMIB>PROB�PBBHFKD RODBP >OB CL@RPBA LK > AFCCBOBKQ >OB> LC QEB ?LAV @>IIBA >K BOLDBKLRP WLKB >Q B>@E LC QEBCFSB�PQ>DBP�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ��LO>I �>K>I �ME>IIF@ �I>QBK@V �>KA�DBKFQ>I�

7EFIB JLPQ LC &OBRAsP FAB>P E>SB KLQ CLRKA PRMMLOQ FK JLABOK OBPB>O@E TB @>KKLQ AFP@LRKQ QEB@LKQOF?RQFLKP QE>Q &OBRA E>P J>AB QL QEB CFBIA LC MPV@ELILDV� 0PV@ELILDFPQP QLA>V AFPMRQB &OBRA�PMPV@ELPBUR>I PQ>DBP >P > IBDFQFJ>QB BUMI>K>QFLK CLO ELT LKB�P MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMP ?RQ TE>Q TB @>K Q>HB>T>V COLJ &OBRAsP QEBLOV FP QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV FP PE>MBA FK PLJB M>OQ ?V BUMBOFBK@BP TB E>SB FK @EFIAELLA�4EBPB�PQ>DBP�>OB�AFP@RPPBA�FK�ABQ>FI�FK�QEB�@E>MQBO�LK�MBOPLK>IFQV�

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT%OFH %OFHPLK ��n�� Figure 9.4 >KLQEBO PQ>DB QEBLOFPQ QLLH &OBRAsP QEBLOV >KA JLAFCFBA FQ >PMPV@ELPL@F>I QEBLOV� %OFHPLKsP psychosocial development QEBLOV BJME>PFWBP QEB PL@F>I K>QROB LC LROABSBILMJBKQ O>QEBO QE>K FQP PBUR>I K>QROB� 7EFIB &OBRA ?BIFBSBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV FP PE>MBA LKIV FK@EFIAELLA %OFHPLK MOLMLPBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMJBKQ Q>HBP MI>@B >II QEOLRDE QEB IFCBPM>K� %OFHPLKPRDDBPQBA QE>Q ELT TB FKQBO>@Q TFQE LQEBOP FP TE>Q >CCB@QP LRO PBKPB LC PBIC LO TE>Q EB @>IIBA QEB BDLFABKQFQV�

Figure 9.4 %OFH�%OFHPLK�MOLMLPBA�QEB�MPV@ELPL@F>I�QEBLOV�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ��)K�B>@E�PQ>DB�LC�%OFHPLKhP�QEBLOV��QEBOB�FP>�MPV@ELPL@F>I�Q>PH�QE>Q�TB�JRPQ�J>PQBO�FK�LOABO�QL�CBBI�>�PBKPB�LC�@LJMBQBK@B�

%OFHPLK MOLMLPBA QE>Q TB >OB JLQFS>QBA ?V > KBBA QL >@EFBSB @LJMBQBK@B FK @BOQ>FK >OB>P LC LRO IFSBP�!@@LOAFKD QL MPV@ELPL@F>I QEBLOV TB BUMBOFBK@B BFDEQ PQ>DBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ LSBO LRO IFCBPM>K COLJFKC>K@V QEOLRDE I>QB >ARIQELLA� !Q B>@E PQ>DB QEBOB FP > @LKCIF@Q LO Q>PH QE>Q TB KBBA QL OBPLISB� 3R@@BPPCRI@LJMIBQFLK LC B>@E ABSBILMJBKQ>I Q>PH OBPRIQP FK > PBKPB LC @LJMBQBK@B >KA > EB>IQEV MBOPLK>IFQV� &>FIROBQL�J>PQBO�QEBPB�Q>PHP�IB>AP�QL�CBBIFKDP�LC�FK>ABNR>@V�

!@@LOAFKD QL %OFHPLK �� QORPQ FP QEB ?>PFP LC LRO ABSBILMJBKQ AROFKD FKC>K@V ?FOQE QL �� JLKQEP�4EBOBCLOB QEB MOFJ>OV Q>PH LC QEFP PQ>DB FP QORPQ SBOPRP JFPQORPQ� )KC>KQP >OB ABMBKABKQ RMLK QEBFO@>OBDFSBOP PL @>OBDFSBOP TEL >OB OBPMLKPFSB >KA PBKPFQFSB QL QEBFO FKC>KQsP KBBAP EBIM QEBFO ?>?V QL ABSBILM> PBKPB LC QORPQ� QEBFO ?>?V TFII PBB QEB TLOIA >P > P>CB MOBAF@Q>?IB MI>@B� 5KOBPMLKPFSB @>OBDFSBOP TEL ALKLQ JBBQ QEBFO ?>?VsP KBBAP @>K BKDBKABO CBBIFKDP LC >KUFBQV CB>O >KA JFPQORPQ� QEBFO ?>?V J>V PBB QEBTLOIA�>P�RKMOBAF@Q>?IB�


!P QLAAIBOP >DBP �n� VB>OP ?BDFK QL BUMILOB QEBFO TLOIA QEBV IB>OK QE>Q QEBV @>K @LKQOLI QEBFO >@QFLKP>KA >@Q LK QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ QL DBQ OBPRIQP� 4EBV ?BDFK QL PELT @IB>O MOBCBOBK@BP CLO @BOQ>FK BIBJBKQP LC QEBBKSFOLKJBKQ PR@E >P CLLA QLVP >KA @ILQEFKD� ! QLAAIBOsP J>FK Q>PH FP QL OBPLISB QEB FPPRB LC >RQLKLJVSBOPRP PE>JB >KA ALR?Q ?V TLOHFKD QL BPQ>?IFPE FKABMBKABK@B� 4EFP FP QEB pJB AL FQq PQ>DB� &LO BU>JMIB TB JFDEQ L?PBOSB > ?RAAFKD PBKPB LC >RQLKLJV FK > ��VB>O�LIA @EFIA TEL T>KQP QL @ELLPB EBO @ILQEBP>KA AOBPP EBOPBIC� !IQELRDE EBO LRQCFQP JFDEQ KLQ ?B >MMOLMOF>QB CLO QEB PFQR>QFLK EBO FKMRQ FK PR@E ?>PF@AB@FPFLKP E>P >K BCCB@Q LK EBO PBKPB LC FKABMBKABK@B� )C ABKFBA QEB LMMLOQRKFQV QL >@Q LK EBO BKSFOLKJBKQ PEB�J>V�?BDFK�QL�ALR?Q�EBO�>?FIFQFBP �TEF@E�@LRIA�IB>A�QL�ILT�PBIC�BPQBBJ�>KA�CBBIFKDP�LC�PE>JB�

/K@B @EFIAOBK OB>@E QEB MOBP@ELLI PQ>DB >DBP �n� VB>OP QEBV >OB @>M>?IB LC FKFQF>QFKD >@QFSFQFBP >KA>PPBOQFKD @LKQOLI LSBO QEBFO TLOIA QEOLRDE PL@F>I FKQBO>@QFLKP >KA MI>V� !@@LOAFKD QL %OFHPLK MOBP@ELLI@EFIAOBK JRPQ OBPLISB QEB Q>PH LC FKFQF>QFSB SBOPRP DRFIQ� "V IB>OKFKD QL MI>K >KA >@EFBSB DL>IP TEFIBFKQBO>@QFKD TFQE LQEBOP MOBP@ELLI @EFIAOBK @>K J>PQBO QEFP Q>PH� 4ELPB TEL AL TFII ABSBILM PBIC�@LKCFABK@B>KA CBBI > PBKPB LC MROMLPB� 4ELPB TEL >OB RKPR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DBoTFQE QEBFO FKFQF>QFSB JFPCFOFKD LOPQFCIBAoJ>V�ABSBILM�CBBIFKDP�LC�DRFIQ��(LT�JFDEQ�LSBO�@LKQOLIIFKD�M>OBKQP�PQFCIB�>�@EFIAsP�FKFQF>QFSB�

$ROFKD QEB BIBJBKQ>OV P@ELLI PQ>DB >DBP �n�� @EFIAOBK C>@B QEB Q>PH LC FKARPQOV SBOPRP FKCBOFLOFQV�#EFIAOBK ?BDFK QL @LJM>OB QEBJPBISBP QL QEBFO MBBOP QL PBB ELT QEBV JB>PROB RM� 4EBV BFQEBO ABSBILM >PBKPB LC MOFAB >KA >@@LJMIFPEJBKQ FK QEBFO P@ELLITLOH PMLOQP PL@F>I >@QFSFQFBP >KA C>JFIV IFCB LO QEBVCBBI FKCBOFLO >KA FK>ABNR>QB TEBK QEBV ALKsQ JB>PROB RM� 7E>Q >OB PLJB QEFKDP M>OBKQP >KA QB>@EBOP @>KAL�QL�EBIM�@EFIAOBK�ABSBILM�>�PBKPB�LC�@LJMBQBK@B�>KA�>�?BIFBC�FK�QEBJPBISBP�>KA�QEBFO�>?FIFQFBP�

)K >ALIBP@BK@B >DBP ��n�� @EFIAOBK C>@B QEB Q>PH LC FABKQFQV SBOPRP OLIB @LKCRPFLK� !@@LOAFKD QL %OFHPLK >K >ALIBP@BKQsP J>FK Q>PH FP ABSBILMFKD > PBKPB LC PBIC� !ALIBP@BKQP PQORDDIB TFQE NRBPQFLKP PR@E >P p7EL>J )�q >KA p7E>Q AL ) T>KQ QL AL TFQE JV IFCB�q !ILKD QEB T>V JLPQ >ALIBP@BKQP QOV LK J>KV AFCCBOBKQPBISBP QL PBB TEF@E LKBP CFQ� !ALIBP@BKQP TEL >OB PR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DB E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC FABKQFQV >KA>OB >?IB QL OBJ>FK QORB QL QEBFO ?BIFBCP >KA S>IRBP FK QEB C>@B LC MOL?IBJP >KA LQEBO MBLMIBsP MBOPMB@QFSBP�7E>Q E>MMBKP QL >M>QEBQF@ >ALIBP@BKQP TEL AL KLQ J>HB > @LKP@FLRP PB>O@E CLO FABKQFQV LO QELPB TEL >OBMOBPPROBA QL @LKCLOJ QL QEBFO M>OBKQPs FAB>P CLO QEB CRQROB� 4EBPB QBBKP TFII E>SB > TB>H PBKPB LC PBIC >KABUMBOFBK@B�OLIB�@LKCRPFLK��4EBV�>OB�RKPROB�LC�QEBFO�FABKQFQV�>KA�@LKCRPBA�>?LRQ�QEB�CRQROB�

0BLMIB FK B>OIV >ARIQELLA F�B� ��P QEOLRDE B>OIV ��P >OB @LK@BOKBA TFQE FKQFJ>@V SBOPRP FPLI>QFLK� !CQBOTB E>SB ABSBILMBA > PBKPB LC PBIC FK >ALIBP@BK@B TB >OB OB>AV QL PE>OB LRO IFCB TFQE LQEBOP� %OFHPLK P>FAQE>Q TB JRPQ E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC PBIC ?BCLOB ABSBILMFKD FKQFJ>QB OBI>QFLKPEFMP TFQE LQEBOP� !ARIQP TELAL KLQ ABSBILM > MLPFQFSB PBIC�@LK@BMQ FK >ALIBP@BK@B J>V BUMBOFBK@B CBBIFKDP LC ILKBIFKBPP >KA BJLQFLK>IFPLI>QFLK�

7EBK MBLMIB OB>@E QEBFO ��P QEBV BKQBO QEB QFJB HKLTK >P JFAAIB >ARIQELLA TEF@E BUQBKAP QL QEBJFA��P� 4EB PL@F>I Q>PH LC JFAAIB >ARIQELLA FP DBKBO>QFSFQV SBOPRP PQ>DK>QFLK� 'BKBO>QFSFQV FKSLISBPCFKAFKD VLRO IFCBsP TLOH >KA @LKQOF?RQFKD QL QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC LQEBOP QEOLRDE >@QFSFQFBP PR@E >PSLIRKQBBOFKD JBKQLOFKD >KA O>FPFKD @EFIAOBK� 4ELPB TEL AL KLQ J>PQBO QEFP Q>PH J>V BUMBOFBK@BPQ>DK>QFLK �E>SFKD�IFQQIB�@LKKB@QFLK�TFQE�LQEBOP�>KA�IFQQIB�FKQBOBPQ�FK�MOLAR@QFSFQV�>KA�PBIC�FJMOLSBJBKQ�

&OLJ QEB JFA��P QL QEB BKA LC IFCB TB >OB FK QEB MBOFLA LC ABSBILMJBKQ HKLTK >P I>QB >ARIQELLA�%OFHPLKsP Q>PH >Q QEFP PQ>DB FP @>IIBA FKQBDOFQV SBOPRP ABPM>FO� (B P>FA QE>Q MBLMIB FK I>QB >ARIQELLA OBCIB@QLK QEBFO IFSBP >KA CBBI BFQEBO > PBKPB LC P>QFPC>@QFLK LO > PBKPB LC C>FIROB� 0BLMIB TEL CBBI MOLRA LC QEBFO>@@LJMIFPEJBKQP CBBI > PBKPB LC FKQBDOFQV >KA QEBV @>K ILLH ?>@H LK QEBFO IFSBP TFQE CBT OBDOBQP� (LTBSBO MBLMIB TEL >OB KLQ PR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DB J>V CBBI >P FC QEBFO IFCB E>P ?BBK T>PQBA� 4EBV CL@RP LK TE>QpTLRIA E>SB q pPELRIA E>SB q >KA p@LRIA E>SBq ?BBK� 4EBV C>@B QEB BKA LC QEBFO IFSBP TFQE CBBIFKDP LC?FQQBOKBPP �ABMOBPPFLK �>KA�ABPM>FO� Table 9.1 PRJJ>OFWBP�QEB�PQ>DBP�LC�%OFHPLKsP�QEBLOV�



Table 9.1 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

Stage Age(years)

DevelopmentalTask Description

� �n� 4ORPQ�SP�JFPQORPQ

4ORPQ�LO�JFPQORPQ�QE>Q�?>PF@�KBBAP �PR@E�>P�KLROFPEJBKQ�>KA>CCB@QFLK �TFII�?B�JBQ

� �n� !RQLKLJV�SP�PE>JB�ALR?Q

$BSBILM�>�PBKPB�LC�FKABMBKABK@B�FK�J>KV�Q>PHP

� �n� )KFQF>QFSB�SP�DRFIQ

4>HB�FKFQF>QFSB�LK�PLJB�>@QFSFQFBPoJ>V�ABSBILM�DRFIQ�TEBKRKPR@@BPPCRI�LO�?LRKA>OFBP�LSBOPQBMMBA

� �n�� )KARPQOV�SP�FKCBOFLOFQV

$BSBILM�PBIC�@LKCFABK@B�FK�>?FIFQFBP�TEBK�@LJMBQBKQ�LO�PBKPBLC�FKCBOFLOFQV�TEBK�KLQ

� ��n�� )ABKQFQV�SP�@LKCRPFLK

%UMBOFJBKQ�TFQE�>KA�ABSBILM�FABKQFQV�>KA�OLIBP

� ��n�� )KQFJ>@V�SP�FPLI>QFLK

%PQ>?IFPE�FKQFJ>@V�>KA�OBI>QFLKPEFMP�TFQE�LQEBOP

� ��n�� 'BKBO>QFSFQV�SP�PQ>DK>QFLK

#LKQOF?RQB�QL�PL@FBQV�>KA�?B�M>OQ�LC�>�C>JFIV

� ��n )KQBDOFQV�SP�ABPM>FO

!PPBPP�>KA�J>HB�PBKPB�LC�IFCB�>KA�JB>KFKD�LC�@LKQOF?RQFLKP

COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT*B>K 0F>DBQ ��n�� FP >KLQEBO PQ>DB QEBLOFPQ TEL PQRAFBA @EFIAELLA ABSBILMJBKQ Figure 9.5� )KPQB>ALC >MMOL>@EFKD ABSBILMJBKQ COLJ > MPV@EL>K>IVQF@>I LO MPV@ELPL@F>I MBOPMB@QFSB 0F>DBQ CL@RPBA LK@EFIAOBKsP @LDKFQFSB DOLTQE� (B ?BIFBSBA QE>Q QEFKHFKD FP > @BKQO>I >PMB@Q LC ABSBILMJBKQ >KA QE>Q @EFIAOBK>OB K>QRO>IIV FKNRFPFQFSB� (LTBSBO EB P>FA QE>Q @EFIAOBK AL KLQ QEFKH >KA OB>PLK IFHB >ARIQP 0F>DBQ �� (FP QEBLOV LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ ELIAP QE>Q LRO @LDKFQFSB >?FIFQFBP ABSBILM QEOLRDE PMB@FCF@PQ>DBP TEF@E BUBJMIFCFBP QEB AFP@LKQFKRFQV >MMOL>@E QL ABSBILMJBKQ� !P TB MOLDOBPP QL > KBT PQ>DB QEBOBFP�>�AFPQFK@Q�PEFCQ�FK�ELT�TB�QEFKH�>KA�OB>PLK�


Figure 9.5 *B>K�0F>DBQ�PMBKQ�LSBO��VB>OP�PQRAVFKD�@EFIAOBK�>KA�ELT�QEBFO�JFKAP�ABSBILM�

0F>DBQ P>FA QE>Q @EFIAOBK ABSBILM P@EBJ>Q> QL EBIM QEBJ RKABOPQ>KA QEB TLOIA� Schemata >OB @LK@BMQPJBKQ>I JLABIP QE>Q >OB RPBA QL EBIM RP @>QBDLOFWB >KA FKQBOMOBQ FKCLOJ>QFLK� "V QEB QFJB @EFIAOBKE>SB OB>@EBA >ARIQELLA QEBV E>SB @OB>QBA P@EBJ>Q> CLO >IJLPQ BSBOVQEFKD� 7EBK @EFIAOBK IB>OK KBTFKCLOJ>QFLK QEBV >AGRPQ QEBFO P@EBJ>Q> QEOLRDE QTL MOL@BPPBP� >PPFJFI>QFLK >KA >@@LJJLA>QFLK� &FOPQ QEBV >PPFJFI>QB KBT FKCLOJ>QFLK LO BUMBOFBK@BP FK QBOJP LC QEBFO @ROOBKQ P@EBJ>Q>� assimilation FP TEBKQEBV Q>HB FK FKCLOJ>QFLK QE>Q FP @LJM>O>?IB QL TE>Q QEBV >IOB>AV HKLT� Accommodation ABP@OF?BP TEBKQEBV @E>KDB QEBFO P@EBJ>Q> ?>PBA LK KBT FKCLOJ>QFLK� 4EFP MOL@BPP @LKQFKRBP >P @EFIAOBK FKQBO>@Q TFQEQEBFO�BKSFOLKJBKQ�

&LO BU>JMIB ��VB>O�LIA "I>HB IB>OKBA QEB P@EBJ> CLO ALDP ?B@>RPB EFP C>JFIV E>P > ,>?O>ALO OBQOFBSBO�7EBK "I>HB PBBP LQEBO ALDP FK EFP MF@QROB ?LLHP EB P>VP p,LLH JLJJV ALD�q 4ERP EB E>P >PPFJFI>QBAQEBJ FKQL EFP P@EBJ> CLO ALDP� /KB A>V "I>HB PBBP > PEBBM CLO QEB CFOPQ QFJB >KA P>VP p,LLH JLJJV ALD�q (>SFKD > ?>PF@ P@EBJ> QE>Q > ALD FP >K >KFJ>I TFQE CLRO IBDP >KA CRO "I>HB QEFKHP >II CROOV CLRO�IBDDBA @OB>QROBP >OB ALDP� 7EBK "I>HBsP JLJ QBIIP EFJ QE>Q QEB >KFJ>I EB PBBP FP > PEBBM KLQ > ALD "I>HBJRPQ >@@LJJLA>QB EFP P@EBJ> CLO ALDP QL FK@IRAB JLOB FKCLOJ>QFLK ?>PBA LK EFP KBT BUMBOFBK@BP� "I>HBsPP@EBJ> CLO ALD T>P QLL ?OL>A PFK@B KLQ >II CROOV CLRO�IBDDBA @OB>QROBP >OB ALDP� (B KLT JLAFCFBP EFPP@EBJ>�CLO�ALDP�>KA�CLOJP�>�KBT�LKB�CLO�PEBBM�

,FHB &OBRA >KA %OFHPLK 0F>DBQ QELRDEQ ABSBILMJBKQ RKCLIAP FK > PBOFBP LC PQ>DBP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV>PPL@F>QBA TFQE >DB O>KDBP� (B MOLMLPBA > QEBLOV LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q RKCLIAP FK CLRO PQ>DBP�PBKPLOFJLQLO �MOBLMBO>QFLK>I �@LK@OBQB�LMBO>QFLK>I �>KA�CLOJ>I�LMBO>QFLK>I�Table 9.2�

Table 9.2 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Age(years) Stage Description Developmental

issues

�n� 3BKPLOFJLQLO 7LOIA�BUMBOFBK@BA�QEOLRDE�PBKPBP�>KA�>@QFLKP /?GB@QMBOJ>KBK@B3QO>KDBO�>KUFBQV



Table 9.2 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Age(years) Stage Description Developmental

issues

�n� 0OBLMBO>QFLK>I 5PB�TLOAP�>KA�FJ>DBP�QL�OBMOBPBKQ�QEFKDP �?RQ�I>@HILDF@>I�OB>PLKFKD

0OBQBKA�MI>V%DL@BKQOFPJ,>KDR>DBABSBILMJBKQ

�n�� #LK@OBQBLMBO>QFLK>I

5KABOPQ>KA�@LK@OBQB�BSBKQP�>KA�>K>ILDFBPILDF@>IIV��MBOCLOJ�>OFQEJBQF@>I�LMBO>QFLKP

#LKPBOS>QFLK->QEBJ>QF@>IQO>KPCLOJ>QFLKP

��n &LOJ>ILMBO>QFLK>I

&LOJ>I�LMBO>QFLKP5QFIFWB�>?PQO>@Q�OB>PLKFKD

!?PQO>@Q�ILDF@-LO>I�OB>PLKFKD

4EB CFOPQ PQ>DB FP QEB sensorimotor PQ>DB TEF@E I>PQP COLJ ?FOQE QL >?LRQ � VB>OP LIA� $ROFKD QEFP PQ>DB @EFIAOBK IB>OK >?LRQ QEB TLOIA QEOLRDE QEBFO PBKPBP >KA JLQLO ?BE>SFLO� 9LRKD @EFIAOBK MRQ L?GB@QP FKQEBFO JLRQEP QL PBB FC QEB FQBJP >OB BAF?IB >KA LK@B QEBV @>K DO>PM L?GB@QP QEBV J>V PE>HB LO ?>KD QEBJQL PBB FC QEBV J>HB PLRKAP� "BQTBBK � >KA � JLKQEP LIA QEB @EFIA ABSBILMP object permanence TEF@E FPQEB RKABOPQ>KAFKD QE>Q BSBK FC PLJBQEFKD FP LRQ LC PFDEQ FQ PQFII BUFPQP "LD>OQW 3EFKPHBV � 3@EFIIFKD ��!@@LOAFKD QL 0F>DBQ VLRKD FKC>KQP AL KLQ OBJBJ?BO >K L?GB@Q >CQBO FQ E>P ?BBK OBJLSBA COLJ PFDEQ� 0F>DBQPQRAFBA FKC>KQPs OB>@QFLKP TEBK > QLV T>P CFOPQ PELTK QL >K FKC>KQ >KA QEBK EFAABK RKABO > ?I>KHBQ� )KC>KQPTEL E>A >IOB>AV ABSBILMBA L?GB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B TLRIA OB>@E CLO QEB EFAABK QLV FKAF@>QFKD QE>Q QEBV HKBTFQ�PQFII�BUFPQBA �TEBOB>P�FKC>KQP�TEL�E>A�KLQ�ABSBILMBA�L?GB@Q�MBOJ>KBK@B�TLRIA�>MMB>O�@LKCRPBA�

0IB>PB�Q>HB�>�CBT�JFKRQBP�QL�SFBT�QEFP brief video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/piaget) ABJLKPQO>QFKD�AFCCBOBKQ�@EFIAOBKhP�>?FIFQV�QL�RKABOPQ>KA�L?GB@Q�MBOJ>KBK@B�

)K 0F>DBQsP SFBT >OLRKA QEB P>JB QFJB @EFIAOBK ABSBILM L?GB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B QEBV >IPL ?BDFK QL BUEF?FQPQO>KDBO >KUFBQV TEF@E FP > CB>O LC RKC>JFIF>O MBLMIB� ">?FBP J>V ABJLKPQO>QB QEFP ?V @OVFKD >KA QROKFKD>T>V COLJ > PQO>KDBO ?V @IFKDFKD QL > @>OBDFSBO LO ?V >QQBJMQFKD QL OB>@E QEBFO >OJP QLT>OA C>JFIF>O C>@BPPR@E >P M>OBKQP� 3QO>KDBO >KUFBQV OBPRIQP TEBK > @EFIA FP RK>?IB QL >PPFJFI>QB QEB PQO>KDBO FKQL >K BUFPQFKDP@EBJ>� QEBOBCLOB PEB @>KsQ MOBAF@Q TE>Q EBO BUMBOFBK@B TFQE QE>Q PQO>KDBO TFII ?B IFHB TEF@E OBPRIQP FK >CB>O�OBPMLKPB�

0F>DBQsP PB@LKA PQ>DB FP QEB preoperational stage TEF@E FP COLJ >MMOLUFJ>QBIV � QL � VB>OP LIA� )K QEFPPQ>DB @EFIAOBK @>K RPB PVJ?LIP QL OBMOBPBKQ TLOAP FJ>DBP >KA FAB>P TEF@E FP TEV @EFIAOBK FK QEFP PQ>DBBKD>DB FK MOBQBKA MI>V� ! @EFIAsP >OJP JFDEQ ?B@LJB >FOMI>KB TFKDP >P EB WLLJP >OLRKA QEB OLLJ LO> @EFIA TFQE > PQF@H JFDEQ ?B@LJB > ?O>SB HKFDEQ TFQE > PTLOA� #EFIAOBK >IPL ?BDFK QL RPB I>KDR>DB FKQEB MOBLMBO>QFLK>I PQ>DB ?RQ QEBV @>KKLQ RKABOPQ>KA >ARIQ ILDF@ LO JBKQ>IIV J>KFMRI>QB FKCLOJ>QFLK QEBQBOJ operational OBCBOP QL ILDF@>I J>KFMRI>QFLK LC FKCLOJ>QFLK PL @EFIAOBK >Q QEFP PQ>DB >OB @LKPFABOBA QL ?Bpre�LMBO>QFLK>I� #EFIAOBKsP ILDF@ FP ?>PBA LK QEBFO LTK MBOPLK>I HKLTIBADB LC QEB TLOIA PL C>O O>QEBO QE>KLK @LKSBKQFLK>I HKLTIBADB� &LO BU>JMIB A>A D>SB > PIF@B LC MFWW> QL ��VB>O�LIA +BFHL >KA >KLQEBO PIF@B

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/piaget

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/piaget

QL EBO ��VB>O�LIA ?OLQEBO +BKKV� +BKKVsP MFWW> PIF@B T>P @RQ FKQL CFSB MFB@BP PL +BKKV QLIA EFP PFPQBO QE>QEB DLQ JLOB MFWW> QE>K PEB AFA� #EFIAOBK FK QEFP PQ>DB @>KKLQ MBOCLOJ JBKQ>I LMBO>QFLKP ?B@>RPB QEBV E>SBKLQ ABSBILMBA >K RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC conservation TEF@E FP QEB FAB> QE>Q BSBK FC VLR @E>KDB QEB >MMB>O>K@BLC�PLJBQEFKD �FQ�FP�PQFII�BNR>I�FK�PFWB�>P�ILKD�>P�KLQEFKD�E>P�?BBK�OBJLSBA�LO�>AABA�

4EFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/piaget2) PELTP�>�� VB>O LIA�?LV�FK�QEBMOBLMBO>QFLK>I�PQ>DB�>P�EB�OBPMLKAP�QL�0F>DBQhP�@LKPBOS>QFLK�Q>PHP�

$ROFKD QEFP PQ>DB TB >IPL BUMB@Q @EFIAOBK QL AFPMI>V egocentrism TEF@E JB>KP QE>Q QEB @EFIA FP KLQ >?IB QLQ>HB QEB MBOPMB@QFSB LC LQEBOP� ! @EFIA >Q QEFP PQ>DB QEFKHP QE>Q BSBOVLKB PBBP QEFKHP >KA CBBIP GRPQ >P QEBVAL� ,BQsP ILLH >Q +BKKV >KA +BFHL >D>FK� +BFHLsP ?FOQEA>V FP @LJFKD RM PL QEBFO JLJ Q>HBP +BKKV QL QEBQLV PQLOB QL @ELLPB > MOBPBKQ CLO EFP PFPQBO� (B PBIB@QP >K )OLK ->K >@QFLK CFDROB CLO EBO QEFKHFKD QE>Q FC EBIFHBP QEB QLV EFP PFPQBO TFII QLL� !K BDL@BKQOF@ @EFIA FP KLQ >?IB QL FKCBO QEB MBOPMB@QFSB LC LQEBO MBLMIB >KAFKPQB>A�>QQOF?RQBP�EFP�LTK�MBOPMB@QFSB�

0F>DBQ�ABSBILMBA�QEB�4EOBB -LRKQ>FK�4>PH�QL�ABQBOJFKB�QEB�IBSBI�LC�BDL@BKQOFPJAFPMI>VBA�?V�@EFIAOBK��#EFIAOBK�SFBT�>�� AFJBKPFLK>I�JLRKQ>FK�P@BKB�COLJ�LKBSFBTMLFKQ��>KA�>OB�>PHBA�TE>Q�>KLQEBO�MBOPLK�>Q�>�AFCCBOBKQ�SFBTMLFKQ�TLRIA�PBB�FKQEB�P>JB�P@BKB��7>Q@E�QEB�4EOBB -LRKQ>FK�4>PH�FK�>@QFLK�FK�QEFP short video(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/WonderYears) COLJ�QEB�5KFSBOPFQV�LC�-FKKBPLQ>�>KA

QEB�3@FBK@B�-RPBRJ�LC�-FKKBPLQ>�

0F>DBQsP QEFOA PQ>DB FP QEB concrete operational stage TEF@E L@@ROP COLJ >?LRQ � QL �� VB>OP LIA� )KQEFP PQ>DB @EFIAOBK @>K QEFKH ILDF@>IIV >?LRQ OB>I @LK@OBQB BSBKQP� QEBV E>SB > CFOJ DO>PM LK QEB RPBLC KRJ?BOP >KA PQ>OQ QL BJMILV JBJLOV PQO>QBDFBP� 4EBV @>K MBOCLOJ J>QEBJ>QF@>I LMBO>QFLKP >KARKABOPQ>KA QO>KPCLOJ>QFLKP PR@E >P >AAFQFLK FP QEB LMMLPFQB LC PR?QO>@QFLK >KA JRIQFMIF@>QFLK FP QEBLMMLPFQB LC AFSFPFLK� )K QEFP PQ>DB @EFIAOBK >IPL J>PQBO QEB @LK@BMQ LC @LKPBOS>QFLK� %SBK FC PLJBQEFKD@E>KDBP PE>MB FQP J>PP SLIRJB >KA KRJ?BO PQ>V QEB P>JB� &LO BU>JMIB FC VLR MLRO T>QBO COLJ > Q>II QEFK DI>PP QL > PELOQ C>Q DI>PP VLR PQFII E>SB QEB P>JB >JLRKQ LC T>QBO� 2BJBJ?BO +BFHL >KA +BKKV >KAQEB�MFWW>��(LT�AFA�+BFHL�HKLT�QE>Q�+BKKV�T>P�TOLKD�TEBK�EB�P>FA�QE>Q�EB�E>A�JLOB�MFWW>�

#EFIAOBK FK QEB @LK@OBQB LMBO>QFLK>I PQ>DB >IPL RKABOPQ>KA QEB MOFK@FMIB LC reversibility TEF@E JB>KP QE>QL?GB@QP @>K ?B @E>KDBA >KA QEBK OBQROKBA ?>@H QL QEBFO LOFDFK>I CLOJ LO @LKAFQFLK� 4>HB CLO BU>JMIB T>QBOQE>Q VLR MLROBA FKQL QEB PELOQ C>Q DI>PP� 9LR @>K MLRO T>QBO COLJ QEB C>Q DI>PP ?>@H QL QEB QEFK DI>PP >KAPQFII�E>SB�QEB�P>JB�>JLRKQ�JFKRP�>�@LRMIB�LC�AOLMP�

4EB CLROQE >KA I>PQ PQ>DB FK 0F>DBQsP QEBLOV FP QEB formal operational stage TEF@E FP COLJ >?LRQ >DB ��QL >ARIQELLA� 7EBOB>P @EFIAOBK FK QEB @LK@OBQB LMBO>QFLK>I PQ>DB >OB >?IB QL QEFKH ILDF@>IIV LKIV >?LRQ@LK@OBQB BSBKQP @EFIAOBK FK QEB CLOJ>I LMBO>QFLK>I PQ>DB @>K >IPL AB>I TFQE >?PQO>@Q FAB>P >KA EVMLQEBQF@>IPFQR>QFLKP� #EFIAOBK FK QEFP PQ>DB @>K RPB >?PQO>@Q QEFKHFKD QL MOL?IBJ PLISB ILLH >Q >IQBOK>QFSB PLIRQFLKP >KA QBPQ QEBPB PLIRQFLKP� )K >ALIBP@BK@B > OBKBTBA BDL@BKQOFPJ L@@ROP� &LO BU>JMIB > ��VB>O�LIA TFQE >

LINK TO LEARNING

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/piaget2

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/WonderYears

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/WonderYears

SBOV PJ>II MFJMIB LK EBO C>@B JFDEQ QEFKH FQ FP ERDB >KA FK@OBAF?IV SFPF?IB RKABO QEB JFPQ>HBK FJMOBPPFLKQE>Q�LQEBOP�JRPQ�PE>OB�EBO�MBO@BMQFLKP�

Beyond Formal Operational Thought!P TFQE LQEBO J>GLO @LKQOF?RQLOP LC QEBLOFBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ PBSBO>I LC 0F>DBQsP FAB>P E>SB @LJB RKABO@OFQF@FPJ ?>PBA LK QEB OBPRIQP LC CROQEBO OBPB>O@E� &LO BU>JMIB PBSBO>I @LKQBJMLO>OV PQRAFBP PRMMLOQ >JLABI LC ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q FP JLOB @LKQFKRLRP QE>K 0F>DBQsP AFP@OBQB PQ>DBP #LRO>DB � (LTB ��3FBDIBO �� ->KV LQEBOP PRDDBPQ QE>Q @EFIAOBK OB>@E @LDKFQFSB JFIBPQLKBP B>OIFBO QE>K 0F>DBQABP@OF?BP�">FII>ODBLK ��AB�(BSF>��3MBIHB ��

!@@LOAFKD QL 0F>DBQ QEB EFDEBPQ IBSBI LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ FP CLOJ>I LMBO>QFLK>I QELRDEQ TEF@EABSBILMP ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� VB>OP LIA� (LTBSBO J>KV ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP AFP>DOBB TFQE 0F>DBQ PRDDBPQFKD > CFCQE PQ>DB LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ HKLTK >P QEB MLPQCLOJ>I PQ>DB ">PPB@EBP ��#LJJLKP � "OBPBQQB �� 3FKKLQQ �� )K MLPQCLOJ>I QEFKHFKD AB@FPFLKP >OB J>AB ?>PBA LK PFQR>QFLKP>KA @FO@RJPQ>K@BP >KA ILDF@ FP FKQBDO>QBA TFQE BJLQFLK >P >ARIQP ABSBILM MOFK@FMIBP QE>Q ABMBKA LK@LKQBUQP� /KB T>V QE>Q TB @>K PBB QEB AFCCBOBK@B ?BQTBBK >K >ARIQ FK MLPQCLOJ>I QELRDEQ >KA >K >ALIBP@BKQFK�CLOJ>I�LMBO>QFLKP�FP�FK�QBOJP�LC�ELT�QEBV�E>KAIB�BJLQFLK>IIV�@E>ODBA�FPPRBP�

)Q PBBJP QE>Q LK@B TB OB>@E >ARIQELLA LRO MOL?IBJ PLISFKD >?FIFQFBP @E>KDB� !P TB >QQBJMQ QL PLISBMOL?IBJP TB QBKA QL QEFKH JLOB ABBMIV >?LRQ J>KV >OB>P LC LRO IFSBP PR@E >P OBI>QFLKPEFMP TLOH >KA MLIFQF@P ,>?LRSFB�6FBC � $FBEI �� "B@>RPB LC QEFP MLPQCLOJ>I QEFKHBOP >OB >?IB QL AO>T LK M>PQBUMBOFBK@BP QL EBIM QEBJ PLISB KBT MOL?IBJP� 0OL?IBJ�PLISFKD PQO>QBDFBP RPFKD MLPQCLOJ>I QELRDEQ S>OV ABMBKAFKD LK QEB PFQR>QFLK� 7E>Q ALBP QEFP JB>K� !ARIQP @>K OB@LDKFWB CLO BU>JMIB QE>Q TE>Q PBBJP QL?B >K FAB>I PLIRQFLK QL > MOL?IBJ >Q TLOH FKSLISFKD > AFP>DOBBJBKQ TFQE > @LIIB>DRB J>V KLQ ?B QEB ?BPQPLIRQFLK�QL�>�AFP>DOBBJBKQ�TFQE�>�PFDKFCF@>KQ�LQEBO�

THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT! J>GLO Q>PH ?BDFKKFKD FK @EFIAELLA >KA @LKQFKRFKD FKQL >ALIBP@BK@B FP AFP@BOKFKD OFDEQ COLJ TOLKD�0PV@ELILDFPQ ,>TOBK@B +LEI?BOD ��n�� BUQBKABA RMLK QEB CLRKA>QFLK QE>Q 0F>DBQ ?RFIQ OBD>OAFKD@LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ� +LEI?BOD ?BIFBSBA QE>Q JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ IFHB @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ CLIILTP >PBOFBP LC PQ>DBP� 4L ABSBILM QEFP QEBLOV +LEI?BOD MLPBA JLO>I AFIBJJ>P QL MBLMIB LC >II >DBP >KA QEBKEB >K>IVWBA QEBFO >KPTBOP QL CFKA BSFABK@B LC QEBFO M>OQF@RI>O PQ>DB LC JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ� "BCLOB OB>AFKD>?LRQ QEB PQ>DBP Q>HB > JFKRQB QL @LKPFABO ELT VLR TLRIA >KPTBO LKB LC +LEI?BOD�P ?BPQ�HKLTK JLO>IAFIBJJ>P �@LJJLKIV�HKLTK�>P�QEB�(BFKW�AFIBJJ>�

)K %ROLMB > TLJ>K T>P KB>O AB>QE COLJ > PMB@F>I HFKA LC @>K@BO� 4EBOB T>P LKB AORD QE>Q QEBAL@QLOP QELRDEQ JFDEQ P>SB EBO� )Q T>P > CLOJ LC O>AFRJ QE>Q > AORDDFPQ FK QEB P>JB QLTK E>AOB@BKQIV AFP@LSBOBA� 4EB AORD T>P BUMBKPFSB QL J>HB ?RQ QEB AORDDFPQ T>P @E>ODFKD QBK QFJBPTE>Q QEB AORD @LPQ EFJ QL J>HB� (B M>FA �� CLO QEB O>AFRJ >KA @E>ODBA �� CLO > PJ>IIALPB LC QEB AORD� 4EB PF@H TLJ>K�P ERP?>KA (BFKW TBKQ QL BSBOVLKB EB HKBT QL ?LOOLT QEBJLKBV ?RQ EB @LRIA LKIV DBQ QLDBQEBO >?LRQ �� TEF@E FP E>IC LC TE>Q FQ @LPQ� (B QLIA QEBAORDDFPQ QE>Q EFP TFCB T>P AVFKD >KA >PHBA EFJ QL PBII FQ @EB>MBO LO IBQ EFJ M>V I>QBO� "RQ QEBAORDDFPQ P>FA� p.L ) AFP@LSBOBA QEB AORD >KA )�J DLFKD QL J>HB JLKBV COLJ FQ�q 3L (BFKW DLQABPMBO>QB >KA ?OLHB FKQL QEB J>K�P PQLOB QL PQB>I QEB AORD CLO EFP TFCB� 3ELRIA QEB ERP?>KA E>SBALKB�QE>Q��+LEI?BOD �� M��

(LT TLRIA VLR >KPTBO QEFP AFIBJJ>� +LEI?BOD T>P KLQ FKQBOBPQBA FK TEBQEBO VLR >KPTBO VBP LO KL QLQEB�AFIBJJ>��)KPQB>A �EB�T>P�FKQBOBPQBA�FK�QEB�OB>PLKFKD�?BEFKA�VLRO�>KPTBO�

!CQBO MOBPBKQFKD MBLMIB TFQE QEFP >KA S>OFLRP LQEBO JLO>I AFIBJJ>P +LEI?BOD OBSFBTBA MBLMIBsPOBPMLKPBP >KA MI>@BA QEBJ FK AFCCBOBKQ stages of moral reasoning Figure 9.6� !@@LOAFKD QL +LEI?BOD >K FKAFSFAR>I MOLDOBPPBP COLJ QEB @>M>@FQV CLO MOB�@LKSBKQFLK>I JLO>IFQV ?BCLOB >DB � QL QEB @>M>@FQV CLO@LKSBKQFLK>I JLO>IFQV B>OIV >ALIBP@BK@B >KA QLT>OA >QQ>FKFKD MLPQ�@LKSBKQFLK>I JLO>IFQV LK@B CLOJ>I


LMBO>QFLK>I QELRDEQ FP >QQ>FKBA TEF@E LKIV > CBT CRIIV >@EFBSB� +LEI?BOD MI>@BA FK QEB EFDEBPQ PQ>DBOBPMLKPBP QE>Q OBCIB@QBA QEB OB>PLKFKD QE>Q (BFKW PELRIA PQB>I QEB AORD ?B@>RPB EFP TFCBsP IFCB FP JLOBFJMLOQ>KQ QE>K QEB ME>OJ>@FPQ J>HFKD JLKBV� 4EB S>IRB LC > ERJ>K IFCB LSBOOFABP QEB ME>OJ>@FPQsP DOBBA�

Figure 9.6 +LEI?BOD�FABKQFCFBA�QEOBB�IBSBIP�LC�JLO>I�OB>PLKFKD��MOB @LKSBKQFLK>I��@LKSBKQFLK>I��>KA�MLPQ @LKSBKQFLK>I��%>@E�IBSBI�FP�>PPL@F>QBA�TFQE�FK@OB>PFKDIV�@LJMIBU�PQ>DBP�LC�JLO>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�

)Q FP FJMLOQ>KQ QL OB>IFWB QE>Q BSBK QELPB MBLMIB TEL E>SB QEB JLPQ PLMEFPQF@>QBA MLPQ�@LKSBKQFLK>IOB>PLKP CLO PLJB @ELF@BP J>V J>HB LQEBO @ELF@BP CLO QEB PFJMIBPQ LC MOB�@LKSBKQFLK>I OB>PLKP� ->KVMPV@ELILDFPQP >DOBB TFQE +LEI?BOD�P QEBLOV LC JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ ?RQ MLFKQ LRQ QE>Q JLO>I OB>PLKFKD FPSBOV AFCCBOBKQ COLJ JLO>I ?BE>SFLO� 3LJBQFJBP TE>Q TB P>V TB TLRIA AL FK > PFQR>QFLK FP KLQ TE>Q TB>@QR>IIV�AL�FK�QE>Q�PFQR>QFLK��)K�LQEBO�TLOAP �TB�JFDEQ�pQ>IH�QEB�Q>IH q�?RQ�KLQ�pT>IH�QEB�T>IH�q

(LT ALBP QEFP QEBLOV >MMIV QL J>IBP >KA CBJ>IBP� +LEI?BOD �� CBIQ QE>Q JLOB J>IBP QE>K CBJ>IBPJLSB M>PQ PQ>DB CLRO FK QEBFO JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ� (B TBKQ LK QL KLQB QE>Q TLJBK PBBJ QL ?B ABCF@FBKQ FKQEBFO JLO>I OB>PLKFKD >?FIFQFBP� 4EBPB FAB>P TBOB KLQ TBII OB@BFSBA ?V #>OLI 'FIIFD>K > OBPB>O@E >PPFPQ>KQLC +LEI?BOD TEL @LKPBNRBKQIV ABSBILMBA EBO LTK FAB>P LC JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ� )K EBO DOLRKA?OB>HFKD?LLH In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development 'FIIFD>K �� @OFQF@FWBA EBOCLOJBO JBKQLOsP QEBLOV ?B@>RPB FQ T>P ?>PBA LKIV LK RMMBO @I>PP 7EFQB JBK >KA ?LVP� 3EB >ODRBA QE>QTLJBK >OB KLQ ABCF@FBKQ FK QEBFO JLO>I OB>PLKFKDoPEB MOLMLPBA QE>Q J>IBP >KA CBJ>IBP OB>PLK AFCCBOBKQIV�'FOIP >KA TLJBK CL@RP JLOB LK PQ>VFKD @LKKB@QBA >KA QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC FKQBOMBOPLK>I OBI>QFLKPEFMP�4EBOBCLOB FK QEB (BFKW AFIBJJ> J>KV DFOIP >KA TLJBK OBPMLKA QE>Q (BFKW PELRIA KLQ PQB>I QEB JBAF@FKB�4EBFO OB>PLKFKD FP QE>Q FC EB PQB>IP QEB JBAF@FKB FP >OOBPQBA >KA FP MRQ FK G>FI QEBK EB >KA EFP TFCB TFII ?BPBM>O>QBA �>KA�PEB�@LRIA�AFB�TEFIB�EB�FP�PQFII�FK�MOFPLK�



9.3 Stages of Development

Learning Objectives

"V�QEB�BKA�LC�QEFP�PB@QFLK �VLR�TFII�?B�>?IB�QL�k $BP@OF?B�QEB�PQ>DBP�LC�MOBK>Q>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�>KA�OB@LDKFWB�QEB�FJMLOQ>K@B�LC�MOBK>Q>I�@>OBk $FP@RPP�MEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA�BJLQFLK>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�L@@ROP�COLJ�FKC>K@V�QEOLRDE

@EFIAELLAk $FP@RPP�MEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA�BJLQFLK>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�L@@ROP�AROFKD�>ALIBP@BK@Bk $FP@RPP�MEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA�BJLQFLK>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�L@@ROP�FK�>ARIQELLA

&OLJ�QEB�JLJBKQ�TB�>OB�?LOK�RKQFI�QEB�JLJBKQ�TB�AFB �TB�@LKQFKRB�QL�ABSBILM�

!P AFP@RPPBA >Q QEB ?BDFKKFKD LC QEFP @E>MQBO ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP LCQBK AFSFAB LRO ABSBILMJBKQFKQL QEOBB >OB>P� MEVPF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ >KA MPV@ELPL@F>I ABSBILMJBKQ� -FOOLOFKD%OFHPLKsP PQ>DBP IFCBPM>K ABSBILMJBKQ FP AFSFABA FKQL AFCCBOBKQ PQ>DBP QE>Q >OB ?>PBA LK >DB� 7B TFIIAFP@RPP�MOBK>Q>I �FKC>KQ �@EFIA �>ALIBP@BKQ �>KA�>ARIQ�ABSBILMJBKQ�

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT(LT AFA VLR @LJB QL ?B TEL VLR >OB� &OLJ ?BDFKKFKD >P > LKB�@BII PQOR@QROB QL VLRO ?FOQE VLRO MOBK>Q>IABSBILMJBKQ L@@ROOBA�FK�>K�LOABOIV�>KA�ABIF@>QB�PBNRBK@B�

4EBOB >OB QEOBB PQ>DBP LC MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ� DBOJFK>I BJ?OVLKF@ >KA CBQ>I� ,BQsP Q>HB > ILLH >Q TE>QE>MMBKP�QL�QEB�ABSBILMFKD�?>?V�FK�B>@E�LC�QEBPB�PQ>DBP�

Germinal Stage (Weeks 1–2))K QEB AFP@RPPFLK LC ?FLMPV@ELILDV B>OIFBO FK QEB ?LLH VLR IB>OKBA >?LRQ DBKBQF@P >KA $.!� ! JLQEBO>KA C>QEBOsP $.! FP M>PPBA LK QL QEB @EFIA >Q QEB JLJBKQ LC @LK@BMQFLK� Conception L@@ROP TEBK PMBOJCBOQFIFWBP >K BDD >KA CLOJP > WVDLQB Figure 9.7� ! zygote ?BDFKP >P > LKB�@BII PQOR@QROB QE>Q FP @OB>QBATEBK > PMBOJ >KA BDD JBODB� 4EB DBKBQF@ J>HBRM >KA PBU LC QEB ?>?V >OB PBQ >Q QEFP MLFKQ� $ROFKD QEBCFOPQ TBBH >CQBO @LK@BMQFLK QEB WVDLQB AFSFABP >KA JRIQFMIFBP DLFKD COLJ > LKB�@BII PQOR@QROB QL QTL @BIIP QEBK CLRO @BIIP QEBK BFDEQ @BIIP >KA PL LK� 4EFP MOL@BPP LC @BII AFSFPFLK FP @>IIBA mitosis� -FQLPFP FP > CO>DFIBMOL@BPP >KA CBTBO QE>K LKB�E>IC LC >II WVDLQBP PROSFSB ?BVLKA QEB CFOPQ QTL TBBHP (>II �� !CQBO �A>VP LC JFQLPFP QEBOB >OB �� @BIIP >KA >CQBO � JLKQEP QEBOB >OB ?FIIFLKP LC @BIIP� !P QEB @BIIP AFSFAB QEBV?B@LJB JLOB PMB@F>IFWBA CLOJFKD AFCCBOBKQ LOD>KP >KA ?LAV M>OQP� )K QEB DBOJFK>I PQ>DB QEB J>PP LC @BIIPE>P�VBQ�QL�>QQ>@E�FQPBIC�QL�QEB�IFKFKD�LC�QEB�JLQEBOsP�RQBORP��/K@B�FQ�ALBP �QEB�KBUQ�PQ>DB�?BDFKP�

Figure 9.7 3MBOJ�>KA�LSRJ�CRPB�>Q�QEB�MLFKQ�LC�@LK@BMQFLK�

Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3–8)!CQBO QEB WVDLQB AFSFABP CLO >?LRQ �n�� A>VP >KA E>P �� @BIIP FQ QO>SBIP ALTK QEB C>IILMF>K QR?BP >KAFJMI>KQP FQPBIC FK QEB IFKFKD LC QEB RQBORP� 5MLK FJMI>KQ>QFLK QEFP JRIQF�@BIIRI>O LOD>KFPJ FP @>IIBA >Kembryo� .LT ?ILLA SBPPBIP DOLT CLOJFKD QEB MI>@BKQ>� 4EB placenta FP > PQOR@QROB @LKKB@QBA QL QEB RQBORP


QE>Q MOLSFABP KLROFPEJBKQ >KA LUVDBK COLJ QEB JLQEBO QL QEB ABSBILMFKD BJ?OVL SF> QEB RJ?FIF@>I @LOA�">PF@ PQOR@QROBP LC QEB BJ?OVL PQ>OQ QL ABSBILM FKQL >OB>P QE>Q TFII ?B@LJB QEB EB>A @EBPQ >KA >?ALJBK�$ROFKD QEB BJ?OVLKF@ PQ>DB QEB EB>OQ ?BDFKP QL ?B>Q >KA LOD>KP CLOJ >KA ?BDFK QL CRK@QFLK� 4EB KBRO>IQR?B�CLOJP�>ILKD�QEB�?>@H�LC�QEB�BJ?OVL �ABSBILMFKD�FKQL�QEB�PMFK>I�@LOA�>KA�?O>FK�

Fetal Stage (Weeks 9–40)7EBK QEB LOD>KFPJ FP >?LRQ KFKB TBBHP LIA QEB BJ?OVL FP @>IIBA > CBQRP� !Q QEFP PQ>DB QEB CBQRP FP >?LRQQEB PFWB LC > HFAKBV ?B>K >KA ?BDFKP QL Q>HB LK QEB OB@LDKFW>?IB CLOJ LC > ERJ>K ?BFKD >P QEB pQ>FIq ?BDFKPQL�AFP>MMB>O�

&OLJ �n�� TBBHP QEB PBU LOD>KP ?BDFK QL AFCCBOBKQF>QB� !Q >?LRQ �� TBBHP QEB CBQRP FP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV ��FK@EBP ILKD� &FKDBOP >KA QLBP >OB CRIIV ABSBILMBA >KA CFKDBOMOFKQP >OB SFPF?IB� "V QEB QFJB QEB CBQRP OB>@EBPQEB PFUQE JLKQE LC ABSBILMJBKQ �� TBBHP FQ TBFDEP RM QL �� MLRKAP� (B>OFKD E>P ABSBILMBA PL QEBCBQRP @>K OBPMLKA QL PLRKAP� 4EB FKQBOK>I LOD>KP PR@E >P QEB IRKDP EB>OQ PQLJ>@E >KA FKQBPQFKBP E>SBCLOJBA BKLRDE QE>Q > CBQRP ?LOK MOBJ>QROBIV >Q QEFP MLFKQ E>P > @E>K@B QL PROSFSB LRQPFAB LC QEB JLQEBOsPTLJ?� 4EOLRDELRQ QEB CBQ>I PQ>DB QEB ?O>FK @LKQFKRBP QL DOLT >KA ABSBILM KB>OIV ALR?IFKD FK PFWB COLJTBBHP �� QL �� !OLRKA �� TBBHP QEB CBQRP FP >IJLPQ OB>AV CLO ?FOQE� )Q TBFDEP >?LRQ � MLRKAP >KA FP>?LRQ �� FK@EBP ILKD >KA ?V TBBH �� >II LC QEB CBQRPsP LOD>K PVPQBJP >OB ABSBILMBA BKLRDE QE>Q FQ @LRIAPROSFSB LRQPFAB QEB JLQEBOsP RQBORP TFQELRQ J>KV LC QEB OFPHP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE MOBJ>QROB ?FOQE� 4EB CBQRP@LKQFKRBP QL D>FK TBFDEQ >KA DOLT FK IBKDQE RKQFI >MMOLUFJ>QBIV �� TBBHP� "V QEBK QEB CBQRP E>P SBOVIFQQIB OLLJ QL JLSB >OLRKA >KA ?FOQE ?B@LJBP FJJFKBKQ� 4EB MOLDOBPPFLK QEOLRDE QEB PQ>DBP FP PELTK FKFigure 9.8�



Figure 9.8 $ROFKD�QEB�CBQ>I�PQ>DB��QEB�?>?V�P�?O>FK�ABSBILMP�>KA�QEB�?LAV�>AAP�PFWB�>KA�TBFDEQ��RKQFI�QEB�CBQRPOB>@EBP�CRII QBOJ�ABSBILMJBKQ�

&LO�>K�>J>WFKD�ILLH�>Q�MOBK>Q>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�>KA�QEB�MOL@BPP�LC�?FOQE��SFBT�QEBSFABL Life’s Greatest Miracle (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/miracle) COLJ�.LS>>KA�0"3�

Prenatal Influences$ROFKD B>@E MOBK>Q>I PQ>DB DBKBQF@ >KA BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP @>K >CCB@Q ABSBILMJBKQ� 4EB ABSBILMFKDCBQRP FP @LJMIBQBIV ABMBKABKQ LK QEB JLQEBO CLO IFCB� )Q FP FJMLOQ>KQ QE>Q QEB JLQEBO Q>HBP DLLA @>OB LCEBOPBIC >KA OB@BFSBP prenatal care TEF@E FP JBAF@>I @>OB AROFKD MOBDK>K@V QE>Q JLKFQLOP QEB EB>IQE LC?LQE QEB JLQEBO >KA QEB CBQRP Figure 9.9� !@@LOAFKD QL QEB .>QFLK>I )KPQFQRQBP LC (B>IQE ;.)(< �� OLRQFKB MOBK>Q>I @>OB FP FJMLOQ>KQ ?B@>RPB FQ @>K OBAR@B QEB OFPH LC @LJMIF@>QFLKP QL QEB JLQEBO >KA CBQRPAROFKD MOBDK>K@V� )K C>@Q TLJBK TEL >OB QOVFKD QL ?B@LJB MOBDK>KQ LO TEL J>V ?B@LJB MOBDK>KQPELRIA AFP@RPP MOBDK>K@V MI>KKFKD TFQE QEBFO AL@QLO� 4EBV J>V ?B >ASFPBA CLO BU>JMIB QL Q>HB > SFQ>JFK

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/miracle

@LKQ>FKFKD CLIF@ >@FA TEF@E EBIMP MOBSBKQ @BOQ>FK ?FOQE ABCB@QP LO QL JLKFQLO >PMB@QP LC QEBFO AFBQ LOBUBO@FPB�OLRQFKBP�

Figure 9.9 !�MOBDK>KQ�TLJ>K�OB@BFSBP�>K�RIQO>PLRKA�>P�M>OQ�LC�EBO�MOBK>Q>I�@>OB��@OBAFQ��5KFQBA�3Q>QBP�!DBK@V�CLO)KQBOK>QFLK>I�$BSBILMJBKQ

2B@>II QE>Q TEBK QEB WVDLQB >QQ>@EBP QL QEB T>II LC QEB JLQEBOsP RQBORP QEB MI>@BKQ> FP CLOJBA� 4EB MI>@BKQ>MOLSFABP KLROFPEJBKQ >KA LUVDBK QL QEB CBQRP� -LPQ BSBOVQEFKD QEB JLQEBO FKDBPQP FK@IRAFKD CLLA IFNRFA >KA BSBK JBAF@>QFLK QO>SBIP QEOLRDE QEB MI>@BKQ> QL QEB CBQRP EBK@B QEB @LJJLK MEO>PB pB>QFKD CLOQTL�q !KVQEFKD QEB JLQEBO FP BUMLPBA QL FK QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ >CCB@QP QEB CBQRP� FC QEB JLQEBO FP BUMLPBA QLPLJBQEFKD�E>OJCRI �QEB�@EFIA�@>K�PELT�IFCB�ILKD�BCCB@QP�

! teratogen FP >KV BKSFOLKJBKQ>I >DBKQo?FLILDF@>I @EBJF@>I LO MEVPF@>IoQE>Q @>RPBP A>J>DB QL QEBABSBILMFKD BJ?OVL LO CBQRP� 4EBOB >OB AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC QBO>QLDBKP� !I@LELI >KA JLPQ AORDP @OLPP QEBMI>@BKQ> >KA >CCB@Q QEB CBQRP� !I@LELI FP KLQ P>CB QL AOFKH FK >KV >JLRKQ AROFKD MOBDK>K@V� !I@LELI RPBAROFKD MOBDK>K@V E>P ?BBK CLRKA QL ?B QEB IB>AFKD MOBSBKQ>?IB @>RPB LC JBKQ>I OBQ>OA>QFLK FK @EFIAOBK FKQEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP ->FBO � 7BPQ �� %U@BPPFSB J>QBOK>I AOFKHFKD TEFIB MOBDK>KQ @>K @>RPB CBQ>I >I@LELIPMB@QORJ AFPLOABOP TFQE IFCB�ILKD @LKPBNRBK@BP CLO QEB @EFIA O>KDFKD FK PBSBOFQV COLJ JFKLO QL J>GLOTable 9.3� &BQ>I >I@LELI PMB@QORJ AFPLOABOP &!3$ >OB > @LIIB@QFLK LC ?FOQE ABCB@QP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE EB>SV@LKPRJMQFLK LC >I@LELI AROFKD MOBDK>K@V� 0EVPF@>IIV @EFIAOBK TFQE &!3$ J>V E>SB > PJ>II EB>A PFWB>KA >?KLOJ>I C>@F>I CB>QROBP� #LDKFQFSBIV QEBPB @EFIAOBK J>V E>SB MLLO GRADJBKQ MLLO FJMRIPB @LKQOLI EFDEBO O>QBP LC !$($ IB>OKFKD FPPRBP >KA ILTBO )1 P@LOBP� 4EBPB ABSBILMJBKQ>I MOL?IBJP >KA ABI>VPMBOPFPQ FKQL >ARIQELLA 3QOBFPPDRQE BQ >I� �� ">PBA LK PQRAFBP @LKAR@QBA LK >KFJ>IP FQ >IPL E>P ?BBKPRDDBPQBA QE>Q > JLQEBOsP >I@LELI @LKPRJMQFLK AROFKD MOBDK>K@V J>V MOBAFPMLPB EBO @EFIA QL IFHB >I@LELI9LRKDBKQL?�BQ�>I� ��

Table 9.3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Features

Facial Feature Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

(B>A�PFWB "BILT�>SBO>DB�EB>A�@FO@RJCBOBK@B

%VBP 3J>IIBO�QE>K�>SBO>DB�BVB�LMBKFKD �PHFK�CLIAP�>Q�@LOKBOP�LC�BVBP

.LPB ,LT�K>P>I�?OFADB �PELOQ�KLPB

-FAC>@B 3J>IIBO�QE>K�>SBO>DB�JFAC>@B�PFWB

,FM�>KA�MEFIQORJ 4EFK�RMMBO�IFM �FKAFPQFK@Q�MEFIQORJ

3JLHFKD FP >IPL @LKPFABOBA > QBO>QLDBK ?B@>RPB KF@LQFKB QO>SBIP QEOLRDE QEB MI>@BKQ> QL QEB CBQRP� 7EBKQEB JLQEBO PJLHBP QEB ABSBILMFKD ?>?V BUMBOFBK@BP > OBAR@QFLK FK ?ILLA LUVDBK IBSBIP� !@@LOAFKD QL QEB#BKQBOP CLO $FPB>PB #LKQOLI >KA 0OBSBKQFLK �� PJLHFKD TEFIB MOBDK>KQ @>K OBPRIQ FK MOBJ>QROB ?FOQE ILT�?FOQE�TBFDEQ�FKC>KQP �PQFII?FOQE �>KA�PRAABK�FKC>KQ�AB>QE�PVKAOLJB�3)$3�



(BOLFK @L@>FKB JBQE>JMEBQ>JFKB >IJLPQ >II MOBP@OFMQFLK JBAF@FKBP >KA JLPQ LSBO�QEB @LRKQBOJBAF@>QFLKP >OB >IPL @LKPFABOBA QBO>QLDBKP� ">?FBP ?LOK TFQE > EBOLFK >AAF@QFLK KBBA EBOLFK GRPQ IFHB >K>ARIQ >AAF@Q� 4EB @EFIA TFII KBBA QL ?B DO>AR>IIV TB>KBA COLJ QEB EBOLFK RKABO JBAF@>I PRMBOSFPFLK�LQEBOTFPB QEB @EFIA @LRIA E>SB PBFWROBP >KA AFB� /QEBO QBO>QLDBKP FK@IRAB O>AF>QFLK SFORPBP PR@E >P ()6>KA EBOMBP >KA OR?BII> 'BOJ>K JB>PIBP� 7LJBK FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP >OB JR@E IBPP IFHBIV QL ?B >CCIF@QBATFQE OR?BII> ?B@>RPB JLPQ TLJBK OB@BFSBA @EFIAELLA FJJRKFW>QFLKP LO S>@@FK>QFLKP QE>Q MOLQB@Q QEB ?LAVCOLJ�AFPB>PB�

%>@E LOD>K LC QEB CBQRP ABSBILMP AROFKD > PMB@FCF@ MBOFLA FK QEB MOBDK>K@V @>IIBA QEB critical or sensitiveperiod Figure 9.8� &LO BU>JMIB OBPB>O@E TFQE MOFJ>QB JLABIP LC &!3$ E>P ABJLKPQO>QBA QE>Q QEB QFJBAROFKD TEF@E > ABSBILMFKD CBQRP FP BUMLPBA QL >I@LELI @>K AO>J>QF@>IIV >CCB@Q QEB >MMB>O>K@B LC C>@F>I@E>O>@QBOFPQF@P >PPL@F>QBA TFQE CBQ>I >I@LELI PVKAOLJB� 3MB@FCF@>IIV QEFP OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q >I@LELIBUMLPROB QE>Q FP IFJFQBA QL A>V �� LO �� LC DBPQ>QFLK @>K IB>A QL PFDKFCF@>KQ C>@F>I >?KLOJ>IFQFBP FK QEBLCCPMOFKD !PEIBV ->DKRPLK /JKBII � #I>OOBK �� 'FSBK OBDFLKP LC QEB ?O>FK >IPL PELT PBKPFQFSBMBOFLAP�AROFKD�TEF@E�QEBV�>OB�JLPQ�PRP@BMQF?IB�QL�QEB�QBO>QLDBKF@�BCCB@QP�LC�>I@LELI�4O>K��+BIIV ��

Should Women Who Use Drugs During Pregnancy Be Arrested and Jailed?

!P VLR KLT HKLT� TLJBK TEL RPB AORDP LO >I@LELI AROFKD MOBDK>K@V @>K @>RPB PBOFLRP IFCBILKD E>OJ QL QEBFO@EFIA� 3LJB MBLMIB E>SB >ASL@>QBA J>KA>QLOV P@OBBKFKDP CLO TLJBK TEL >OB MOBDK>KQ >KA E>SB > EFPQLOVLC AORD >?RPB� >KA FC QEB TLJBK @LKQFKRB RPFKD� QL >OOBPQ� MOLPB@RQB� >KA FK@>O@BO>QB QEBJ �&FDALO � +>BPBO�� 4EFP MLIF@V T>P QOFBA FK #E>OIBPQLK� 3LRQE #>OLIFK>� >P OB@BKQIV >P �� VB>OP >DL� 4EB MLIF@V T>P @>IIBAQEB�)KQBO>DBK@V�0LIF@V�LK�->K>DBJBKQ�LC�3R?PQ>K@B�!?RPB�$ROFKD�0OBDK>K@V��>KA�E>A�AFP>PQOLRP�OBPRIQP�

4EB )KQBO>DBK@V 0LIF@V >MMIFBA QL M>QFBKQP >QQBKAFKD QEB L?PQBQOF@P @IFKF@ >Q -53#� TEF@E MOFJ>OFIVPBOSBP M>QFBKQP TEL >OB FKAFDBKQ LO LK -BAF@>FA� )Q AFA KLQ >MMIV QL MOFS>QB L?PQBQOF@>I M>QFBKQP� 4EBMLIF@V OBNRFOBA M>QFBKQ BAR@>QFLK >?LRQ QEB E>OJCRI BCCB@QP LC PR?PQ>K@B >?RPB AROFKD MOBDK>K@V� � �� ;!< PQ>QBJBKQ >IPL T>OKBA M>QFBKQP QE>Q MOLQB@QFLK LC RK?LOK >KA KBT?LOK @EFIAOBK COLJ QEB E>OJPLC FIIBD>I AORD >?RPB @LRIA FKSLISB QEB #E>OIBPQLK MLIF@B� QEB 3LIF@FQLO LC QEB .FKQE *RAF@F>I #LROQ�>KA QEB 0OLQB@QFSB 3BOSF@BP $FSFPFLK LC QEB $BM>OQJBKQ LC 3L@F>I 3BOSF@BP �$33� �*LP� ->OPE>II� �0BOIJRQQBO��MM��e��

4EFP MLIF@V PBBJBA QL ABQBO TLJBK COLJ PBBHFKD MOBK>Q>I @>OB� ABQBOOBA QEBJ COLJ PBBHFKD LQEBO PL@F>IPBOSF@BP� >KA T>P >MMIFBA PLIBIV QL ILT FK@LJB TLJBK� OBPRIQFKD FK I>TPRFQP� 4EB MOLDO>J T>P @>K@BIBA >CQBO� VB>OP� AROFKD TEF@E �� TLJBK TBOB >OOBPQBA� ! CBABO>I >DBK@V I>QBO ABQBOJFKBA QE>Q QEB MOLDO>J FKSLISBAERJ>K BUMBOFJBKQ>QFLK TFQELRQ QEB >MMOLS>I >KA LSBOPFDEQ LC >K FKPQFQRQFLK>I OBSFBT ?L>OA �)2"� 7E>Q TBOBQEB CI>TP FK QEB MOLDO>J >KA ELT TLRIA VLR @LOOB@Q QEBJ� 7E>Q >OB QEB BQEF@>I FJMIF@>QFLKP LC @E>ODFKDMOBDK>KQ�TLJBK�TFQE�@EFIA�>?RPB�

INFANCY THROUGH CHILDHOOD4EB >SBO>DB KBT?LOK TBFDEP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV �� MLRKAP� !IQELRDE PJ>II > KBT?LOK FP KLQ @LJMIBQBIVEBIMIBPP ?B@>RPB EFP OBCIBUBP >KA PBKPLOV @>M>@FQFBP EBIM EFJ FKQBO>@Q TFQE QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ COLJ QEBJLJBKQ LC ?FOQE� !II EB>IQEV ?>?FBP >OB ?LOK TFQE newborn reflexes� FK?LOK >RQLJ>QF@ OBPMLKPBP QLM>OQF@RI>O CLOJP LC PQFJRI>QFLK� 2BCIBUBP EBIM QEB KBT?LOK PROSFSB RKQFI FQ FP @>M>?IB LC JLOB @LJMIBU?BE>SFLOPoQEBPB OBCIBUBP >OB @OR@F>I QL PROSFS>I� 4EBV >OB MOBPBKQ FK ?>?FBP TELPB ?O>FKP >OB ABSBILMFKDKLOJ>IIV >KA RPR>IIV AFP>MMB>O >OLRKA �n� JLKQEP LIA� ,BQsP Q>HB > ILLH >Q PLJB LC QEBPB KBT?LOKOBCIBUBP� 4EB OLLQFKD OBCIBU FP QEB KBT?LOKsP OBPMLKPB QL >KVQEFKD QE>Q QLR@EBP EBO @EBBH� 7EBK VLR PQOLHB> ?>?VsP @EBBH PEB K>QRO>IIV QROKP EBO EB>A FK QE>Q AFOB@QFLK >KA ?BDFKP QL PR@H� 4EB PR@HFKD OBCIBU FPQEB >RQLJ>QF@ RKIB>OKBA PR@HFKD JLQFLKP QE>Q FKC>KQP AL TFQE QEBFO JLRQEP� 3BSBO>I LQEBO FKQBOBPQFKDKBT?LOK OBCIBUBP @>K ?B L?PBOSBA� &LO FKPQ>K@B FC VLR MRQ VLRO CFKDBO FKQL > KBT?LOKsP E>KA VLR TFII

WHAT DO YOU THINK?


TFQKBPP QEB DO>PMFKD OBCIBU FK TEF@E > ?>?V >RQLJ>QF@>IIV DO>PMP >KVQEFKD QE>Q QLR@EBP EFP M>IJP� 4EB-LOL OBCIBU FP QEB KBT?LOKsP OBPMLKPB TEBK PEB CBBIP IFHB PEB FP C>IIFKD� 4EB ?>?V PMOB>AP EBO >OJP MRIIPQEBJ ?>@H FK >KA QEBK RPR>IIV @OFBP� (LT AL VLR QEFKH QEBPB OBCIBUBP MOLJLQB PROSFS>I FK QEB CFOPQJLKQEP�LC�IFCB�

4>HB�>�CBT�JFKRQBP�QL�SFBT�QEFP�?OFBC video clip (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexes) FIIRPQO>QFKD�PBSBO>I�KBT?LOK�OBCIBUBP�

7E>Q @>K VLRKD FKC>KQP PBB EB>O >KA PJBII� .BT?LOK FKC>KQPs PBKPLOV >?FIFQFBP >OB PFDKFCF@>KQ ?RQ QEBFOPBKPBP >OB KLQ VBQ CRIIV ABSBILMBA� ->KV LC > KBT?LOKsP FKK>QB MOBCBOBK@BP C>@FIFQ>QB FKQBO>@QFLK TFQE@>OBDFSBOP >KA LQEBO ERJ>KP� !IQELRDE SFPFLK FP QEBFO IB>PQ ABSBILMBA PBKPB KBT?LOKP >IOB>AV PELT >MOBCBOBK@B CLO C>@BP� ">?FBP TEL >OB GRPQ > CBT A>VP LIA >IPL MOBCBO ERJ>K SLF@BP QEBV TFII IFPQBK QL SLF@BPILKDBO QE>K PLRKAP QE>Q AL KLQ FKSLISB PMBB@E 6LRILRJ>KLP � 7BOHBO �� >KA QEBV PBBJ QL MOBCBOQEBFO JLQEBOsP SLF@B LSBO > PQO>KDBOsP SLF@B -FIIP � -BIERFPE �� )K >K FKQBOBPQFKD BUMBOFJBKQ ��TBBH�LIA ?>?FBP TBOB DFSBK M>@FCFBOP QE>Q MI>VBA > OB@LOAFKD LC QEB FKC>KQsP JLQEBOsP SLF@B >KA LC > PQO>KDBOsPSLF@B� 7EBK QEB FKC>KQP EB>OA QEBFO JLQEBOsP SLF@B QEBV PR@HBA JLOB PQOLKDIV >Q QEB M>@FCFBO -FIIP �-BIERFPE �� .BT?LOKP >IPL E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC PJBII� &LO FKPQ>K@B KBT?LOK ?>?FBP @>K AFPQFKDRFPEQEB PJBII LC QEBFO LTK JLQEBO COLJ QE>Q LC LQEBOP� )K > PQRAV ?V ->@&>OI>KB �� TBBH�LIA ?>?FBP TELTBOB ?BFKD ?OB>PQCBA TBOB MI>@BA ?BQTBBK QTL D>RWB M>AP� /KB D>RWB M>A T>P COLJ QEB ?O> LC > KROPFKDJLQEBO TEL T>P > PQO>KDBO >KA QEB LQEBO D>RWB M>A T>P COLJ QEB ?O> LC QEB FKC>KQsP LTK JLQEBO� -LOBQE>K�QTL�QEFOAP�LC�QEB�TBBH�LIA�?>?FBP�QROKBA�QLT>OA�QEB�D>RWB�M>A�TFQE�QEBFO�JLQEBOsP�P@BKQ�

Physical Development)K FKC>K@V QLAAIBOELLA >KA B>OIV @EFIAELLA QEB ?LAVsP MEVPF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ FP O>MFA Figure 9.10�/K >SBO>DB KBT?LOKP TBFDE ?BQTBBK � >KA �� MLRKAP >KA > KBT?LOKsP TBFDEQ QVMF@>IIV ALR?IBP FK PFUJLKQEP >KA QOFMIBP FK LKB VB>O� "V � VB>OP LIA QEB TBFDEQ TFII E>SB NR>AORMIBA PL TB @>K BUMB@Q QE>Q> � VB>O LIA PELRIA TBFDE ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� MLRKAP� 4EB >SBO>DB IBKDQE LC > KBT?LOK FP �� FK@EBP FK@OB>PFKD QL �� FK@EBP ?V �� JLKQEP >KA �� FK@EBP ?V � VB>OP LIA 7(/ -RIQF@BKQOB 'OLTQE 2BCBOBK@B3QRAV�'OLRM ��

Figure 9.10 #EFIAOBK�BUMBOFBK@B�O>MFA�MEVPF@>I�@E>KDBP�QEOLRDE�FKC>K@V�>KA�B>OIV�@EFIAELLA��@OBAFQ��IBCQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�+BOOV�#BPWVH��@OBAFQ��JFAAIB IBCQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�+OFPQF�&>RPBI��@OBAFQ��JFAAIB OFDEQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V��ABSFKC��&IF@HO��@OBAFQ��OFDEQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�2LPB�3MFBIJ>K

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexes

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexes

$ROFKD FKC>K@V >KA @EFIAELLA DOLTQE ALBP KLQ L@@RO >Q > PQB>AV O>QB #>OBI ,>EILR 2LDBO � #E>RPP>FK �� 'OLTQE PILTP ?BQTBBK � >KA � VB>OP LIA� $ROFKD QEFP QFJB @EFIAOBK D>FK �n� MLRKAP >KA DOLT>?LRQ �n� FK@EBP MBO VB>O� /K@B DFOIP OB>@E �n� VB>OP LIA QEBFO DOLTQE O>QB LRQM>@BP QE>Q LC ?LVP ARB QL> MR?BOQ>I DOLTQE PMROQ� 4EFP DOLTQE PMROQ @LKQFKRBP RKQFI >OLRKA �� VB>OP LIA @LFK@FAFKD TFQE QEB PQ>OQLC QEB JBKPQOR>I @V@IB� "V �� VB>OP LIA QEB >SBO>DB DFOI TBFDEP �� MLRKAP >KA QEB >SBO>DB ?LV TBFDEP ��MLRKAP�

7B >OB ?LOK TFQE >II LC QEB ?O>FK @BIIP QE>Q TB TFII BSBO E>SBo>?LRQ ��n�� ?FIIFLK KBROLKP KBOSB@BIIP TELPB CRK@QFLK FP QL PQLOB >KA QO>KPJFQ FKCLOJ>QFLK (RQQBKIL@EBO � $>?ELIH>O �� (LTBSBO QEBKBOSLRP PVPQBJ @LKQFKRBP QL DOLT >KA ABSBILM� %>@E KBRO>I M>QET>V CLOJP QELRP>KAP LC KBT @LKKB@QFLKPAROFKD FKC>K@V >KA QLAAIBOELLA� 4EFP MBOFLA LC O>MFA KBRO>I DOLTQE FP @>IIBA ?ILLJFKD� .BRO>I M>QET>VP@LKQFKRB QL ABSBILM QEOLRDE MR?BOQV� 4EB ?ILLJFKD MBOFLA LC KBRO>I DOLTQE FP QEBK CLIILTBA ?V > MBOFLALC MORKFKD TEBOB KBRO>I @LKKB@QFLKP >OB OBAR@BA� )Q FP QELRDEQ QE>Q MORKFKD @>RPBP QEB ?O>FK QL CRK@QFLKJLOB BCCF@FBKQIV >IILTFKD CLO J>PQBOV LC JLOB @LJMIBU PHFIIP (RQ@EFKPLK �� "ILLJFKD L@@ROP AROFKDQEB CFOPQ CBT VB>OP LC IFCB >KA MORKFKD @LKQFKRBP QEOLRDE @EFIAELLA >KA FKQL >ALIBP@BK@B FK S>OFLRP >OB>PLC�QEB�?O>FK�

4EB PFWB LC LRO ?O>FKP FK@OB>PBP O>MFAIV� &LO BU>JMIB QEB ?O>FK LC > ��VB>O�LIA FP �� LC FQP >ARIQ PFWB >KA ?V � VB>OP LIA QEB ?O>FK FP >?LRQ �� LC FQP >ARIQ PFWB 4>KKBO �� $ROFKD B>OIV @EFIAELLA >DBP�n� QEB COLKQ>I IL?BP DOLT O>MFAIV� 2B@>IIFKD LRO AFP@RPPFLK LC QEB � IL?BP LC QEB ?O>FK B>OIFBO FK QEFP?LLH QEB COLKQ>I IL?BP >OB >PPL@F>QBA TFQE MI>KKFKD OB>PLKFKD JBJLOV >KA FJMRIPB @LKQOLI� 4EBOBCLOB ?V QEB QFJB @EFIAOBK OB>@E P@ELLI >DB QEBV >OB ABSBILMJBKQ>IIV @>M>?IB LC @LKQOLIIFKD QEBFO >QQBKQFLK >KA?BE>SFLO� 4EOLRDE QEB BIBJBKQ>OV P@ELLI VB>OP QEB COLKQ>I QBJMLO>I L@@FMFQ>I >KA M>OFBQ>I IL?BP >II DOLTFK PFWB� 4EB ?O>FK DOLTQE PMROQP BUMBOFBK@BA FK @EFIAELLA QBKA QL CLIILT 0F>DBQsP PBNRBK@B LC @LDKFQFSBABSBILMJBKQ PL QE>Q PFDKFCF@>KQ @E>KDBP FK KBRO>I CRK@QFLKFKD >@@LRKQ CLO @LDKFQFSB >AS>K@BP +LI? �7EFPE>T ��/SBOJ>K �">@EBS>IFBO �4ROKBO ��0BRPQBO ��

-LQLO ABSBILMJBKQ L@@ROP FK >K LOABOIV PBNRBK@B >P FKC>KQP JLSB COLJ OBCIBUFSB OB>@QFLKP B�D� PR@HFKD>KA OLLQFKD QL JLOB >AS>K@BA JLQLO CRK@QFLKFKD� &LO FKPQ>K@B ?>?FBP CFOPQ IB>OK QL ELIA QEBFO EB>AP RM QEBK�QL�PFQ�TFQE�>PPFPQ>K@B �>KA�QEBK�QL�PFQ�RK>PPFPQBA �CLIILTBA�I>QBO�?V�@O>TIFKD�>KA�QEBK�T>IHFKD�

Motor skills OBCBO QL LRO >?FIFQV QL JLSB LRO ?LAFBP >KA J>KFMRI>QB L?GB@QP� Fine motor skills CL@RP LKQEB JRP@IBP FK LRO CFKDBOP QLBP >KA BVBP >KA BK>?IB @LLOAFK>QFLK LC PJ>II >@QFLKP B�D� DO>PMFKD > QLV TOFQFKD TFQE > MBK@FI >KA RPFKD > PMLLK� Gross motor skills CL@RP LK I>ODB JRP@IB DOLRMP QE>Q @LKQOLILRO�>OJP�>KA�IBDP�>KA�FKSLISB�I>ODBO�JLSBJBKQP�B�D� �?>I>K@FKD �ORKKFKD �>KA�GRJMFKD�

!P JLQLO PHFIIP ABSBILM QEBOB >OB @BOQ>FK ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKBP QE>Q VLRKD @EFIAOBK PELRIA >@EFBSBTable 9.4� &LO B>@E JFIBPQLKB QEBOB FP >K >SBO>DB >DB >P TBII >P > O>KDB LC >DBP FK TEF@E QEB JFIBPQLKBPELRIA ?B OB>@EBA� !K BU>JMIB LC > ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKB FP PFQQFKD� /K >SBO>DB JLPQ ?>?FBP PFQ >ILKB>Q � JLKQEP LIA� 3FQQFKD FKSLISBP ?LQE @LLOAFK>QFLK >KA JRP@IB PQOBKDQE >KA �� LC ?>?FBP >@EFBSB QEFPJFIBPQLKB ?BQTBBK � >KA � JLKQEP LIA� )K >KLQEBO BU>JMIB ?>?FBP LK >SBO>DB >OB >?IB QL ELIA RM QEBFOEB>A >Q � TBBHP LIA >KA �� LC ?>?FBP >@EFBSB QEFP ?BQTBBK � TBBHP >KA � JLKQEP LIA� )C > ?>?V FP KLQELIAFKD RM EFP EB>A ?V � JLKQEP LIA EB FP PELTFKD > ABI>V� )C QEB @EFIA FP AFPMI>VFKD ABI>VP LK PBSBO>IJFIBPQLKBP QE>Q FP OB>PLK CLO @LK@BOK >KA QEB M>OBKQ LO @>OBDFSBO PELRIA AFP@RPP QEFP TFQE QEB @EFIAsPMBAF>QOF@F>K��3LJB�ABSBILMJBKQ>I�ABI>VP�@>K�?B�FABKQFCFBA�>KA�>AAOBPPBA�QEOLRDE�B>OIV�FKQBOSBKQFLK�


Table 9.4 Developmental Milestones, Ages 2–5 Years

Age(years) Physical Personal/Social Language Cognitive

� +F@HP�>�?>II�T>IHP�RM>KA�ALTKPQ>FOP

0I>VP�>ILKDPFABLQEBO�@EFIAOBK�@LMFBP�>ARIQP

0LFKQP�QL�L?GB@QP�TEBKK>JBA��MRQP��n��TLOAPQLDBQEBO�FK�>�PBKQBK@B

3LOQP�PE>MBP�>KA@LILOP��CLIILTP��PQBMFKPQOR@QFLKP

� #IFJ?P�>KAORKP��MBA>IPQOF@V@IB

4>HBP�QROKP�BUMOBPPBP�J>KVBJLQFLKP��AOBPPBPPBIC

.>JBP�C>JFIF>O�QEFKDP�RPBP�MOLKLRKP

0I>VP�J>HB�?BIFBSB�TLOHP�QLVP�TFQE�M>OQPIBSBOP �E>KAIBP

� #>Q@EBP?>IIP��RPBPP@FPPLOP

0OBCBOP�PL@F>I�MI>VQL�PLIL�MI>V��HKLTPIFHBP�>KA�FKQBOBPQP

+KLTP�PLKDP�>KAOEVJBP�?V�JBJLOV

.>JBP�@LILOP�>KAKRJ?BOP��?BDFKPTOFQFKD�IBQQBOP

� (LMP�>KAPTFKDP��RPBPCLOH�>KAPMLLK

$FPQFKDRFPEBP�OB>ICOLJ�MOBQBKA��IFHBPQL�MIB>PB�COFBKAP

3MB>HP�@IB>OIV��RPBP�CRIIPBKQBK@BP

#LRKQP�QL��LO�EFDEBO�MOFKQP�PLJB�IBQQBOP�>KA@LMFBP�?>PF@�PE>MBP

Cognitive Development)K >AAFQFLK QL O>MFA MEVPF@>I DOLTQE VLRKD @EFIAOBK >IPL BUEF?FQ PFDKFCF@>KQ ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEBFO@LDKFQFSB >?FIFQFBP� 0F>DBQ QELRDEQ QE>Q @EFIAOBKsP >?FIFQV QL RKABOPQ>KA L?GB@QPoPR@E >P IB>OKFKD QE>Q> O>QQIB J>HBP > KLFPB TEBK PE>HBKoT>P > @LDKFQFSB PHFII QE>Q ABSBILMP PILTIV >P > @EFIA J>QROBP>KA FKQBO>@QP TFQE QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ� 4LA>V ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP QEFKH 0F>DBQ T>P FK@LOOB@Q�2BPB>O@EBOP E>SB CLRKA QE>Q BSBK SBOV VLRKD @EFIAOBK RKABOPQ>KA L?GB@QP >KA ELT QEBV TLOH ILKD ?BCLOBQEBV E>SB BUMBOFBK@B TFQE QELPB L?GB@QP ">FII>ODBLK �� ">FII>ODBLK ,F 'BOQKBO � 7R �� &LOBU>JMIB @EFIAOBK >P VLRKD >P � JLKQEP LIA ABJLKPQO>QBA HKLTIBADB LC QEB MOLMBOQFBP LC L?GB@QP QE>QQEBV E>A LKIV SFBTBA >KA AFA KLQ E>SB MOFLO BUMBOFBK@B TFQE QEBJ� )K LKB PQRAV ��JLKQE�LIA FKC>KQPTBOB PELTK > QOR@H OLIIFKD ALTK > QO>@H >KA ?BEFKA > P@OBBK� 4EB ?LU TEF@E >MMB>OBA PLIFA ?RQ T>P>@QR>IIV ELIILT T>P MI>@BA KBUQ QL QEB QO>@H� 4EB QOR@H OLIIBA M>PQ QEB ?LU >P TLRIA ?B BUMB@QBA� 4EBKQEB ?LU T>P MI>@BA LK QEB QO>@H QL ?IL@H QEB M>QE LC QEB QOR@H� 7EBK QEB QOR@H T>P OLIIBA ALTK QEB QO>@HQEFP QFJB FQ @LKQFKRBA RKFJMBABA� 4EB FKC>KQP PMBKQ PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB QFJB ILLHFKD >Q QEFP FJMLPPF?IBBSBKQ Figure 9.11� ">FII>ODBLK �� @LK@IRABA QE>Q QEBV HKBT PLIFA L?GB@QP @>KKLQ M>PP QEOLRDE B>@ELQEBO� ">FII>ODBLKsP CFKAFKDP PRDDBPQ QE>Q SBOV VLRKD @EFIAOBK E>SB >K RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC L?GB@QP >KA ELTQEBV TLOH TEF@E 0F>DBQ �� TLRIA E>SB P>FA FP ?BVLKA QEBFO @LDKFQFSB >?FIFQFBP ARB QL QEBFO IFJFQBABUMBOFBK@BP�FK�QEB�TLOIA�



Figure 9.11 )K�">FII>ODBLKhP�PQRAV��FKC>KQP�L?PBOSBA�>�QOR@H��>�OLII�ALTK�>K�RKL?PQOR@QBA�QO>@H��?�OLII�ALTK�>KRKL?PQOR@QBA�QO>@H�TFQE�>K�L?PQOR@QFLK��?LU�?BPFAB�FQ��>KA��@�OLII�ALTK�>KA�M>PP�QEOLRDE�TE>Q�>MMB>OBA�QL�?B�>KL?PQOR@QFLK�

*RPQ >P QEBOB >OB MEVPF@>I JFIBPQLKBP QE>Q TB BUMB@Q @EFIAOBK QL OB>@E QEBOB >OB >IPL @LDKFQFSB JFIBPQLKBP�)Q FP EBIMCRI QL ?B >T>OB LC QEBPB JFIBPQLKBP >P @EFIAOBK D>FK KBT >?FIFQFBP QL QEFKH MOL?IBJ PLISB >KA@LJJRKF@>QB� &LO BU>JMIB FKC>KQP PE>HB QEBFO EB>A pKLq >OLRKA �n� JLKQEP >KA QEBV OBPMLKA QL SBO?>IOBNRBPQP QL AL QEFKDP IFHB pT>SB ?VB�?VBq LO p?ILT > HFPPq >OLRKA �n�� JLKQEP� 2BJBJ?BO 0F>DBQsPFAB>P >?LRQ L?GB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B� 7B @>K BUMB@Q @EFIAOBK QL DO>PM QEB @LK@BMQ QE>Q L?GB@QP @LKQFKRB QL BUFPQBSBK TEBK QEBV >OB KLQ FK PFDEQ ?V >OLRKA � JLKQEP LIA� "B@>RPB QLAAIBOP F�B� ��n�� JLKQEP LIA E>SBJ>PQBOBA L?GB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B QEBV BKGLV D>JBP IFHB EFAB >KA PBBH >KA QEBV OB>IFWB QE>Q TEBK PLJBLKBIB>SBP QEB OLLJ QEBV TFII @LJB ?>@H ,LLM �� 4LAAIBOP >IPL MLFKQ QL MF@QROBP FK ?LLHP >KA ILLH FK>MMOLMOF>QB�MI>@BP�TEBK�VLR�>PH�QEBJ�QL�CFKA�L?GB@QP�

0OBP@ELLI�>DB @EFIAOBK F�B� �n� VB>OP LIA >IPL J>HB PQB>AV MOLDOBPP FK @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ� .LQ LKIV@>K QEBV @LRKQ K>JB @LILOP >KA QBII VLR QEBFO K>JB >KA >DB ?RQ QEBV @>K >IPL J>HB PLJB AB@FPFLKP LKQEBFO LTK PR@E >P @ELLPFKD >K LRQCFQ QL TB>O� 0OBP@ELLI�>DB @EFIAOBK RKABOPQ>KA ?>PF@ QFJB @LK@BMQP >KAPBNRBK@FKD B�D� ?BCLOB >KA >CQBO >KA QEBV @>K MOBAF@Q TE>Q TFII E>MMBK KBUQ FK > PQLOV� 4EBV >IPL ?BDFKQL BKGLV QEB RPB LC ERJLO FK PQLOFBP� "B@>RPB QEBV @>K QEFKH PVJ?LIF@>IIV QEBV BKGLV MOBQBKA MI>V >KAFKSBKQFKD BI>?LO>QB @E>O>@QBOP >KA P@BK>OFLP� /KB LC QEB JLPQ @LJJLK BU>JMIBP LC QEBFO @LDKFQFSB DOLTQEFP�QEBFO�?ILPPLJFKD�@ROFLPFQV��0OBP@ELLI�>DB�@EFIAOBK�ILSB�QL�>PH�p7EV�q

!K FJMLOQ>KQ @LDKFQFSB @E>KDB L@@ROP FK @EFIAOBK QEFP >DB� 2B@>II QE>Q 0F>DBQ ABP@OF?BA �n� VB>O LIAP >PBDL@BKQOF@ JB>KFKD QE>Q QEBV AL KLQ E>SB >K >T>OBKBPP LC LQEBOPs MLFKQP LC SFBT� "BQTBBK � >KA � VB>OPLIA @EFIAOBK @LJB QL RKABOPQ>KA QE>Q MBLMIB E>SB QELRDEQP CBBIFKDP >KA ?BIFBCP QE>Q >OB AFCCBOBKQ COLJQEBFO LTK� 4EFP FP HKLTK >P QEBLOV�LC�JFKA 4/-� #EFIAOBK @>K RPB QEFP PHFII QL QB>PB LQEBOP MBOPR>ABQEBFO M>OBKQP QL MRO@E>PB > @>KAV ?>O LO RKABOPQ>KA TEV > PF?IFKD JFDEQ ?B >KDOV� 7EBK @EFIAOBK ABSBILM4/- �QEBV�@>K�OB@LDKFWB�QE>Q�LQEBOP�E>SB�C>IPB�?BIFBCP�$BKKBQQ ��#>II>DE>K�BQ�>I� ��

&>IPB ?BIFBC�Q>PHP�>OB�RPBCRI�FK�ABQBOJFKFKD�>�@EFIAhP�>@NRFPFQFLK�LC�QEBLOV LC JFKA�4/-��4>HB�>�ILLH�>Q�QEFP video clip (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/crayons)PELTFKD�>�C>IPB ?BIFBC�Q>PH�FKSLISFKD�>�?LU�LC�@O>VLKP�

#LDKFQFSB PHFIIP @LKQFKRB QL BUM>KA FK JFAAIB >KA I>QB @EFIAELLA �n�� VB>OP LIA� 4ELRDEQ MOL@BPPBP?B@LJB JLOB ILDF@>I >KA LOD>KFWBA TEBK AB>IFKD TFQE @LK@OBQB FKCLOJ>QFLK Figure 9.12� #EFIAOBK >QQEFP >DB RKABOPQ>KA @LK@BMQP PR@E >P QEB M>PQ MOBPBKQ >KA CRQROB DFSFKD QEBJ QEB >?FIFQV QL MI>K >KATLOH QLT>OA DL>IP� !AAFQFLK>IIV QEBV @>K MOL@BPP @LJMIBU FAB>P PR@E >P >AAFQFLK >KA PR?QO>@QFLK >KA@>RPB�>KA�BCCB@Q OBI>QFLKPEFMP� (LTBSBO @EFIAOBKsP >QQBKQFLK PM>KP QBKA QL ?B SBOV IFJFQBA RKQFI QEBV >OB>OLRKA��VB>OP�LIA��!CQBO�QE>Q�MLFKQ �FQ�?BDFKP�QL�FJMOLSB�QEOLRDE�>ARIQELLA�

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/crayons

Figure 9.12 "B@>RPB�QEBV�RKABOPQ>KA�IR@H�>KA�C>FOKBPP��@EFIAOBK�FK�JFAAIB�>KA�I>QB�@EFIAELLA��e��VB>OP�LIA�>OB>?IB�QL�CLIILT�ORIBP�CLO�D>JBP��@OBAFQ��%ATFK�->OQFKBW

/KB TBII�OBPB>O@EBA >PMB@Q LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ FP I>KDR>DB >@NRFPFQFLK� !P JBKQFLKBA B>OIFBO QEBLOABO FK TEF@E @EFIAOBK IB>OK I>KDR>DB PQOR@QROBP FP @LKPFPQBKQ >@OLPP @EFIAOBK >KA @RIQROBP (>Q@E ��9LRsSB >IPL IB>OKBA QE>Q PLJB MPV@ELILDF@>I OBPB>O@EBOP E>SB MOLMLPBA QE>Q @EFIAOBK MLPPBPP > ?FLILDF@>IMOBAFPMLPFQFLK�CLO�I>KDR>DB�>@NRFPFQFLK�

3Q>OQFKD ?BCLOB ?FOQE ?>?FBP ?BDFK QL ABSBILM I>KDR>DB >KA @LJJRKF@>QFLK PHFIIP� !Q ?FOQE ?>?FBP>MM>OBKQIV OB@LDKFWB QEBFO JLQEBOsP SLF@B >KA @>K AFP@OFJFK>QB ?BQTBBK QEB I>KDR>DBP PMLHBK ?V QEBFOJLQEBOP >KA CLOBFDK I>KDR>DBP >KA QEBV PELT MOBCBOBK@BP CLO C>@BP QE>Q >OB JLSFKD FK PVK@EOLKV TFQE>RAF?IB�I>KDR>DB�"ILPPLJ��-LOD>K ��0F@HBKP ��3MBIHB��#LOQBIVLR ��

#EFIAOBK @LJJRKF@>QB FKCLOJ>QFLK QEOLRDE DBPQROFKD ILKD ?BCLOB QEBV PMB>H >KA QEBOB FP PLJB BSFABK@BQE>Q DBPQROB RP>DB MOBAF@QP PR?PBNRBKQ I>KDR>DB ABSBILMJBKQ )SBOPLK � 'LIAFK�-B>ALT �� )KQBOJP LC MOLAR@FKD PMLHBK I>KDR>DB ?>?FBP ?BDFK QL @LL >IJLPQ FJJBAF>QBIV� #LLFKD FP > LKB�PVII>?IB@LJ?FK>QFLK LC > @LKPLK>KQ >KA > SLTBI PLRKA B�D� @LL LO ?>� )KQBOBPQFKDIV ?>?FBP OBMIF@>QB PLRKAP COLJQEBFO LTK I>KDR>DBP� ! ?>?V TELPB M>OBKQP PMB>H &OBK@E TFII @LL FK > AFCCBOBKQ QLKB QE>K > ?>?V TELPBM>OBKQP PMB>H 3M>KFPE LO 5OAR� !CQBO @LLFKD QEB ?>?V PQ>OQP QL ?>??IB� ">??IFKD ?BDFKP TFQE OBMB>QFKD >PVII>?IB PR@E >P J>�J> A>�A> LO ?>�?>� 7EBK > ?>?V FP >?LRQ �� JLKQEP LIA TB BUMB@Q EBO QL P>V EBOCFOPQ�TLOA�CLO�JB>KFKD �>KA�QL�PQ>OQ�@LJ?FKFKD�TLOAP�CLO�JB>KFKD�>Q�>?LRQ��JLKQEP�

!Q >?LRQ � VB>OP LIA > QLAAIBO RPBP ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� TLOAP� ?V � VB>OP LIA QEBV E>SB > SL@>?RI>OVLC RM QL � �� TLOAP >KA @>K PMB>H FK PBKQBK@BP� $ROFKD QEB B>OIV @EFIAELLA VB>OP @EFIAOBK�P SL@>?RI>OVFK@OB>PBP >Q > O>MFA M>@B� 4EFP FP PLJBQFJBP OBCBOOBA QL >P QEB pSL@>?RI>OV PMROQq >KA E>P ?BBK @I>FJBA QLFKSLISB >K BUM>KPFLK FK SL@>?RI>OV >Q > O>QB LC ��n�� KBT TLOAP MBO TBBH� 2B@BKQ OBPB>O@E J>V FKAF@>QBQE>Q TEFIB PLJB @EFIAOBK BUMBOFBK@B QEBPB PMROQP FQ FP C>O COLJ RKFSBOP>I >P AFP@RPPBA FK '>KDBO � "OBKQ �� )Q E>P ?BBK BPQFJ>QBA QE>Q � VB>O LIAP RKABOPQ>KA >?LRQ � �� TLOAP PMB>H � �� TLOAP >KA @>KABCFKB TLOAP >KA NRBPQFLK QEBFO JB>KFKDP� 4EBV @>K OEVJB >KA K>JB QEB A>VP LC QEB TBBH� 3BSBK VB>OLIAP�PMB>H�CIRBKQIV�>KA�RPB�PI>KD�>KA�@IF@EbP�3QLOH��7FAALTPLK ��

7E>Q >@@LRKQP CLO PR@E AO>J>QF@ I>KDR>DB IB>OKFKD ?V @EFIAOBK� "BE>SFLOFPQ "� &� 3HFKKBO QELRDEQ QE>Q TBIB>OK I>KDR>DB FK OBPMLKPB QL OBFKCLO@BJBKQ LO CBBA?>@H PR@E >P QEOLRDE M>OBKQ>I >MMOLS>I LO QEOLRDE?BFKD RKABOPQLLA� &LO BU>JMIB TEBK > QTL�VB>O�LIA @EFIA >PHP CLO GRF@B EB JFDEQ P>V pJB GRF@B q QLTEF@E EFP JLQEBO JFDEQ OBPMLKA ?V DFSFKD EFJ > @RM LC >MMIB GRF@B� .L>J #ELJPHV �� @OFQF@FWBA3HFKKBOsP QEBLOV >KA MOLMLPBA QE>Q TB >OB >II ?LOK TFQE >K FKK>QB @>M>@FQV QL IB>OK I>KDR>DB� #ELJPHV@>IIBA QEFP JB@E>KFPJ > I>KDR>DB >@NRFPFQFLK ABSF@B ,!$� 7EL FP @LOOB@Q� "LQE #ELJPHV >KA 3HFKKBO>OB OFDEQ� 2BJBJ?BO QE>Q TB >OB > MOLAR@Q LC ?LQE K>QROB >KA KROQROB� 2BPB>O@EBOP KLT ?BIFBSB QE>QI>KDR>DB >@NRFPFQFLK FP M>OQF>IIV FK?LOK >KA M>OQF>IIV IB>OKBA QEOLRDE LRO FKQBO>@QFLKP TFQE LRO IFKDRFPQF@BKSFOLKJBKQ�'IBFQJ>K��.BTMLOQ ��3QLOH��7FAALTPLK ��

Attachment0PV@ELPL@F>I ABSBILMJBKQ L@@ROP >P @EFIAOBK CLOJ OBI>QFLKPEFMP FKQBO>@Q TFQE LQEBOP >KA RKABOPQ>KA>KA J>K>DB QEBFO CBBIFKDP� )K PL@F>I >KA BJLQFLK>I ABSBILMJBKQ CLOJFKD EB>IQEV >QQ>@EJBKQP FP SBOV



FJMLOQ>KQ >KA FP QEB J>GLO PL@F>I JFIBPQLKB LC FKC>K@V� Attachment FP > ILKD�PQ>KAFKD @LKKB@QFLK LO ?LKATFQE LQEBOP� $BSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP >OB FKQBOBPQBA FK ELT FKC>KQP OB>@E QEFP JFIBPQLKB� 4EBV >PH PR@ENRBPQFLKP >P� (LT AL M>OBKQ >KA FKC>KQ >QQ>@EJBKQ ?LKAP CLOJ� (LT ALBP KBDIB@Q >CCB@Q QEBPB ?LKAP�7E>Q�>@@LRKQP�CLO�@EFIAOBKsP�>QQ>@EJBKQ�AFCCBOBK@BP�

2BPB>O@EBOP (>OOV (>OILT *LEK "LTI?V >KA ->OV !FKPTLOQE @LKAR@QBA PQRAFBP ABPFDKBA QL >KPTBOQEBPB NRBPQFLKP� )K QEB ��P (>OILT @LKAR@QBA > PBOFBP LC BUMBOFJBKQP LK JLKHBVP� (B PBM>O>QBAKBT?LOK JLKHBVP COLJ QEBFO JLQEBOP� %>@E JLKHBV T>P MOBPBKQBA TFQE QTL PROOLD>QB JLQEBOP� /KBPROOLD>QB JLKHBV T>P J>AB LRQ LC TFOB JBPE >KA PEB @LRIA AFPMBKPB JFIH� 4EB LQEBO JLKHBV T>P PLCQBO>KA J>AB COLJ @ILQE� 4EFP JLKHBV AFA KLQ AFPMBKPB JFIH� 2BPB>O@E PELTP QE>Q QEB JLKHBVP MOBCBOOBA QEBPLCQ @RAAIV @ILQE JLKHBV BSBK QELRDE PEB AFA KLQ MOLSFAB >KV KLROFPEJBKQ� 4EB ?>?V JLKHBVP PMBKQQEBFO QFJB @IFKDFKD QL QEB @ILQE JLKHBV >KA LKIV TBKQ QL QEB TFOB JLKHBV TEBK QEBV KBBABA QL ?B CBBA�0OFLO QL QEFP PQRAV QEB JBAF@>I >KA P@FBKQFCF@ @LJJRKFQFBP DBKBO>IIV QELRDEQ QE>Q ?>?FBP ?B@LJB >QQ>@EBAQL QEB MBLMIB TEL MOLSFAB QEBFO KLROFPEJBKQ� (LTBSBO (>OILT �� @LK@IRABA QE>Q QEBOB T>P JLOB QLQEB JLQEBO�@EFIA ?LKA QE>K KLROFPEJBKQ� &BBIFKDP LC @LJCLOQ >KA PB@ROFQV >OB QEB @OFQF@>I @LJMLKBKQP QLJ>QBOK>I�FKC>KQ�?LKAFKD �TEF@E�IB>AP�QL�EB>IQEV�MPV@ELPL@F>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�

(>OILThP�PQRAFBP�LC�JLKHBVP�TBOB�MBOCLOJBA�?BCLOB�JLABOK�BQEF@P�DRFABIFKBP�TBOBFK�MI>@B��>KA�QLA>V�EFP�BUMBOFJBKQP�>OB�TFABIV�@LKPFABOBA�QL�?B�RKBQEF@>I�>KA�BSBK@ORBI��7>Q@E�QEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/monkeystudy) QL�PBB�>@QR>ICLLQ>DB�LC�(>OILThP�JLKHBV�PQRAFBP�

"RFIAFKD LK QEB TLOH LC (>OILT >KA LQEBOP *LEK "LTI?V ABSBILMBA QEB @LK@BMQ LC >QQ>@EJBKQ QEBLOV�(B ABCFKBA >QQ>@EJBKQ >P QEB >CCB@QFLK>I ?LKA LO QFB QE>Q >K FKC>KQ CLOJP TFQE QEB JLQEBO "LTI?V ��!K FKC>KQ JRPQ CLOJ QEFP ?LKA TFQE > MOFJ>OV @>OBDFSBO FK LOABO QL E>SB KLOJ>I PL@F>I >KA BJLQFLK>IABSBILMJBKQ� )K >AAFQFLK "LTI?V MOLMLPBA QE>Q QEFP >QQ>@EJBKQ ?LKA FP SBOV MLTBOCRI >KA @LKQFKRBPQEOLRDELRQ IFCB� (B RPBA QEB @LK@BMQ LC PB@ROB ?>PB QL ABCFKB > EB>IQEV >QQ>@EJBKQ ?BQTBBK M>OBKQ >KA@EFIA �� ! secure base FP > M>OBKQ>I MOBPBK@B QE>Q DFSBP QEB @EFIA > PBKPB LC P>CBQV >P EB BUMILOBP EFPPROOLRKAFKDP� "LTI?V P>FA QE>Q QTL QEFKDP >OB KBBABA CLO > EB>IQEV >QQ>@EJBKQ� 4EB @>OBDFSBO JRPQ ?BOBPMLKPFSB QL QEB @EFIAsP MEVPF@>I PL@F>I >KA BJLQFLK>I KBBAP� >KA QEB @>OBDFSBO >KA @EFIA JRPQ BKD>DB FKJRQR>IIV�BKGLV>?IB�FKQBO>@QFLKP�"LTI?V ��Figure 9.13�

Figure 9.13 -RQR>IIV�BKGLV>?IB�FKQBO>@QFLKP�MOLJLQB�QEB�JLQEBO FKC>KQ�?LKA��@OBAFQ��0BQBO�3E>KHP

7EFIB "LTI?V QELRDEQ >QQ>@EJBKQ T>P >K >II�LO�KLQEFKD MOL@BPP ->OV !FKPTLOQEsP �� OBPB>O@EPELTBA LQEBOTFPB� !FKPTLOQE T>KQBA QL HKLT FC @EFIAOBK AFCCBO FK QEB T>VP QEBV ?LKA >KA FC PL TEV�4L CFKA QEB >KPTBOP PEB RPBA QEB 3QO>KDB 3FQR>QFLK MOL@BAROB QL PQRAV >QQ>@EJBKQ ?BQTBBK JLQEBOP >KA

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/monkeystudy

QEBFO FKC>KQP �� )K QEB 3QO>KDB 3FQR>QFLK QEB JLQEBO LO MOFJ>OV @>OBDFSBO >KA QEB FKC>KQ >DB ��JLKQEP >OB MI>@BA FK > OLLJ QLDBQEBO� 4EBOB >OB QLVP FK QEB OLLJ >KA QEB @>OBDFSBO >KA @EFIA PMBKA PLJBQFJB >ILKB FK QEB OLLJ� !CQBO QEB @EFIA E>P E>A QFJB QL BUMILOB EBO PROOLRKAFKDP > PQO>KDBO BKQBOP QEBOLLJ� 4EB JLQEBO QEBK IB>SBP EBO ?>?V TFQE QEB PQO>KDBO� !CQBO > CBT JFKRQBP PEB OBQROKP QL @LJCLOQ EBO@EFIA�

">PBA LK ELT QEB FKC>KQP�QLAAIBOP OBPMLKABA QL QEB PBM>O>QFLK >KA OBRKFLK !FKPTLOQE FABKQFCFBA QEOBBQVMBP LC M>OBKQ�@EFIA >QQ>@EJBKQP� PB@ROB >SLFA>KQ >KA OBPFPQ>KQ !FKPTLOQE � "BII �� ! CLROQE PQVIB HKLTK >P AFPLOD>KFWBA >QQ>@EJBKQ T>P I>QBO ABP@OF?BA ->FK � 3LILJLK �� 4EB JLPQ @LJJLKQVMB LC >QQ>@EJBKQo>IPL @LKPFABOBA QEB EB>IQEFBPQoFP @>IIBA secure attachment Figure 9.14� )K QEFPQVMB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ QEB QLAAIBO MOBCBOP EFP M>OBKQ LSBO > PQO>KDBO� 4EB >QQ>@EJBKQ CFDROB FP RPBA >P >PB@ROB ?>PB QL BUMILOB QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ >KA FP PLRDEQ LRQ FK QFJBP LC PQOBPP� 3B@ROBIV >QQ>@EBA @EFIAOBKTBOB AFPQOBPPBA TEBK QEBFO @>OBDFSBOP IBCQ QEB OLLJ FK QEB 3QO>KDB 3FQR>QFLK BUMBOFJBKQ ?RQ TEBK QEBFO@>OBDFSBOP OBQROKBA QEB PB@ROBIV >QQ>@EBA @EFIAOBK TBOB E>MMV QL PBB QEBJ� 3B@ROBIV >QQ>@EBA @EFIAOBKE>SB�@>OBDFSBOP�TEL�>OB�PBKPFQFSB�>KA�OBPMLKPFSB�QL�QEBFO�KBBAP�

Figure 9.14 )K�PB@ROB�>QQ>@EJBKQ��QEB�M>OBKQ�MOLSFABP�>�PB@ROB�?>PB�CLO�QEB�QLAAIBO��>IILTFKD�EFJ�QL�PB@ROBIVBUMILOB�EFP�BKSFOLKJBKQ��@OBAFQ��+BOOV�#BPWVH

7FQE avoidant attachment QEB @EFIA FP RKOBPMLKPFSB QL QEB M>OBKQ ALBP KLQ RPB QEB M>OBKQ >P > PB@ROB?>PB >KA ALBP KLQ @>OB FC QEB M>OBKQ IB>SBP� 4EB QLAAIBO OB>@QP QL QEB M>OBKQ QEB P>JB T>V PEB OB>@QP QL >PQO>KDBO� 7EBK QEB M>OBKQ ALBP OBQROK QEB @EFIA FP PILT QL PELT > MLPFQFSB OB>@QFLK� !FKPTLOQE QEBLOFWBAQE>Q QEBPB @EFIAOBK TBOB JLPQ IFHBIV QL E>SB > @>OBDFSBO TEL T>P FKPBKPFQFSB >KA FK>QQBKQFSB QL QEBFO KBBAP!FKPTLOQE �"IBE>O �7>QBOP ��7>II ��

)K @>PBP LC resistant attachment @EFIAOBK QBKA QL PELT @IFKDV ?BE>SFLO ?RQ QEBK QEBV OBGB@Q QEB >QQ>@EJBKQCFDROBsP >QQBJMQP QL FKQBO>@Q TFQE QEBJ !FKPTLOQE � "BII �� 4EBPB @EFIAOBK AL KLQ BUMILOB QEB QLVPFK QEB OLLJ >P QEBV >OB QLL CB>OCRI� $ROFKD PBM>O>QFLK FK QEB 3QO>KDB 3FQR>QFLK QEBV ?B@>JB BUQOBJBIVAFPQRO?BA >KA >KDOV TFQE QEB M>OBKQ� 7EBK QEB M>OBKQ OBQROKP QEB @EFIAOBK >OB AFCCF@RIQ QL @LJCLOQ�2BPFPQ>KQ�>QQ>@EJBKQ�FP�QEB�OBPRIQ�LC�QEB�@>OBDFSBOPs�FK@LKPFPQBKQ�IBSBI�LC�OBPMLKPB�QL�QEBFO�@EFIA�

&FK>IIV @EFIAOBK TFQE disorganized attachment ?BE>SBA LAAIV FK QEB 3QO>KDB 3FQR>QFLK� 4EBV COBBWB ORK>OLRKA QEB OLLJ FK >K BOO>QF@ J>KKBO LO QOV QL ORK >T>V TEBK QEB @>OBDFSBO OBQROKP ->FK � 3LILJLK �� 4EFP QVMB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ FP PBBK JLPQ LCQBK FK HFAP TEL E>SB ?BBK >?RPBA� 2BPB>O@E E>P PELTK QE>Q>?RPB�AFPORMQP�>�@EFIAsP�>?FIFQV�QL�OBDRI>QB�QEBFO�BJLQFLKP�

7EFIB !FKPTLOQEsP OBPB>O@E E>P CLRKA PRMMLOQ FK PR?PBNRBKQ PQRAFBP FQ E>P >IPL JBQ @OFQF@FPJ� 3LJBOBPB>O@EBOP E>SB MLFKQBA LRQ QE>Q > @EFIAsP QBJMBO>JBKQ J>V E>SB > PQOLKD FKCIRBK@B LK >QQ>@EJBKQ'BOS>F �� (>OOFP �� >KA LQEBOP E>SB KLQBA QE>Q >QQ>@EJBKQ S>OFBP COLJ @RIQROB QL @RIQROB >



C>@QLO KLQ >@@LRKQBA CLO FK !FKPTLOQEsP OBPB>O@E 2LQE?>RJ 7BFPW 0LQQ -FV>HB � -LOBIIF �� S>K)GWBKALLOK��3>DF�3@ET>OQW ��

7>Q@E�QEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/strangesitu) QL�SFBT�>�@IFM�LC�QEB3QO>KDB�3FQR>QFLK��4OV�QL�FABKQFCV�TEF@E�QVMB�LC�>QQ>@EJBKQ�?>?V�,FP>�BUEF?FQP�

Self-Concept*RPQ >P >QQ>@EJBKQ FP QEB J>FK MPV@ELPL@F>I JFIBPQLKB LC FKC>K@V QEB MOFJ>OV MPV@ELPL@F>I JFIBPQLKBLC @EFIAELLA FP QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC > MLPFQFSB PBKPB LC PBIC� (LT ALBP PBIC�>T>OBKBPP ABSBILM� )KC>KQPALKsQ E>SB > PBIC�@LK@BMQ TEF@E FP >K RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC TEL QEBV >OB� )C VLR MI>@B > ?>?V FK COLKQ LC >JFOOLO PEB TFII OB>@E LRQ QL QLR@E EBO FJ>DB QEFKHFKD FQ FP >KLQEBO ?>?V� (LTBSBO ?V >?LRQ �� JLKQEP> QLAAIBO TFII OB@LDKFWB QE>Q QEB MBOPLK FK QEB JFOOLO FP EBOPBIC� (LT AL TB HKLT QEFP� )K > TBII�HKLTKBUMBOFJBKQ > OBPB>O@EBO MI>@BA > OBA ALQ LC M>FKQ LK @EFIAOBKsP KLPBP ?BCLOB MRQQFKD QEBJ FK COLKQ LC >JFOOLO !JPQBOA>J �� #LJJLKIV HKLTK >P QEB JFOOLO QBPQ QEFP ?BE>SFLO FP ABJLKPQO>QBA ?V ERJ>KP>KA > CBT LQEBO PMB@FBP >KA FP @LKPFABOBA BSFABK@B LC PBIC�OB@LDKFQFLK !O@EBO �� !Q �� JLKQEP LIAQEBV TLRIA QLR@E QEBFO LTK KLPBP TEBK QEBV P>T QEB M>FKQ PROMOFPBA QL PBB > PMLQ LK QEBFO C>@BP� "V ��n��JLKQEP�LIA�@EFIAOBK�@>K�K>JB�>KA�LO�MLFKQ�QL�QEBJPBISBP�FK�MF@QROBP �@IB>OIV�FKAF@>QFKD�PBIC�OB@LDKFQFLK�

#EFIAOBK COLJ �n� VB>OP LIA AFPMI>V > DOB>Q FK@OB>PB FK PL@F>I ?BE>SFLO LK@B QEBV E>SB BPQ>?IFPEBA > PBIC�@LK@BMQ� 4EBV BKGLV MI>VFKD TFQE LQEBO @EFIAOBK ?RQ QEBV E>SB AFCCF@RIQV PE>OFKD QEBFO MLPPBPPFLKP� !IPL QEOLRDE MI>V @EFIAOBK BUMILOB >KA @LJB QL RKABOPQ>KA QEBFO DBKABO OLIBP >KA @>K I>?BI QEBJPBISBP >P >DFOI LO ?LV #EF@H (BFIJ>K�(LRPBO � (RKQBO �� "V � VB>OP LIA @EFIAOBK @>K @LLMBO>QB TFQE LQEBO@EFIAOBK PE>OB TEBK >PHBA >KA PBM>O>QB COLJ M>OBKQP TFQE IFQQIB >KUFBQV� #EFIAOBK >Q QEFP >DB >IPL BUEF?FQ>RQLKLJV FKFQF>QB Q>PHP >KA @>OOV LRQ MI>KP� 3R@@BPP FK QEBPB >OB>P @LKQOF?RQBP QL > MLPFQFSB PBKPB LC PBIC�/K@B @EFIAOBK OB>@E � VB>OP LIA QEBV @>K FABKQFCV QEBJPBISBP FK QBOJP LC DOLRM JBJ?BOPEFMP� p)sJ > CFOPQDO>ABO�q 3@ELLI�>DB @EFIAOBK @LJM>OB QEBJPBISBP QL QEBFO MBBOP >KA AFP@LSBO QE>Q QEBV >OB @LJMBQBKQ FKPLJB >OB>P >KA IBPP PL FK LQEBOP OB@>II %OFHPLKsP Q>PH LC FKARPQOV SBOPRP FKCBOFLOFQV� !Q QEFP >DB @EFIAOBKOB@LDKFWB QEBFO LTK MBOPLK>IFQV QO>FQP >P TBII >P PLJB LQEBO QO>FQP QEBV TLRIA IFHB QL E>SB� &LO BU>JMIB ��VB>O�LIA�,>VI>�P>VP �p)sJ�HFKA�LC�PEV��)�TFPE�)�@LRIA�?B�JLOB�Q>IH>QFSB�IFHB�JV�COFBKA�!IBU>�q

$BSBILMJBKQ LC > MLPFQFSB PBIC�@LK@BMQ FP FJMLOQ>KQ QL EB>IQEV ABSBILMJBKQ� #EFIAOBK TFQE > MLPFQFSB PBIC�@LK@BMQ QBKA QL ?B JLOB @LKCFABKQ AL ?BQQBO FK P@ELLI >@Q JLOB FKABMBKABKQIV >KA >OB JLOB TFIIFKD QLQOV KBT >@QFSFQFBP ->@@L?V �� &BOOBO � &RD>QB �� &LOJ>QFLK LC > MLPFQFSB PBIC�@LK@BMQ ?BDFKP FK%OFHPLKsP QLAAIBOELLA PQ>DB TEBK @EFIAOBK BPQ>?IFPE >RQLKLJV >KA ?B@LJB @LKCFABKQ FK QEBFO >?FIFQFBP�$BSBILMJBKQ LC PBIC�@LK@BMQ @LKQFKRBP FK BIBJBKQ>OV P@ELLI TEBK @EFIAOBK @LJM>OB QEBJPBISBP QL LQEBOP�7EBK QEB @LJM>OFPLK FP C>SLO>?IB @EFIAOBK CBBI > PBKPB LC @LJMBQBK@B >KA >OB JLQFS>QBA QL TLOH E>OABO>KA >@@LJMIFPE JLOB� 3BIC�@LK@BMQ FP OB�BS>IR>QBA FK %OFHPLKsP >ALIBP@BK@B PQ>DB >P QBBKP CLOJ >K FABKQFQV�4EBV FKQBOK>IFWB QEB JBPP>DBP QEBV E>SB OB@BFSBA OBD>OAFKD QEBFO PQOBKDQEP >KA TB>HKBPPBP HBBMFKDPLJB JBPP>DBP >KA OBGB@QFKD LQEBOP� !ALIBP@BKQP TEL E>SB >@EFBSBA FABKQFQV CLOJ>QFLK >OB @>M>?IB LC@LKQOF?RQFKD�MLPFQFSBIV�QL�PL@FBQV�%OFHPLK ��

7E>Q @>K M>OBKQP AL QL KROQROB > EB>IQEV PBIC�@LK@BMQ� $F>K> ">RJOFKA �� QEFKHP M>OBKQFKD PQVIBJ>V ?B > C>@QLO� 4EB T>V TB M>OBKQ FP >K FJMLOQ>KQ C>@QLO FK > @EFIAsP PL@FLBJLQFLK>I DOLTQE� ">RJOFKAABSBILMBA >KA OBCFKBA > QEBLOV ABP@OF?FKD CLRO M>OBKQFKD PQVIBP� >RQELOFQ>QFSB >RQELOFQ>OF>K MBOJFPPFSB >KA RKFKSLISBA� 7FQE QEB authoritative style QEB M>OBKQ DFSBP OB>PLK>?IB ABJ>KAP >KA @LKPFPQBKQ IFJFQP BUMOBPPBP T>OJQE >KA >CCB@QFLK >KA IFPQBKP QL QEB @EFIAsP MLFKQ LC SFBT� 0>OBKQP PBQ ORIBP >KA BUMI>FK

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/strangesitu

QEB OB>PLKP ?BEFKA QEBJ� 4EBV >OB >IPL CIBUF?IB >KA TFIIFKD QL J>HB BU@BMQFLKP QL QEB ORIBP FK @BOQ>FK@>PBPoCLO BU>JMIB QBJMLO>OFIV OBI>UFKD ?BAQFJB ORIBP QL >IILT CLO > KFDEQQFJB PTFJ AROFKD > C>JFIVS>@>QFLK� /C QEB CLRO M>OBKQFKD PQVIBP QEB >RQELOFQ>QFSB PQVIB FP QEB LKB QE>Q FP JLPQ BK@LRO>DBA FK JLABOK!JBOF@>K PL@FBQV� !JBOF@>K @EFIAOBK O>FPBA ?V >RQELOFQ>QFSB M>OBKQP QBKA QL E>SB EFDE PBIC�BPQBBJ >KAPL@F>I PHFIIP� (LTBSBO BCCB@QFSB M>OBKQFKD PQVIBP S>OV >P > CRK@QFLK LC @RIQROB >KA >P 3J>II �� MLFKQPLRQ �QEB�>RQELOFQ>QFSB�PQVIB�FP�KLQ�KB@BPP>OFIV�MOBCBOOBA�LO�>MMOLMOF>QB�FK�>II�@RIQROBP�

)K authoritarian style QEB M>OBKQ MI>@BP EFDE S>IRB LK @LKCLOJFQV >KA L?BAFBK@B� 4EB M>OBKQP >OB LCQBKPQOF@Q QFDEQIV JLKFQLO QEBFO @EFIAOBK >KA BUMOBPP IFQQIB T>OJQE� )K @LKQO>PQ QL QEB >RQELOFQ>QFSB PQVIB >RQELOFQ>OF>K M>OBKQP MOL?>?IV TLRIA KLQ OBI>U ?BAQFJB ORIBP AROFKD > S>@>QFLK ?B@>RPB QEBV @LKPFABO QEBORIBP QL ?B PBQ >KA QEBV BUMB@Q L?BAFBK@B� 4EFP PQVIB @>K @OB>QB >KUFLRP TFQEAO>TK >KA RKE>MMV HFAP�(LTBSBO FQ FP FJMLOQ>KQ QL MLFKQ LRQ QE>Q >RQELOFQ>OF>K M>OBKQFKD FP >P ?BKBCF@F>I >P QEB >RQELOFQ>QFSB PQVIBFK PLJB BQEKF@ DOLRMP 2RPPBII #OL@HBQQ � #E>L �� &LO FKPQ>K@B CFOPQ�DBKBO>QFLK #EFKBPB !JBOF@>K@EFIAOBK O>FPBA ?V >RQELOFQ>OF>K M>OBKQP AFA GRPQ >P TBII FK P@ELLI >P QEBFO MBBOP TEL TBOB O>FPBA ?V>RQELOFQ>QFSB�M>OBKQP�2RPPBII�BQ�>I� ��

&LO M>OBKQP TEL BJMILV QEB permissive style LC M>OBKQFKD QEB HFAP ORK QEB PELT >KA >KVQEFKD DLBP�0BOJFPPFSB M>OBKQP J>HB CBT ABJ>KAP >KA O>OBIV RPB MRKFPEJBKQ� 4EBV QBKA QL ?B SBOV KROQROFKD >KAILSFKD >KA J>V MI>V QEB OLIB LC COFBKA O>QEBO QE>K M>OBKQ� )K QBOJP LC LRO BU>JMIB LC S>@>QFLK ?BAQFJBP MBOJFPPFSB M>OBKQP JFDEQ KLQ E>SB ?BAQFJB ORIBP >Q >IIoFKPQB>A QEBV >IILT QEB @EFIA QL @ELLPB EFP ?BAQFJBTEBQEBO LK S>@>QFLK LO KLQ� .LQ PROMOFPFKDIV @EFIAOBK O>FPBA ?V MBOJFPPFSB M>OBKQP QBKA QL I>@H PBIC�AFP@FMIFKB >KA QEB MBOJFPPFSB M>OBKQFKD PQVIB FP KBD>QFSBIV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE DO>ABP $LOK?RP@E 2FQQBO ,BFABOJ>K 2L?BOQP � &O>IBFDE �� 4EB MBOJFPPFSB PQVIB J>V >IPL @LKQOF?RQB QL LQEBO OFPHV ?BE>SFLOPPR@E >P >I@LELI >?RPB ">EO � (LCCJ>K �� OFPHV PBUR>I ?BE>SFLO BPMB@F>IIV >JLKD CBJ>IB @EFIAOBK$LKBK?BOD 7FIPLK %JBOPLK � "OV>KQ �� >KA FK@OB>PBA AFPMI>V LC AFPORMQFSB ?BE>SFLOP ?V J>IB@EFIAOBK 0>OBKQ BQ >I� �� (LTBSBO QEBOB >OB PLJB MLPFQFSB LRQ@LJBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE @EFIAOBK O>FPBA?V MBOJFPPFSB M>OBKQP� 4EBV QBKA QL E>SB EFDEBO PBIC�BPQBBJ ?BQQBO PL@F>I PHFIIP >KA OBMLOQ ILTBO IBSBIP LCABMOBPPFLK�$>OIFKD ��

7FQE QEB uninvolved style LC M>OBKQFKD QEB M>OBKQP >OB FKAFCCBOBKQ RKFKSLISBA >KA PLJBQFJBP OBCBOOBAQL >P KBDIB@QCRI� 4EBV ALKsQ OBPMLKA QL QEB @EFIAsP KBBAP >KA J>HB OBI>QFSBIV CBT ABJ>KAP� 4EFP @LRIA?B ?B@>RPB LC PBSBOB ABMOBPPFLK LO PR?PQ>K@B >?RPB LO LQEBO C>@QLOP PR@E >P QEB M>OBKQPs BUQOBJB CL@RPLK TLOH� 4EBPB M>OBKQP J>V MOLSFAB CLO QEB @EFIAsP ?>PF@ KBBAP ?RQ IFQQIB BIPB� 4EB @EFIAOBK O>FPBA FK QEFPM>OBKQFKD PQVIB >OB RPR>IIV BJLQFLK>IIV TFQEAO>TK CB>OCRI >KUFLRP MBOCLOJ MLLOIV FK P@ELLI >KA >OB >Q>K�FK@OB>PBA�OFPH�LC�PR?PQ>K@B�>?RPB�$>OIFKD ��

!P VLR @>K PBB M>OBKQFKD PQVIBP FKCIRBK@B @EFIAELLA >AGRPQJBKQ ?RQ @LRIA > @EFIAsP QBJMBO>JBKQ IFHBTFPBFKCIRBK@B M>OBKQFKD� Temperament OBCBOP QL FKK>QB QO>FQP QE>Q FKCIRBK@B ELT LKB QEFKHP ?BE>SBP >KAOB>@QP TFQE QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ� #EFIAOBK TFQE B>PV QBJMBO>JBKQP ABJLKPQO>QB MLPFQFSB BJLQFLKP >A>MQ TBIIQL @E>KDB >KA >OB @>M>?IB LC OBDRI>QFKD QEBFO BJLQFLKP� #LKSBOPBIV @EFIAOBK TFQE AFCCF@RIQ QBJMBO>JBKQPABJLKPQO>QB KBD>QFSB BJLQFLKP >KA E>SB AFCCF@RIQV >A>MQFKD QL @E>KDB >KA OBDRI>QFKD QEBFO BJLQFLKP�$FCCF@RIQ @EFIAOBK >OB JR@E JLOB IFHBIV QL @E>IIBKDB M>OBKQP QB>@EBOP >KA LQEBO @>OBDFSBOP 4ELJ>P ��4EBOBCLOB FQsP MLPPF?IB QE>Q B>PV @EFIAOBK F�B� PL@F>I >A>MQ>?IB >KA B>PV QL PLLQEB QBKA QL BIF@FQ T>OJ>KA OBPMLKPFSB M>OBKQFKD TEFIB ABJ>KAFKD FOOFQ>?IB TFQEAO>TK @EFIAOBK BSLHB FOOFQ>QFLK FK QEBFO M>OBKQPLO�@>RPB�QEBFO�M>OBKQP�QL�TFQEAO>T�3>KPLK��2LQE?>OQ ��

EVERYDAY CONNECTION



The Importance of Play and Recess

!@@LOAFKD QL QEB !JBOF@>K !@>ABJV LC 0BAF>QOF@P �� RKPQOR@QROBA MI>V FP >K FKQBDO>I M>OQ LC > @EFIAhPABSBILMJBKQ� )Q ?RFIAP @OB>QFSFQV� MOL?IBJ PLISFKD PHFIIP� >KA PL@F>I OBI>QFLKPEFMP� 0I>V >IPL >IILTP @EFIAOBK QLABSBILM�>�QEBLOV LC JFKA�>P�QEBV�FJ>DFK>QFSBIV�Q>HB�LK�QEB�MBOPMB@QFSB�LC�LQEBOP�

/RQALLO MI>V >IILTP @EFIAOBK QEB LMMLOQRKFQV QL AFOB@QIV BUMBOFBK@B >KA PBKPB QEB TLOIA >OLRKA QEBJ� 7EFIBALFKD PL� QEBV J>V @LIIB@Q L?GB@QP QE>Q QEBV @LJB >@OLPP >KA ABSBILM IFCBILKD FKQBOBPQP >KA EL??FBP� 4EBV>IPL ?BKBCFQ COLJ FK@OB>PBA BUBO@FPB� >KA BKD>DFKD FK LRQALLO MI>V @>K >@QR>IIV FK@OB>PB ELT JR@E QEBV BKGLVMEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV� 4EFP EBIMP PRMMLOQ QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC > EB>IQEV EB>OQ >KA ?O>FK� 5KCLOQRK>QBIV� OBPB>O@EPRDDBPQP QE>Q QLA>VhP @EFIAOBK >OB BKD>DFKD FK IBPP >KA IBPP LRQALLO MI>V �#IBJBKQP� �� 0BOE>MP� FQ FP KLPROMOFPB QL IB>OK QE>Q ILTBOBA IBSBIP LC MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV FK @LKGRK@QFLK TFQE B>PV >@@BPP QL @>ILOFB ABKPB CLLAPTFQE�IFQQIB�KRQOFQFLK>I�S>IRB�>OB�@LKQOF?RQFKD�QL�>I>OJFKD�IBSBIP�LC�@EFIAELLA�L?BPFQV��+>OKFH��+>KBH>O��

$BPMFQB QEB >ASBOPB @LKPBNRBK@BP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE OBAR@BA MI>V� PLJB @EFIAOBK >OB LSBO P@EBARIBA >KA E>SBIFQQIB COBB QFJB QL BKD>DB FK RKPQOR@QROBA MI>V� )K >AAFQFLK� PLJB P@ELLIP E>SB Q>HBK >T>V OB@BPP QFJB CLO@EFIAOBK FK > MRPE CLO PQRABKQP QL AL ?BQQBO LK PQ>KA>OAFWBA QBPQP� >KA J>KV P@ELLIP @LJJLKIV RPB ILPP LCOB@BPP�>P�>�CLOJ�LC�MRKFPEJBKQ��$L�VLR�>DOBB�TFQE�QEBPB�MO>@QF@BP��7EV�LO�TEV�KLQ�

ADOLESCENCE!ALIBP@BK@B FP > PL@F>IIV @LKPQOR@QBA @LK@BMQ� )K MOB�FKARPQOF>I PL@FBQV @EFIAOBK TBOB @LKPFABOBA >ARIQPTEBK QEBV OB>@EBA MEVPF@>I J>QROFQV ?RQ QLA>V TB E>SB >K BUQBKABA QFJB ?BQTBBK @EFIAELLA >KA>ARIQELLA @>IIBA >ALIBP@BK@B� Adolescence FP QEB MBOFLA LC ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q ?BDFKP >Q MR?BOQV >KA BKAP>Q BJBODFKD >ARIQELLA TEF@E FP AFP@RPPBA I>QBO� )K QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP >ALIBP@BK@B FP PBBK >P > QFJB QLABSBILM FKABMBKABK@B COLJ M>OBKQP TEFIB OBJ>FKFKD @LKKB@QBA QL QEBJ Figure 9.15� 4EB QVMF@>I >DBO>KDB LC >ALIBP@BK@B FP COLJ �� QL �� VB>OP >KA QEFP PQ>DB LC ABSBILMJBKQ >IPL E>P PLJB MOBAF@Q>?IBMEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA�MPV@ELPL@F>I�JFIBPQLKBP�

Figure 9.15 0BBOP�>OB�>�MOFJ>OV�FKCIRBK@B�LK�LRO�ABSBILMJBKQ�FK�>ALIBP@BK@B��@OBAFQ��3EBFI>�4LPQBP

Physical Development!P KLQBA >?LSB >ALIBP@BK@B ?BDFKP TFQE MR?BOQV� 7EFIB QEB PBNRBK@B LC MEVPF@>I @E>KDBP FK MR?BOQV FPMOBAF@Q>?IB QEB LKPBQ >KA M>@B LC MR?BOQV S>OV TFABIV� 3BSBO>I MEVPF@>I @E>KDBP L@@RO AROFKD MR?BOQV PR@E >P adrenarche >KA gonadarche QEB J>QROFKD LC QEB >AOBK>I DI>KAP >KA PBU DI>KAP OBPMB@QFSBIV�!IPL AROFKD QEFP QFJB MOFJ>OV >KA PB@LKA>OV PBUR>I @E>O>@QBOFPQF@P ABSBILM >KA J>QROB� Primary sexualcharacteristics >OB LOD>KP PMB@FCF@>IIV KBBABA CLO OBMOLAR@QFLK IFHB QEB RQBORP >KA LS>OFBP FK CBJ>IBP>KA QBPQBP FK J>IBP� Secondary sexual characteristics >OB MEVPF@>I PFDKP LC PBUR>I J>QRO>QFLK QE>Q AL KLQAFOB@QIV FKSLISB PBU LOD>KP PR@E >P ABSBILMJBKQ LC ?OB>PQP >KA EFMP FK DFOIP >KA ABSBILMJBKQ LC C>@F>IE>FO >KA > ABBMBKBA SLF@B FK ?LVP� 'FOIP BUMBOFBK@B menarche QEB ?BDFKKFKD LC JBKPQOR>I MBOFLAP RPR>IIV>OLRKA��n��VB>OP�LIA �>KA�?LVP�BUMBOFBK@B spermarche �QEB�CFOPQ�BG>@RI>QFLK �>OLRKA��n��VB>OP�LIA�

$ROFKD MR?BOQV ?LQE PBUBP BUMBOFBK@B > O>MFA FK@OB>PB FK EBFDEQ F�B� DOLTQE PMROQ� &LO DFOIP QEFP ?BDFKP?BQTBBK � >KA �� VB>OP LIA TFQE >ARIQ EBFDEQ OB>@EBA ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� VB>OP LIA� "LVP ?BDFK QEBFO


DOLTQE PMROQ PIFDEQIV I>QBO RPR>IIV ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� VB>OP LIA >KA OB>@E QEBFO >ARIQ EBFDEQ ?BQTBBK ��>KA �� VB>OP LIA� "LQE K>QROB F�B� DBKBP >KA KROQROB B�D� KRQOFQFLK JBAF@>QFLKP >KA JBAF@>I @LKAFQFLKP@>K�FKCIRBK@B�EBFDEQ�

"B@>RPB O>QBP LC MEVPF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ S>OV PL TFABIV >JLKD QBBK>DBOP MR?BOQV @>K ?B > PLRO@B LCMOFAB LO BJ?>OO>PPJBKQ� %>OIV J>QROFKD ?LVP QBKA QL ?B PQOLKDBO Q>IIBO >KA JLOB >QEIBQF@ QE>K QEBFOI>QBO J>QROFKD MBBOP� 4EBV >OB RPR>IIV JLOB MLMRI>O @LKCFABKQ >KA FKABMBKABKQ ?RQ QEBV >OB >IPL >Q >DOB>QBO OFPH CLO PR?PQ>K@B >?RPB >KA B>OIV PBUR>I >@QFSFQV &I>KKBOV 2LTB � 'RIIBV �� +>IQF>I>�(BFKL 2FJMBI> 2FPP>KBK � 2>KQ>KBK �� %>OIV J>QROFKD DFOIP J>V ?B QB>PBA LO LSBOQIV >AJFOBA TEF@E@>K @>RPB QEBJ QL CBBI PBIC�@LKP@FLRP >?LRQ QEBFO ABSBILMFKD ?LAFBP� 4EBPB DFOIP >OB >Q > EFDEBO OFPH CLOABMOBPPFLK PR?PQ>K@B >?RPB >KA B>QFKD AFPLOABOP 'B #LKDBO � %IABO �� 'O>?BO ,BTFKPLEK 3BBIBV � "OLLHP�'RKK �� 3QOFBDBI�-LLOB � #>@EBIFK �� ,>QB ?ILLJFKD ?LVP >KA DFOIP F�B� QEBV ABSBILMJLOB PILTIV QE>K QEBFO MBBOP J>V CBBI PBIC�@LKP@FLRP >?LRQ QEBFO I>@H LC MEVPF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ� .BD>QFSBCBBIFKDP >OB M>OQF@RI>OIV > MOL?IBJ CLO I>QB J>QROFKD ?LVP TEL >OB >Q > EFDEBO OFPH CLO ABMOBPPFLK >KA@LKCIF@Q�TFQE�M>OBKQP�'O>?BO�BQ�>I� ��>KA�JLOB�IFHBIV�QL�?B�?RIIFBA�0LII>@H��3ERPQBO ��

4EB >ALIBP@BKQ ?O>FK >IPL OBJ>FKP RKABO ABSBILMJBKQ� 5M RKQFI MR?BOQV ?O>FK @BIIP @LKQFKRB QL ?ILLJFK QEB COLKQ>I OBDFLK� !ALIBP@BKQP BKD>DB FK FK@OB>PBA OFPH�Q>HFKD ?BE>SFLOP >KA BJLQFLK>I LRQ?ROPQPMLPPF?IV ?B@>RPB QEB COLKQ>I IL?BP LC QEBFO ?O>FKP >OB PQFII ABSBILMFKD Figure 9.16� 2B@>II QE>Q QEFP >OB>FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO GRADJBKQ FJMRIPB @LKQOLI >KA MI>KKFKD >KA FQ FP PQFII J>QROFKD FKQL B>OIV >ARIQELLA#>PBV �4LQQBKE>J �,FPQLK ��$ROPQLK ��

Figure 9.16 "O>FK�DOLTQE�@LKQFKRBP�FKQL�QEB�B>OIV��P��4EB�ABSBILMJBKQ�LC�QEB�COLKQ>I�IL?B��FK�M>OQF@RI>O��FP�FJMLOQ>KQAROFKD�QEFP�PQ>DB�

!@@LOAFKD�QL�KBROLP@FBKQFPQ�*>V�'FBAA�FK�QEB�&OLKQIFKB�SFABL�i)KPFAB�QEB�4BBK>DB"O>FKj��i)QhP�PLOQ�LC�RKC>FO�QL�BUMB@Q�;QBBKP<�QL�E>SB�>ARIQ�IBSBIP�LCLOD>KFW>QFLK>I�PHFIIP�LO�AB@FPFLK J>HFKD�?BCLOB�QEBFO�?O>FKP�>OB�CFKFPEBA�?BFKD�?RFIQ�j7>Q@E�QEFP�PBDJBKQ�LK “The Wiring of the Adolescent Brain”(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/wiringbrain) QL�CFKA�LRQ�JLOB�>?LRQ�QEB�ABSBILMFKD

?O>FK�AROFKD�>ALIBP@BK@B�

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/wiringbrain

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/wiringbrain

Cognitive Development-LOB @LJMIBU QEFKHFKD >?FIFQFBP BJBODB AROFKD >ALIBP@BK@B� 3LJB OBPB>O@EBOP PRDDBPQ QEFP FP ARB QLFK@OB>PBP FK MOL@BPPFKD PMBBA >KA BCCF@FBK@V O>QEBO QE>K >P QEB OBPRIQ LC >K FK@OB>PB FK JBKQ>I @>M>@FQVoFKLQEBO TLOAP ARB QL FJMOLSBJBKQP FK BUFPQFKD PHFIIP O>QEBO QE>K ABSBILMJBKQ LC KBT LKBP "GLOHI>KA �� #>PB �� $ROFKD >ALIBP@BK@B QBBK>DBOP JLSB ?BVLKA @LK@OBQB QEFKHFKD >KA ?B@LJB @>M>?IB LC>?PQO>@Q QELRDEQ� 2B@>II QE>Q 0F>DBQ OBCBOP QL QEFP PQ>DB >P CLOJ>I LMBO>QFLK>I QELRDEQ� 4BBK QEFKHFKD FP >IPL@E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V QEB >?FIFQV QL @LKPFABO JRIQFMIB MLFKQP LC SFBT FJ>DFKB EVMLQEBQF@>I PFQR>QFLKP AB?>QBFAB>P >KA LMFKFLKP B�D� MLIFQF@P OBIFDFLK >KA GRPQF@B >KA CLOJ KBT FAB>P Figure 9.17� )K >AAFQFLK FQsPKLQ�RK@LJJLK�CLO�>ALIBP@BKQP�QL�NRBPQFLK�>RQELOFQV�LO�@E>IIBKDB�BPQ>?IFPEBA�PL@FBQ>I�KLOJP�

Cognitive empathy >IPL HKLTK >P QEBLOV�LC�JFKA TEF@E TB AFP@RPPBA B>OIFBO TFQE OBD>OA QLBDL@BKQOFPJ OBI>QBP QL QEB >?FIFQV QL Q>HB QEB MBOPMB@QFSB LC LQEBOP >KA CBBI @LK@BOK CLO LQEBOP 3E>J>V�4PLLOV 4LJBO � !E>OLK�0BOBQW �� #LDKFQFSB BJM>QEV ?BDFKP QL FK@OB>PB FK >ALIBP@BK@B >KA FP >KFJMLOQ>KQ @LJMLKBKQ LC PL@F>I MOL?IBJ PLISFKD >KA @LKCIF@Q >SLFA>K@B� !@@LOAFKD QL LKB ILKDFQRAFK>IPQRAV IBSBIP LC @LDKFQFSB BJM>QEV ?BDFK OFPFKD FK DFOIP >OLRKA �� VB>OP LIA >KA >OLRKA �� VB>OP LIA FK?LVP 6>K ABO 'O>>CC BQ >I� �� 4BBKP TEL OBMLOQBA E>SFKD PRMMLOQFSB C>QEBOP TFQE TELJ QEBV @LRIAAFP@RPP QEBFO TLOOFBP TBOB CLRKA QL ?B ?BQQBO >?IB QL Q>HB QEB MBOPMB@QFSB LC LQEBOP -FHIFHLTPH> $ROFBW ��3LBKBKP ��

Figure 9.17 4BBK>DB�QEFKHFKD�FP�@E>O>@QBOFWBA�?V�QEB�>?FIFQV�QL�OB>PLK�ILDF@>IIV�>KA�PLISB�EVMLQEBQF@>I�MOL?IBJP�PR@E>P�ELT�QL�ABPFDK��MI>K��>KA�?RFIA�>�PQOR@QROB��@OBAFQ��5�3��!OJV�2$%#/-

Psychosocial Development!ALIBP@BKQP @LKQFKRB QL OBCFKB QEBFO PBKPB LC PBIC >P QEBV OBI>QB QL LQEBOP� %OFHPLK OBCBOOBA QL QEB Q>PH LC QEB>ALIBP@BKQ >P LKB LC FABKQFQV SBOPRP OLIB @LKCRPFLK� 4ERP FK %OFHPLKsP SFBT >K >ALIBP@BKQsP J>FK NRBPQFLKP>OB p7EL >J )�q >KA p7EL AL ) T>KQ QL ?B�q 3LJB >ALIBP@BKQP >ALMQ QEB S>IRBP >KA OLIBP QE>Q QEBFOM>OBKQP BUMB@Q CLO QEBJ� /QEBO QBBKP ABSBILM FABKQFQFBP QE>Q >OB FK LMMLPFQFLK QL QEBFO M>OBKQP ?RQ >IFDKTFQE�>�MBBO�DOLRM��4EFP�FP�@LJJLK�>P�MBBO�OBI>QFLKPEFMP�?B@LJB�>�@BKQO>I�CL@RP�FK�>ALIBP@BKQPs�IFSBP�

!P >ALIBP@BKQP TLOH QL CLOJ QEBFO FABKQFQFBP QEBV MRII >T>V COLJ QEBFO M>OBKQP >KA QEB MBBO DOLRM?B@LJBP SBOV FJMLOQ>KQ 3E>K>E>K -@(>IB /PDLLA � #OLRQBO �� $BPMFQB PMBKAFKD IBPP QFJB TFQEQEBFO M>OBKQP JLPQ QBBKP OBMLOQ MLPFQFSB CBBIFKDP QLT>OA QEBJ -LLOB 'RWJ>K (>FO ,FMMJ>K � '>OOBQQ �� 7>OJ >KA EB>IQEV M>OBKQ�@EFIA OBI>QFLKPEFMP E>SB ?BBK >PPL@F>QBA TFQE MLPFQFSB @EFIA LRQ@LJBP PR@E >P ?BQQBO DO>ABP >KA CBTBO P@ELLI ?BE>SFLO MOL?IBJP FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP >P TBII >P FK LQEBO @LRKQOFBP(>FO�BQ�>I� ��

)Q >MMB>OP QE>Q JLPQ QBBKP ALKsQ BUMBOFBK@B >ALIBP@BKQ PQLOJ >KA PQOBPP QL QEB ABDOBB LK@B C>JLRPIVPRDDBPQBA ?V '� 3Q>KIBV (>II > MFLKBBO FK QEB PQRAV LC >ALIBP@BKQ ABSBILMJBKQ� /KIV PJ>II KRJ?BOPLC QBBKP E>SB J>GLO @LKCIF@QP TFQE QEBFO M>OBKQP 3QBFK?BOD � -LOOFP �� >KA JLPQ AFP>DOBBJBKQP >OBJFKLO� &LO BU>JMIB FK > PQRAV LC LSBO � �� M>OBKQP LC >ALIBP@BKQP COLJ S>OFLRP @RIQRO>I >KA BQEKF@DOLRMP ">O?BO �� CLRKA QE>Q @LKCIF@QP L@@ROOBA LSBO A>V�QL�A>V FPPRBP PR@E >P ELJBTLOH JLKBV @ROCBTP @ILQEFKD @ELOBP >KA COFBKAP� 4EBPB QVMBP LC >ODRJBKQP QBKA QL AB@OB>PB >P QBBKP ABSBILM'>I>J?LP��!IJBFA> ��


Emerging Adulthood4EB KBUQ PQ>DB LC ABSBILMJBKQ FP emerging adulthood� 4EFP FP > OBI>QFSBIV KBTIV ABCFKBA MBOFLA LC IFCBPM>KABSBILMJBKQ PM>KKFKD COLJ �� VB>OP LIA QL QEB JFA��P @E>O>@QBOFWBA >P >K FK�?BQTBBK QFJB TEBOBFABKQFQV�BUMILO>QFLK�FP�CL@RPBA�LK�TLOH�>KA�ILSB�

7EBK ALBP > MBOPLK ?B@LJB >K >ARIQ� 4EBOB >OB J>KV T>VP QL >KPTBO QEFP NRBPQFLK� )K QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP VLR >OB IBD>IIV @LKPFABOBA >K >ARIQ >Q �� VB>OP LIA� "RQ LQEBO ABCFKFQFLKP LC >ARIQELLA S>OV TFABIV� FKPL@FLILDV CLO BU>JMIB > MBOPLK J>V ?B @LKPFABOBA >K >ARIQ TEBK PEB ?B@LJBP PBIC�PRMMLOQFKD @ELLPBP> @>OBBO DBQP J>OOFBA LO PQ>OQP > C>JFIV� 4EB >DBP >Q TEF@E TB >@EFBSB QEBPB JFIBPQLKBP S>OV COLJ MBOPLKQL MBOPLK >P TBII >P COLJ @RIQROB QL @RIQROB� &LO BU>JMIB FK QEB !COF@>K @LRKQOV LC ->I>TF ��VB>O�LIA.GBJFIB T>P J>OOFBA >Q �� VB>OP LIA >KA E>A EBO CFOPQ @EFIA >Q �� VB>OP LIA� )K EBO @RIQROB PEB FP @LKPFABOBA>K >ARIQ� #EFIAOBK FK ->I>TF Q>HB LK >ARIQ OBPMLKPF?FIFQFBP PR@E >P J>OOF>DB >KA TLOH B�D� @>OOVFKDT>QBO QBKAFKD ?>?FBP >KA TLOHFKD CFBIAP >P B>OIV >P �� VB>OP LIA� )K PQ>OH @LKQO>PQ FKABMBKABK@B FK7BPQBOK�@RIQROBP�FP�Q>HFKD�ILKDBO�>KA�ILKDBO �BCCB@QFSBIV�ABI>VFKD�QEB�LKPBQ�LC�>ARIQ�IFCB�

7EV FP FQ Q>HFKD QTBKQVPLJBQEFKDP PL ILKD QL DOLT RM� )Q PBBJP QE>Q BJBODFKD >ARIQELLA FP > MOLAR@Q LC?LQE 7BPQBOK @RIQROB >KA LRO @ROOBKQ QFJBP !OKBQQ �� 0BLMIB FK ABSBILMBA @LRKQOFBP >OB IFSFKD ILKDBO >IILTFKD QEB COBBALJ QL Q>HB >K BUQO> AB@>AB QL PQ>OQ > @>OBBO >KA C>JFIV� #E>KDBP FK QEB TLOHCLO@B >IPLMI>V > OLIB� &LO BU>JMIB �� VB>OP >DL > VLRKD >ARIQ TFQE > EFDE P@ELLI AFMILJ> @LRIA FJJBAF>QBIV BKQBOQEB TLOH CLO@B >KA @IFJ? QEB @LOMLO>QB I>AABO� 4E>Q FP KL ILKDBO QEB @>PB� ">@EBILOsP >KA BSBK DO>AR>QBABDOBBP >OB OBNRFOBA JLOB >KA JLOB LCQBKoBSBK CLO BKQOV�IBSBI GL?P !OKBQQ �� )K >AAFQFLK J>KVPQRABKQP >OB Q>HFKD ILKDBO CFSB LO PFU VB>OP QL @LJMIBQB > @LIIBDB ABDOBB >P > OBPRIQ LC TLOHFKD >KA DLFKDQL P@ELLI >Q QEB P>JB QFJB� !CQBO DO>AR>QFLK J>KV VLRKD >ARIQP OBQROK QL QEB C>JFIV ELJB ?B@>RPB QEBVE>SB AFCCF@RIQV CFKAFKD > GL?� #E>KDFKD @RIQRO>I BUMB@Q>QFLKP J>V ?B QEB JLPQ FJMLOQ>KQ OB>PLK CLO QEBABI>V FK BKQBOFKD >ARIQ OLIBP� 9LRKD MBLMIB >OB PMBKAFKD JLOB QFJB BUMILOFKD QEBFO LMQFLKP PL QEBV >OBABI>VFKD J>OOF>DB >KA TLOH >P QEBV @E>KDB J>GLOP >KA GL?P JRIQFMIB QFJBP MRQQFKD QEBJ LK > JR@E I>QBOQFJBQ>?IB�QE>K�QEBFO�M>OBKQP�!OKBQQ ��

ADULTHOOD!ARIQELLA ?BDFKP >OLRKA �� VB>OP LIA >KA E>P QEOBB AFPQFK@Q PQ>DBP� B>OIV JFAAIB >KA I>QB� %>@E PQ>DB?OFKDP�FQP�LTK�PBQ�LC�OBT>OAP�>KA�@E>IIBKDBP�

Physical Development"V QEB QFJB TB OB>@E B>OIV >ARIQELLA �� QL B>OIV ��P LRO MEVPF@>I J>QRO>QFLK FP @LJMIBQB >IQELRDELRO EBFDEQ >KA TBFDEQ J>V FK@OB>PB PIFDEQIV� )K VLRKD >ARIQELLA LRO MEVPF@>I >?FIFQFBP >OB >Q QEBFO MB>H FK@IRAFKD JRP@IB PQOBKDQE OB>@QFLK QFJB PBKPLOV >?FIFQFBP >KA @>OAF>@ CRK@QFLKFKD� -LPQ MOLCBPPFLK>I>QEIBQBP >OB >Q QEB QLM LC QEBFO D>JB AROFKD QEFP PQ>DB� ->KV TLJBK E>SB @EFIAOBK FK QEB VLRKD >ARIQELLAVB>OP �PL�QEBV�J>V�PBB�>AAFQFLK>I�TBFDEQ�D>FK�>KA�?OB>PQ�@E>KDBP�

-FAAIB >ARIQELLA BUQBKAP COLJ QEB ��P QL QEB ��P Figure 9.18� 0EVPF@>I AB@IFKB FP DO>AR>I� 4EB PHFK ILPBPPLJB BI>PQF@FQV >KA TOFKHIBP >OB >JLKD QEB CFOPQ PFDKP LC >DFKD� 6FPR>I >@RFQV AB@OB>PBP AROFKD QEFP QFJB�7LJBK BUMBOFBK@B > DO>AR>I AB@IFKB FK CBOQFIFQV >P QEBV >MMOL>@E QEB LKPBQ LC JBKLM>RPB QEB BKA LC QEBJBKPQOR>I @V@IB >OLRKA �� VB>OP LIA� "LQE JBK >KA TLJBK QBKA QL D>FK TBFDEQ� FK QEB >?ALJFK>I >OB> CLOJBK�>KA�FK�QEB�EFMP�>KA�QEFDEP�CLO�TLJBK��(>FO�?BDFKP�QL�QEFK�>KA�QROK�DO>V�



Figure 9.18 0EVPF@>I�AB@IFKBP�LC�JFAAIB�>KA�I>QB�>ARIQELLA�@>K�?B�JFKFJFWBA�TFQE�MOLMBO�BUBO@FPB��KRQOFQFLK��>KA�>K>@QFSB�IFCBPQVIB��@OBAFQ��JLAFCF@>QFLK�LC�TLOH�?V�0BQBO�3QBSBKP

,>QB >ARIQELLA FP @LKPFABOBA QL BUQBKA COLJ QEB ��P LK� 4EFP FP QEB I>PQ PQ>DB LC MEVPF@>I @E>KDB� 4EBPHFK @LKQFKRBP QL ILPB BI>PQF@FQV OB>@QFLK QFJB PILTP CROQEBO >KA JRP@IB PQOBKDQE AFJFKFPEBP� 3JBII Q>PQB EB>OFKD >KA SFPFLK PL PE>OM FK LRO QTBKQFBP AB@IFKB PFDKFCF@>KQIV� 4EB ?O>FK J>V >IPL KL ILKDBO CRK@QFLK>Q�LMQFJ>I�IBSBIP �IB>AFKD�QL�MOL?IBJP�IFHB�JBJLOV�ILPP �ABJBKQF> �>KA�!IWEBFJBOsP�AFPB>PB�FK�I>QBO�VB>OP�

!DFKD�ALBPKhQ�JB>K�>�MBOPLK�@>KhQ�BUMILOB�KBT�MROPRFQP��IB>OK�KBT�PHFIIP��>KA@LKQFKRB�QL�DOLT��7>Q@E�QEFP�FKPMFOFKD�PQLOV�>?LRQ Neil Unger(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Unger) TEL�FP�>�KBT?FB�QL�QEB�TLOIA�LC�PH>QB?L>OAFKD>Q��VB>OP�LIA�

Cognitive Development"B@>RPB TB PMBKA PL J>KV VB>OP FK >ARIQELLA JLOB QE>K >KV LQEBO PQ>DB @LDKFQFSB @E>KDBP >OBKRJBOLRP� )K C>@Q OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q >ARIQ @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ FP > @LJMIBU BSBO @E>KDFKD MOL@BPPQE>Q J>V ?B BSBK JLOB >@QFSB QE>K @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ FK FKC>K@V >KA B>OIV @EFIAELLA &FP@EBO 9>K �3QBT>OQ ��

4EBOB�FP�DLLA�KBTP�CLO�QEB�JFAAIB�>DB�?O>FK��6FBT�QEFP brief video(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/oldbrain) QL�CFKA�LRQ�TE>Q�FQ�FP�

5KIFHB LRO MEVPF@>I >?FIFQFBP TEF@E MB>H FK LRO JFA��P >KA QEBK ?BDFK > PILT AB@IFKB LRO @LDKFQFSB>?FIFQFBP OBJ>FK PQB>AV QEOLRDELRQ B>OIV >KA JFAAIB >ARIQELLA� /RO @OVPQ>IFWBA FKQBIIFDBK@B FKCLOJ>QFLK PHFIIP >KA PQO>QBDFBP TB E>SB D>QEBOBA QEOLRDE > IFCBQFJB LC BUMBOFBK@B QBKAP QL ELIA PQB>AV >P TB >DBoFQJ>V BSBK FJMOLSB� &LO BU>JMIB >ARIQP PELT OBI>QFSBIV PQ>?IB QL FK@OB>PFKD P@LOBP LK FKQBIIFDBK@B QBPQPRKQFI QEBFO JFA��P QL JFA��P ">VIBV � /ABK �� (LTBSBO FK I>QB >ARIQELLA TB ?BDFK QL BUMBOFBK@B> AB@IFKB FK >KLQEBO >OB> LC LRO @LDKFQFSB >?FIFQFBPoCIRFA FKQBIIFDBK@B FKCLOJ>QFLK MOL@BPPFKD >?FIFQFBP OB>PLKFKD >KA JBJLOV� 4EBPB MOL@BPPBP ?B@LJB PILTBO� (LT @>K TB ABI>V QEB LKPBQ LC @LDKFQFSB

LINK TO LEARNING

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Unger

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Unger

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/oldbrain

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/oldbrain

AB@IFKB� -BKQ>I >KA MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV PBBJP QL MI>V > M>OQ Figure 9.19� 2BPB>O@E E>P CLRKA >ARIQP TELBKD>DB FK JBKQ>IIV >KA MEVPF@>IIV PQFJRI>QFKD >@QFSFQFBP BUMBOFBK@B IBPP @LDKFQFSB AB@IFKB >KA E>SB >OBAR@BA FK@FABK@B LC JFIA @LDKFQFSB FJM>FOJBKQ >KA ABJBKQF> (BOQWLD +O>JBO 7FIPLK � ,FKABK?BODBO ��,>OPLK�BQ�>I� ��0LABTFIP�BQ�>I� ��

Figure 9.19 #LDKFQFSB�>@QFSFQFBP�PR@E�>P�MI>VFKD�J>EGLKD��@EBPP��LO�LQEBO�D>JBP��@>K�HBBM�VLR�JBKQ>IIV�CFQ��4EBP>JB�FP�QORB�CLO�PLIL�M>PQFJBP�IFHB�OB>AFKD�>KA�@LJMIBQFKD�@OLPPTLOA�MRWWIBP��@OBAFQ��0EFIFMMB�0RQ

Psychosocial Development4EBOB >OB J>KV QEBLOFBP >?LRQ QEB PL@F>I >KA BJLQFLK>I >PMB@QP LC >DFKD� 3LJB >PMB@QP LC EB>IQEV >DFKDFK@IRAB >@QFSFQFBP PL@F>I @LKKB@QBAKBPP >KA QEB OLIB LC > MBOPLKsP @RIQROB� !@@LOAFKD QL J>KV QEBLOFPQP FK@IRAFKD 'BLODB 6>FII>KQ �� TEL PQRAFBA >KA >K>IVWBA LSBO �� VB>OP LC A>Q> TB KBBA QL E>SB >KA@LKQFKRB QL CFKA JB>KFKD QEOLRDELRQ LRO IFSBP� &LO QELPB FK B>OIV >KA JFAAIB >ARIQELLA JB>KFKD FP CLRKAQEOLRDE TLOH 3QBOKP � (RV@H �� >KA C>JFIV IFCB ->OHRP 2VCC #RO>K � 0>IJBOPEBFJ �� 4EBPB>OB>P OBI>QB QL QEB Q>PHP QE>Q %OFHPLK OBCBOOBA QL >P DBKBO>QFSFQV >KA FKQFJ>@V� !P JBKQFLKBA MOBSFLRPIV >ARIQP QBKA QL ABCFKB QEBJPBISBP ?V TE>Q QEBV ALoQEBFO @>OBBOP� %>OKFKDP MB>H AROFKD QEFP QFJB VBQ GL?P>QFPC>@QFLK FP JLOB @ILPBIV QFBA QL TLOH QE>Q FKSLISBP @LKQ>@Q TFQE LQEBO MBLMIB FP FKQBOBPQFKD MOLSFABPLMMLOQRKFQFBP CLO >AS>K@BJBKQ >KA >IILTP PLJB FKABMBKABK@B -LEO � :LDEF �� QE>K FQ FP QL P>I>OV)VBKD>O 7BIIP � 3@ET>OQW �� (LT JFDEQ ?BFKD RKBJMILVBA LO ?BFKD FK > AB>A�BKA GL? @E>IIBKDB>ARIQ�TBII�?BFKD�

0LPFQFSB OBI>QFLKPEFMP TFQE PFDKFCF@>KQ LQEBOP FK LRO >ARIQ VB>OP E>SB ?BBK CLRKA QL @LKQOF?RQB QL > PQ>QBLC TBII�?BFKD 2VCC � 3FKDBO �� -LPQ >ARIQP FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP FABKQFCV QEBJPBISBP QEOLRDE QEBFOOBI>QFLKPEFMP TFQE C>JFIVoM>OQF@RI>OIV TFQE PMLRPBP @EFIAOBK >KA M>OBKQP ->OHRP BQ >I� �� 7EFIBO>FPFKD @EFIAOBK @>K ?B PQOBPPCRI BPMB@F>IIV TEBK QEBV >OB VLRKD OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q M>OBKQP OB>M QEBOBT>OAP ALTK QEB OL>A >P >ARIQ @EFIAOBK QBKA QL E>SB > MLPFQFSB BCCB@Q LK M>OBKQ>I TBII�?BFKD 5J?BOPLK 0RAOLSPH> � 2B@WBH �� (>SFKD > PQ>?IB J>OOF>DB E>P >IPL ?BBK CLRKA QL @LKQOF?RQB QL TBII�?BFKDQEOLRDELRQ�>ARIQELLA�6>FII>KQ ��

!KLQEBO >PMB@Q LC MLPFQFSB >DFKD FP ?BIFBSBA QL ?B PL@F>I @LKKB@QBAKBPP >KA PL@F>I PRMMLOQ� !P TB DBQ LIABO socioemotional selectivity theory PRDDBPQP QE>Q LRO PL@F>I PRMMLOQ >KA COFBKAPEFMP ATFKAIB FK KRJ?BO ?RQ�OBJ>FK�>P�@ILPB �FC�KLQ�JLOB�@ILPB�QE>K�FK�LRO�B>OIFBO�VB>OP�#>OPQBKPBK ��Figure 9.20�

Figure 9.20 3L@F>I�PRMMLOQ�FP�FJMLOQ>KQ�>P�TB�>DB��@OBAFQ��'>?OFBI�2L@E>



4L�IB>OK�JLOB��SFBT�QEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/aginginusa) LK�>DFKDFK�!JBOF@>�

9.4 Death and Dying

Learning Objectives

"V�QEB�BKA�LC�QEFP�PB@QFLK �VLR�TFII�?B�>?IB�QL�k $FP@RPP�ELPMF@B�@>OBk $BP@OF?B�QEB�CFSB�PQ>DBP�LC�DOFBCk $BCFKB�IFSFKD�TFII�>KA�$.2

%SBOV PQLOV E>P >K BKAFKD� $B>QE J>OHP QEB BKA LC VLRO IFCB PQLOV Figure 9.21� /RO @RIQROB >KAFKAFSFAR>I ?>@HDOLRKAP FKCIRBK@B ELT TB SFBT AB>QE� )K PLJB @RIQROBP AB>QE FP >@@BMQBA >P > K>QRO>I M>OQLC IFCB >KA FP BJ?O>@BA� )K @LKQO>PQ RKQFI >?LRQ �� VB>OP >DL FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP > AL@QLO JFDEQ KLQ FKCLOJPLJBLKB QE>Q QEBV TBOB AVFKD >KA QEB J>GLOFQV LC AB>QEP L@@ROOBA FK ELPMFQ>IP� )K �� QE>Q OB>IFQV ?BD>KQL @E>KDB TFQE #F@BIV 3>RKABOP TEL @OB>QBA QEB CFOPQ JLABOK hospice FK %KDI>KA� 4EB >FJ LC ELPMF@B FPQL EBIM MOLSFAB > AB>QE TFQE AFDKFQV >KA M>FK J>K>DBJBKQ FK > ERJ>KB >KA @LJCLOQ>?IB BKSFOLKJBKQ TEF@E FP RPR>IIV LRQPFAB LC > ELPMFQ>I PBQQFKD� )K �� &ILOBK@B 7>IA CLRKABA QEB CFOPQ ELPMF@B FK QEB5KFQBA 3Q>QBP� 4LA>V ELPMF@B MOLSFABP @>OB CLO �� JFIIFLK !JBOF@>KP >KA QEBFO C>JFIFBP� "B@>RPB LCELPMF@B�@>OB �J>KV�QBOJFK>IIV�FII�MBLMIB�>OB�>?IB�QL�PMBKA�QEBFO�I>PQ�A>VP�>Q�ELJB�

Figure 9.21 )K�PLJB�@RIQROBP��MBLMIBhP�?LAFBP�J>V�?B�?ROFBA�FK�>�@BJBQBOV�>CQBO�AB>QE��@OBAFQ��#EOFPQFK>�2RQW

2BPB>O@E E>P FKAF@>QBA QE>Q ELPMF@B @>OB FP ?BKBCF@F>I CLO QEB M>QFBKQ "ORJIBV %KNRFA>KLP � #EBOFK ��"ORJIBV BQ >I� �� 'LAHFK +O>KQ � $LPQBO �� >KA CLO QEB M>QFBKQsP C>JFIV 2ELABP -FQ@EBII -FIIBO #LKKLO � 4BKL �� 'LAHFK BQ >I� �� (LPMF@B M>QFBKQP OBMLOQ EFDE IBSBIP LC P>QFPC>@QFLK TFQE ELPMF@B@>OB ?B@>RPB QEBV >OB >?IB QL OBJ>FK >Q ELJB >KA >OB KLQ @LJMIBQBIV ABMBKABKQ LK PQO>KDBOP CLO @>OB"ORJIBV BQ >I� �� )K >AAFQFLK ELPMF@B M>QFBKQP QBKA QL IFSB ILKDBO QE>K KLK�ELPMF@B M>QFBKQP #LKKLO 0VBKPLK &FQ@E 3MBK@B � )T>P>HF �� 4BJBI BQ >I� �� &>JFIV JBJ?BOP OB@BFSB BJLQFLK>I PRMMLOQ>KA >OB OBDRI>OIV FKCLOJBA LC QEBFO ILSBA LKBsP QOB>QJBKQ >KA @LKAFQFLK� 4EB C>JFIV JBJ?BOsP ?ROABKLC @>OB FP >IPL OBAR@BA -@-FII>K BQ >I� �� "LQE QEB M>QFBKQ >KA QEB M>QFBKQsP C>JFIV JBJ?BOP OBMLOQFK@OB>PBA C>JFIV PRMMLOQ FK@OB>PBA PL@F>I PRMMLOQ >KA FJMOLSBA @LMFKD TEFIB OB@BFSFKD ELPMF@B PBOSF@BP'LAHFK�BQ�>I� ��

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/aginginusa

(LT AL VLR QEFKH VLR JFDEQ OB>@Q FC VLR TBOB AF>DKLPBA TFQE > QBOJFK>I FIIKBPP IFHB @>K@BO� %IFW>?BQE+j?IBO�2LPP �� TEL TLOHBA TFQE QEB CLRKABOP LC ELPMF@B @>OB ABP@OF?BA QEB MOL@BPP LC >K FKAFSFAR>I>@@BMQFKD EFP LTK AB>QE� 3EB MOLMLPBA CFSB PQ>DBP LC DOFBC� ABKF>I >KDBO ?>OD>FKFKD ABMOBPPFLK >KA>@@BMQ>K@B� -LPQ FKAFSFAR>IP BUMBOFBK@B QEBPB PQ>DBP ?RQ QEB PQ>DBP J>V L@@RO FK AFCCBOBKQ LOABOP ABMBKAFKD LK QEB FKAFSFAR>I� )K >AAFQFLK KLQ >II MBLMIB BUMBOFBK@B >II LC QEB PQ>DBP� )Q FP >IPL FJMLOQ>KQQL KLQB QE>Q PLJB MPV@ELILDFPQP ?BIFBSB QE>Q QEB JLOB > AVFKD MBOPLK CFDEQP AB>QE QEB JLOB IFHBIV EBFP QL OBJ>FK PQR@H FK QEB ABKF>I ME>PB� 4EFP @LRIA J>HB FQ AFCCF@RIQ CLO QEB AVFKD MBOPLK QL C>@B AB>QETFQE AFDKFQV� (LTBSBO LQEBO MPV@ELILDFPQP ?BIFBSB QE>Q KLQ C>@FKD AB>QE RKQFI QEB SBOV BKA FP >K >A>MQFSB@LMFKD�JB@E>KFPJ�CLO�PLJB�MBLMIB�

7EBQEBO ARB QL FIIKBPP LO LIA >DB KLQ BSBOVLKB C>@FKD AB>QE LO QEB ILPP LC > ILSBA LKB BUMBOFBK@BP QEBKBD>QFSB BJLQFLKP LRQIFKBA FK QEB +j?IBO�2LPP JLABI .LIBK�(LBHPBJ> � ,>OPLK �� &LO BU>JMIB OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q MBLMIB TFQE OBIFDFLRP LO PMFOFQR>I ?BIFBCP >OB ?BQQBO >?IB QL @LMB TFQE AB>QE ?B@>RPBLC QEBFO ELMB FK >K >CQBOIFCB >KA ?B@>RPB LC PL@F>I PRMMLOQ COLJ OBIFDFLRP LO PMFOFQR>I >PPL@F>QFLKP (LLA 3MFIH> (RKP?BODBO � #LOPR@E �� -@)KQLPE 3FISBO � 7LOQJ>K �� 0>ILRQWF>K �� 3>J>OBI ��7LOQJ>K��0>OH ��

! MOLJFKBKQ BU>JMIB LC > MBOPLK @OB>QFKD JB>KFKD QEOLRDE AB>QE FP 2>KAV 0>RP@E TEL T>P > TBII�ILSBA >KA OBPMB@QBA MOLCBPPLO >Q #>OKBDFB -BIILK 5KFSBOPFQV� $F>DKLPBA TFQE QBOJFK>I M>K@OB>QF@ @>K@BOFK EFP JFA��P >KA DFSBK LKIV �n� JLKQEP QL IFSB 0>RP@E CL@RPBA LK IFSFKD FK > CRICFIIFKD T>V FK QEB QFJBEB E>A IBCQ� )KPQB>A LC ?B@LJFKD >KDOV >KA ABMOBPPBA EB MOBPBKQBA EFP KLT C>JLRP I>PQ IB@QROB @>IIBAp2B>IIV !@EFBSFKD 9LRO #EFIAELLA $OB>JP�q )K EFP JLSFKD VBQ ERJLOLRP Q>IH EB PE>OBP EFP FKPFDEQP LKPBBFKD QEB DLLA FK LQEBOP LSBO@LJFKD L?PQ>@IBP >KA BUMBOFBK@FKD WBOL DO>SFQV >JLKD J>KV LQEBO QEFKDP�$BPMFQB EFP QBOJFK>I AF>DKLPFP 0>RP@E IFSBA QEB CFK>I VB>O LC EFP IFCB TFQE GLV >KA ELMB PELTFKD RP QE>QLRO�MI>KP�CLO�QEB�CRQROB�PQFII�J>QQBO �BSBK�FC�TB�HKLT�QE>Q�TB�>OB�AVFKD�

Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lastlecture) FP�2>KAV�0>RP@EhP�I>PQ�IB@QROB��,FPQBK�QL�EFP�FKPMFOFKD�Q>IH�

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lastlecture

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lastlecture

accommodation

adolescence

adrenarche

assimilation

attachment

authoritarian parenting style

authoritative parenting style

avoidant attachment

cognitive development

cognitive empathy

conception

concrete operational stage

conservation

continuous development

critical (sensitive) period

developmental milestone

discontinuous development

disorganized attachment

egocentrism

embryo

emerging adulthood

fine motor skills

Key Terms

>AGRPQJBKQ�LC�>�P@EBJ>�?V�@E>KDFKD�>�P@EBJB�QL�>@@LJJLA>QB�KBT�FKCLOJ>QFLKAFCCBOBKQ�COLJ�TE>Q�T>P�>IOB>AV�HKLTK

MBOFLA�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�?BDFKP�>Q�MR?BOQV�>KA�BKAP�>Q�B>OIV�>ARIQELLA

J>QROFKD�LC�QEB�>AOBK>I�DI>KAP

>AGRPQJBKQ�LC�>�P@EBJ>�?V�>AAFKD�FKCLOJ>QFLK�PFJFI>O�QL�TE>Q�FP�>IOB>AV�HKLTK

ILKD�PQ>KAFKD�@LKKB@QFLK�LO�?LKA�TFQE�LQEBOP

M>OBKQP�MI>@B�>�EFDE�S>IRB�LK�@LKCLOJFQV�>KA�L?BAFBK@B �>OB�LCQBK�OFDFA >KA�BUMOBPP�IFQQIB�T>OJQE�QL�QEB�@EFIA

M>OBKQP�DFSB�@EFIAOBK�OB>PLK>?IB�ABJ>KAP�>KA�@LKPFPQBKQ�IFJFQP �BUMOBPPT>OJQE�>KA�>CCB@QFLK �>KA�IFPQBK�QL�QEB�@EFIAsP�MLFKQ�LC�SFBT

@E>O>@QBOFWBA�?V�@EFIAsP�RKOBPMLKPFSBKBPP�QL�M>OBKQ �ALBP�KLQ�RPB�QEB�M>OBKQ�>P�>PB@ROB�?>PB �>KA�ALBP�KLQ�@>OB�FC�M>OBKQ�IB>SBP

ALJ>FK�LC�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�BU>JFKBP�IB>OKFKD �>QQBKQFLK �JBJLOV I>KDR>DB �QEFKHFKD �OB>PLKFKD �>KA�@OB>QFSFQV

>?FIFQV�QL�Q>HB�QEB�MBOPMB@QFSB�LC�LQEBOP�>KA�QL�CBBI�@LK@BOK�CLO�LQEBOP

TEBK�>�PMBOJ�CBOQFIFWBP�>K�BDD�>KA�CLOJP�>�WVDLQB

QEFOA�PQ>DB�FK�0F>DBQsP�QEBLOV�LC�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ��COLJ�>?LRQ��QL��VB>OP�LIA �@EFIAOBK�@>K�QEFKH�ILDF@>IIV�>?LRQ�OB>I�@LK@OBQB�BSBKQP

FAB>�QE>Q�BSBK�FC�VLR�@E>KDB�QEB�>MMB>O>K@B�LC�PLJBQEFKD �FQ�FP�PQFII�BNR>I�FK�PFWB �SLIRJB �LOKRJ?BO�>P�ILKD�>P�KLQEFKD�FP�>AABA�LO�OBJLSBA

SFBT�QE>Q�ABSBILMJBKQ�FP�>�@RJRI>QFSB�MOL@BPP��DO>AR>IIV�FJMOLSFKD�LKBUFPQFKD�PHFIIP

QFJB�AROFKD�CBQ>I�DOLTQE�TEBK�PMB@FCF@�M>OQP�LO�LOD>KP�ABSBILM

>MMOLUFJ>QB�>DBP�>Q�TEF@E�@EFIAOBK�OB>@E�PMB@FCF@�KLOJ>QFSB�BSBKQP

SFBT�QE>Q�ABSBILMJBKQ�Q>HBP�MI>@B�FK�RKFNRB�PQ>DBP �TEF@E�E>MMBK�>QPMB@FCF@�QFJBP�LO�>DBP

@E>O>@QBOFWBA�?V�QEB�@EFIAsP�LAA�?BE>SFLO�TEBK�C>@BA�TFQE�QEB�M>OBKQ��QVMB�LC>QQ>@EJBKQ�PBBK�JLPQ�LCQBK�TFQE�HFAP�QE>Q�>OB�>?RPBA

MOBLMBO>QFLK>I�@EFIAsP�AFCCF@RIQV�FK�Q>HFKD�QEB�MBOPMB@QFSB�LC�LQEBOP

JRIQF�@BIIRI>O�LOD>KFPJ�FK�FQP�B>OIV�PQ>DBP�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ

KBTIV�ABCFKBA�MBOFLA�LC�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�COLJ��VB>OP�LIA�QL�QEB�JFA��P�VLRKD�MBLMIB�>OB�Q>HFKD�ILKDBO�QL�@LJMIBQB�@LIIBDB �DBQ�>�GL? �DBQ�J>OOFBA �>KA�PQ>OQ�>�C>JFIV

RPB�LC�JRP@IBP�FK�CFKDBOP �QLBP �>KA�BVBP�QL�@LLOAFK>QB�PJ>II�>@QFLKP


formal operational stage

gonadarche

gross motor skills

hospice

menarche

mitosis

motor skills

nature

newborn reflexes

normative approach

nurture

object permanence

permissive parenting style

physical development

placenta

prenatal care

preoperational stage

primary sexual characteristics

psychosexual development

psychosocial development

psychosocial development

resistant attachment

reversibility

CFK>I�PQ>DB�FK�0F>DBQsP�QEBLOV�LC�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ��COLJ�>DB��>KA�RM @EFIAOBK�>OB�>?IB�QL�AB>I�TFQE�>?PQO>@Q�FAB>P�>KA�EVMLQEBQF@>I�PFQR>QFLKP

J>QROFKD�LC�QEB�PBU�DI>KAP

RPB�LC�I>ODB�JRP@IB�DOLRMP�QL�@LKQOLI�>OJP�>KA�IBDP�CLO�I>ODB�?LAV�JLSBJBKQP

PBOSF@B�QE>Q�MOLSFABP�>�AB>QE�TFQE�AFDKFQV��M>FK�J>K>DBJBKQ�FK�>�ERJ>KB�>KA�@LJCLOQ>?IBBKSFOLKJBKQ��RPR>IIV�LRQPFAB�LC�>�ELPMFQ>I�PBQQFKD

?BDFKKFKD�LC�JBKPQOR>I�MBOFLA��>OLRKA��n��VB>OP�LIA

MOL@BPP�LC�@BII�AFSFPFLK

>?FIFQV�QL�JLSB�LRO�?LAV�>KA�J>KFMRI>QB�L?GB@QP

DBKBP�>KA�?FLILDV

FK?LOK�>RQLJ>QF@�OBPMLKPB�QL�>�M>OQF@RI>O�CLOJ�LC�PQFJRI>QFLK�QE>Q�>II�EB>IQEV�?>?FBP>OB�?LOK�TFQE

PQRAV�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ�RPFKD�KLOJP �LO�>SBO>DB�>DBP �TEBK�JLPQ�@EFIAOBK�OB>@EPMB@FCF@�ABSBILMJBKQ>I�JFIBPQLKBP

BKSFOLKJBKQ�>KA�@RIQROB

FAB>�QE>Q�BSBK�FC�PLJBQEFKD�FP�LRQ�LC�PFDEQ �FQ�PQFII�BUFPQP

M>OBKQP�J>HB�CBT�ABJ>KAP�>KA�O>OBIV�RPB�MRKFPEJBKQ

ALJ>FK�LC�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�BU>JFKBP�DOLTQE�>KA�@E>KDBP�FK�QEB�?LAV>KA�?O>FK �QEB�PBKPBP �JLQLO�PHFIIP �>KA�EB>IQE�>KA�TBIIKBPP

PQOR@QROB�@LKKB@QBA�QL�QEB�RQBORP�QE>Q�MOLSFABP�KLROFPEJBKQ�>KA�LUVDBK�QL�QEB�ABSBILMFKD?>?V

JBAF@>I�@>OB�AROFKD�MOBDK>K@V�QE>Q�JLKFQLOP�QEB�EB>IQE�LC�?LQE�QEB�JLQEBO�>KA�QEB�CBQRP

PB@LKA�PQ>DB�FK�0F>DBQsP�QEBLOV�LC�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ��COLJ�>DBP��QL�� @EFIAOBKIB>OK�QL�RPB�PVJ?LIP�>KA�I>KDR>DB�?RQ�AL�KLQ�RKABOPQ>KA�JBKQ>I�LMBO>QFLKP�>KA�LCQBK�QEFKH�FIILDF@>IIV

LOD>KP�PMB@FCF@>IIV�KBBABA�CLO�OBMOLAR@QFLK

MOL@BPP�MOLMLPBA�?V�&OBRA�FK�TEF@E�MIB>PROB�PBBHFKD�RODBP�CL@RP�LKAFCCBOBKQ�BOLDBKLRP�WLKBP�LC�QEB�?LAV�>P�ERJ>KP�JLSB�QEOLRDE�CFSB�PQ>DBP�LC�IFCB

ALJ>FK�LC�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�QE>Q�BU>JFKBP�BJLQFLKP �MBOPLK>IFQV �>KAPL@F>I�OBI>QFLKPEFMP

MOL@BPP�MOLMLPBA�?V�%OFHPLK�FK�TEF@E�PL@F>I�Q>PHP�>OB�J>PQBOBA�>P�ERJ>KPJLSB�QEOLRDE�BFDEQ�PQ>DBP�LC�IFCB�COLJ�FKC>K@V�QL�>ARIQELLA

@E>O>@QBOFWBA�?V�QEB�@EFIAsP�QBKABK@V�QL�PELT�@IFKDV�?BE>SFLO�>KA�OBGB@QFLK�LC�QEBM>OBKQ�TEBK�PEB�>QQBJMQP�QL�FKQBO>@Q�TFQE�QEB�@EFIA

MOFK@FMIB�QE>Q�L?GB@QP�@>K�?B�@E>KDBA �?RQ�QEBK�OBQROKBA�?>@H�QL�QEBFO�LOFDFK>I�CLOJ�LO@LKAFQFLK



schema

secondary sexual characteristics

secure attachment

secure base

sensorimotor stage

socioemotional selectivity theory

spermarche

stage of moral reasoning

temperament

teratogen

uninvolved parenting style

zygote

MIRO>I��P@EBJ>Q>�@LK@BMQ�JBKQ>I�JLABI�QE>Q�FP�RPBA�QL�EBIM�RP�@>QBDLOFWB�>KA�FKQBOMOBQFKCLOJ>QFLK

MEVPF@>I�PFDKP�LC�PBUR>I�J>QRO>QFLK�QE>Q�AL�KLQ�AFOB@QIV�FKSLISB�PBULOD>KP

@E>O>@QBOFWBA�?V�QEB�@EFIA�RPFKD�QEB�M>OBKQ�>P�>�PB@ROB�?>PB�COLJ�TEF@E�QL�BUMILOB

M>OBKQ>I�MOBPBK@B�QE>Q�DFSBP�QEB�FKC>KQ�QLAAIBO�>�PBKPB�LC�P>CBQV�>P�EB�BUMILOBP�EFPPROOLRKAFKDP

CFOPQ�PQ>DB�FK�0F>DBQsP�QEBLOV�LC�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ��COLJ�?FOQE�QEOLRDE�>DB�� >@EFIA�IB>OKP�>?LRQ�QEB�TLOIA�QEOLRDE�PBKPBP�>KA�JLQLO�?BE>SFLO

PL@F>I�PRMMLOQ�COFBKAPEFMP�ATFKAIB�FK�KRJ?BO �?RQ�OBJ>FK�>P�@ILPB �FCKLQ�JLOB�@ILPB�QE>K�FK�B>OIFBO�VB>OP

CFOPQ�J>IB�BG>@RI>QFLK

MOL@BPP�MOLMLPBA�?V�+LEI?BOD��ERJ>KP�JLSB�QEOLRDE�QEOBB�PQ>DBP�LC�JLO>IABSBILMJBKQ

FKK>QB�QO>FQP�QE>Q�FKCIRBK@B�ELT�LKB�QEFKHP �?BE>SBP �>KA�OB>@QP�TFQE�QEB�BKSFOLKJBKQ

?FLILDF@>I �@EBJF@>I �LO�MEVPF@>I�BKSFOLKJBKQ>I�>DBKQ�QE>Q�@>RPBP�A>J>DB�QL�QEB�ABSBILMFKDBJ?OVL�LO�CBQRP

M>OBKQP�>OB�FKAFCCBOBKQ �RKFKSLISBA �>KA�PLJBQFJBP�OBCBOOBA�QL�>P�KBDIB@QCRI�QEBV�ALKsQ�OBPMLKA�QL�QEB�@EFIAsP�KBBAP�>KA�J>HB�OBI>QFSBIV�CBT�ABJ>KAP

PQOR@QROB�@OB>QBA�TEBK�>�PMBOJ�>KA�BDD�JBODB�>Q�@LK@BMQFLK��?BDFKP�>P�>�PFKDIB�@BII�>KA�O>MFAIVAFSFABP�QL�CLOJ�QEB�BJ?OVL�>KA�MI>@BKQ>

Summary

9.1 What Is Lifespan Development?,FCBPM>K ABSBILMJBKQ BUMILOBP ELT TB @E>KDB >KA DOLT COLJ @LK@BMQFLK QL AB>QE� 4EFP CFBIA LCMPV@ELILDV FP PQRAFBA ?V ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP� 4EBV SFBT ABSBILMJBKQ >P > IFCBILKD MOL@BPPQE>Q @>K ?B PQRAFBA P@FBKQFCF@>IIV >@OLPP QEOBB ABSBILMJBKQ>I ALJ>FKP� MEVPF@>I @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ >KA MPV@ELPL@F>I� 4EBOB >OB PBSBO>I QEBLOFBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q CL@RP LK QEB CLIILTFKD FPPRBP� TEBQEBOABSBILMJBKQ FP @LKQFKRLRP LO AFP@LKQFKRLRP TEBQEBO ABSBILMJBKQ CLIILTP LKB @LROPB LO J>KV >KA QEBOBI>QFSB�FKCIRBK@B�LC�K>QROB�SBOPRP�KROQROB�LK�ABSBILMJBKQ�

9.2 Lifespan Theories4EBOB >OB J>KV QEBLOFBP OBD>OAFKD ELT ?>?FBP >KA @EFIAOBK DOLT >KA ABSBILM FKQL E>MMV EB>IQEV >ARIQP�3FDJRKA &OBRA PRDDBPQBA QE>Q TB M>PP QEOLRDE > PBOFBP LC MPV@ELPBUR>I PQ>DBP FK TEF@E LRO BKBODV FPCL@RPBA LK @BOQ>FK BOLDBKLRP WLKBP LK QEB ?LAV� %OF@ %OFHPLK JLAFCFBA &OBRAsP FAB>P >KA PRDDBPQBA >QEBLOV LC MPV@ELPL@F>I ABSBILMJBKQ� %OFHPLK P>FA QE>Q LRO PL@F>I FKQBO>@QFLKP >KA PR@@BPPCRI @LJMIBQFLK LCPL@F>I Q>PHP PE>MB LRO PBKPB LC PBIC� *B>K 0F>DBQ MOLMLPBA > QEBLOV LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q BUMI>FKPELT @EFIAOBK QEFKH >KA OB>PLK >P QEBV JLSB QEOLRDE S>OFLRP PQ>DBP� &FK>IIV ,>TOBK@B +LEI?BOD QROKBAEFP >QQBKQFLK QL JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ� (B P>FA QE>Q TB M>PP QEOLRDE QEOBB IBSBIP LC JLO>I QEFKHFKD QE>Q ?RFIALK�LRO�@LDKFQFSB�ABSBILMJBKQ�


9.3 Stages of Development!Q @LK@BMQFLK QEB BDD >KA PMBOJ @BII >OB RKFQBA QL CLOJ > WVDLQB TEF@E TFII ?BDFK QL AFSFAB O>MFAIV� 4EFPJ>OHP QEB ?BDFKKFKD LC QEB CFOPQ PQ>DB LC MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ DBOJFK>I PQ>DB TEF@E I>PQP >?LRQ QTLTBBHP� 4EBK QEB WVDLQB FJMI>KQP FQPBIC FKQL QEB IFKFKD LC QEB TLJ>KsP RQBORP J>OHFKD QEB ?BDFKKFKD LC QEBPB@LKA PQ>DB LC MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ BJ?OVLKF@ PQ>DB TEF@E I>PQP >?LRQ PFU TBBHP� 4EB BJ?OVL ?BDFKPQL ABSBILM ?LAV >KA LOD>K PQOR@QROBP >KA QEB KBRO>I QR?B CLOJP TEF@E TFII I>QBO ?B@LJB QEB ?O>FK >KAPMFK>I @LOA� 4EB QEFOA ME>PB LC MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ CBQ>I PQ>DB ?BDFKP >Q � TBBHP >KA I>PQP RKQFI ?FOQE�4EB ?LAV ?O>FK >KA LOD>KP DOLT O>MFAIV AROFKD QEFP PQ>DB� $ROFKD >II PQ>DBP LC MOBDK>K@V FQ FP FJMLOQ>KQQE>Q�QEB�JLQEBO�OB@BFSB�MOBK>Q>I�@>OB�QL�OBAR@B�EB>IQE�OFPHP�QL�EBOPBIC�>KA�QL�EBO�ABSBILMFKD�?>?V�

.BT?LOK FKC>KQP TBFDE >?LRQ �� MLRKAP� $L@QLOP >PPBPP > KBT?LOKsP OBCIBUBP PR@E >P QEB PR@HFKD OLLQFKD >KA -LOL OBCIBUBP� /RO MEVPF@>I @LDKFQFSB >KA MPV@ELPL@F>I PHFIIP DOLT >KA @E>KDB >P TB JLSBQEOLRDE ABSBILMJBKQ>I PQ>DBP COLJ FKC>K@V QEOLRDE I>QB >ARIQELLA� !QQ>@EJBKQ FK FKC>K@V FP > @OFQF@>I@LJMLKBKQ LC EB>IQEV ABSBILMJBKQ� 0>OBKQFKD PQVIBP E>SB ?BBK CLRKA QL E>SB >K BCCB@Q LK @EFIAELLALRQ@LJBP LC TBII�?BFKD� 4EB QO>KPFQFLK COLJ >ALIBP@BK@B QL >ARIQELLA @>K ?B @E>IIBKDFKD ARB QL QEB QFJFKDLC MR?BOQV >KA ARB QL QEB BUQBKABA >JLRKQ LC QFJB PMBKQ FK BJBODFKD >ARIQELLA� !IQELRDE MEVPF@>IAB@IFKB ?BDFKP FK JFAAIB >ARIQELLA @LDKFQFSB AB@IFKB ALBP KLQ ?BDFK RKQFI I>QBO� !@QFSFQFBP QE>Q HBBM QEB?LAV >KA JFKA >@QFSB @>K EBIM J>FKQ>FK DLLA MEVPF@>I >KA @LDKFQFSB EB>IQE >P TB >DB� 3L@F>I PRMMLOQPQEOLRDE�C>JFIV�>KA�COFBKAP�OBJ>FK�FJMLOQ>KQ�>P�TB�>DB�

9.4 Death and Dying$B>QE J>OHP QEB BKAMLFKQ LC LRO IFCBPM>K� 4EBOB >OB J>KV T>VP QE>Q TB JFDEQ OB>@Q TEBK C>@FKD AB>QE�+j?IBO�2LPP ABSBILMBA > CFSB�PQ>DB JLABI LC DOFBC >P > T>V QL BUMI>FK QEFP MOL@BPP� ->KV MBLMIB C>@FKDAB>QE @ELLPB ELPMF@B @>OB TEF@E >IILTP QEBFO I>PQ A>VP QL ?B PMBKQ >Q ELJB FK > @LJCLOQ>?IB PRMMLOQFSBBKSFOLKJBKQ�

Review Questions

1. 4EB�SFBT�QE>Q�ABSBILMJBKQ�FP�>�@RJRI>QFSBMOL@BPP �DO>AR>IIV�>AAFKD�QL�QEB�P>JB�QVMB�LCPHFIIP�FP�HKLTK�>P�========�

>� K>QROB?� KROQROB@� @LKQFKRLRP�ABSBILMJBKQA� AFP@LKQFKRLRP�ABSBILMJBKQ

2. $BSBILMJBKQ>I�MPV@ELILDFPQP�PQRAV�ERJ>KDOLTQE�>KA�ABSBILMJBKQ�>@OLPP�QEOBB�ALJ>FKP�7EF@E�LC�QEB�CLIILTFKD�FP not LKB�LC�QEBPBALJ>FKP�

>� @LDKFQFSB?� MPV@ELILDF@>I@� MEVPF@>IA� MPV@ELPL@F>I

3. (LT�FP�IFCBPM>K�ABSBILMJBKQ�ABCFKBA�>� 4EB�PQRAV�LC�ELT�TB�DOLT�>KA�@E>KDB

COLJ�@LK@BMQFLK�QL�AB>QE�?� 4EB�PQRAV�LC�ELT�TB�DOLT�>KA�@E>KDB�FK

FKC>K@V�>KA�@EFIAELLA�@� 4EB�PQRAV�LC�MEVPF@>I �@LDKFQFSB �>KA

MPV@ELPL@F>I�DOLTQE�FK�@EFIAOBK�

A� 4EB�PQRAV�LC�BJLQFLKP �MBOPLK>IFQV �>KAPL@F>I�OBI>QFLKPEFMP�

4. 4EB�FAB>�QE>Q�BSBK�FC�PLJBQEFKD�FP�LRQ�LC�PFDEQ FQ�PQFII�BUFPQP�FP�@>IIBA�========�

>� BDL@BKQOFPJ?� L?GB@Q�MBOJ>KBK@B@� @LKPBOS>QFLKA� OBSBOPF?FIFQV

5. 7EF@E�QEBLOFPQ�MOLMLPBA�QE>Q�JLO>I�QEFKHFKDMOL@BBAP�QEOLRDE�>�PBOFBP�LC�PQ>DBP�

>� 3FDJRKA�&OBRA?� %OFH�%OFHPLK@� *LEK�7>QPLKA� ,>TOBK@B�+LEI?BOD

6. !@@LOAFKD�QL�%OFHPLKsP�QEBLOV�LC�MPV@ELPL@F>IABSBILMJBKQ �TE>Q�FP�QEB�J>FK�Q>PH�LC�QEB>ALIBP@BKQ�

>� ABSBILMFKD�>RQLKLJV?� CBBIFKD�@LJMBQBKQ@� CLOJFKD�>K�FABKQFQV



A� CLOJFKD�FKQFJ>QB�OBI>QFLKPEFMP

7. 7EF@E�LC�QEB�CLIILTFKD�FP�QEB�@LOOB@Q�LOABO�LCMOBK>Q>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�

>� WVDLQB �CBQRP �BJ?OVL?� CBQRP �BJ?OVL�WVDLQB@� CBQRP �WVDLQB �BJ?OVLA� WVDLQB �BJ?OVL �CBQRP

8. 4EB�QFJB�AROFKD�CBQ>I�DOLTQE�TEBK�PMB@FCF@M>OQP�LO�LOD>KP�ABSBILM�FP�HKLTK�>P�========�

>� @OFQF@>I�MBOFLA?� JFQLPFP@� @LK@BMQFLKA� MOBDK>K@V

9. 7E>Q�?BDFKP�>P�>�PFKDIB�@BII�PQOR@QROB�QE>Q�FP@OB>QBA�TEBK�>�PMBOJ�>KA�BDD�JBODB�>Q@LK@BMQFLK�

>� BJ?OVL?� CBQRP@� WVDLQBA� FKC>KQ

10. 5PFKD�P@FPPLOP�QL�@RQ�LRQ�M>MBO�PE>MBP�FP�>KBU>JMIB�LC�========�

>� DOLPP�JLQLO�PHFIIP?� CFKB�JLQLO�PHFIIP@� I>ODB�JLQLO�PHFIIPA� PJ>II�JLQLO�PHFIIP

11. 4EB�@EFIA�RPBP�QEB�M>OBKQ�>P�>�?>PB�COLJTEF@E�QL�BUMILOB�EBO�TLOIA�FK�TEF@E�>QQ>@EJBKQPQVIB�

>� PB@ROB?� FKPB@ROB�>SLFA>KQ@� FKPB@ROB�>J?FS>IBKQ�OBPFPQ>KQA� AFPLOD>KFWBA

12. 4EB�COLKQ>I�IL?BP�?B@LJB�CRIIV�ABSBILMBA========�

>� >Q�?FOQE?� >Q�QEB�?BDFKKFKD�LC�>ALIBP@BK@B@� >Q�QEB�BKA�LC�>ALIBP@BK@BA� ?V��VB>OP�LIA

13. 7EL�@OB>QBA�QEB�SBOV�CFOPQ�JLABOK�ELPMF@B�>� %IFW>?BQE�+j?IBO�2LPP?� #F@BIV�3>RKABOP@� &ILOBK@B�7>IAA� &ILOBK@B�.FDEQFKD>IB

14. 7EF@E�LC�QEB�CLIILTFKD�FP�QEB�LOABO�LC�PQ>DBPFK�+j?IBO�2LPPsP�CFSB�PQ>DB�JLABI�LC�DOFBC�

>� ABKF>I �?>OD>FKFKD �>KDBO �ABMOBPPFLK >@@BMQ>K@B

?� >KDBO �ABMOBPPFLK �?>OD>FKFKD �>@@BMQ>K@B ABKF>I

@� ABKF>I �>KDBO �?>OD>FKFKD �ABMOBPPFLK >@@BMQ>K@B

A� >KDBO �>@@BMQ>K@B �ABKF>I �ABMOBPPFLK ?>OD>FKFKD

Critical Thinking Questions

15. $BP@OF?B QEB K>QROB SBOPRP KROQROB @LKQOLSBOPV >KA DFSB >K BU>JMIB LC > QO>FQ >KA ELT FQ JFDEQ ?BFKCIRBK@BA�?V�B>@E�

16. #LJM>OB�>KA�@LKQO>PQ�@LKQFKRLRP�>KA�AFP@LKQFKRLRP�ABSBILMJBKQ�

17. 7EV PELRIA ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKBP LKIV ?B RPBA >P > DBKBO>I DRFABIFKB CLO KLOJ>I @EFIAABSBILMJBKQ�

18. 7E>Q�FP�QEB�AFCCBOBK@B�?BQTBBK�>PPFJFI>QFLK�>KA�>@@LJJLA>QFLK��0OLSFAB�BU>JMIBP�LC�B>@E�

19. 7EV�T>P�#>OLI�'FIIFD>K�@OFQF@>I�LC�+LEI?BODsP�QEBLOV�LC�JLO>I�ABSBILMJBKQ�

20. 7E>Q�FP�BDL@BKQOFPJ��0OLSFAB�>K�LOFDFK>I�BU>JMIB�

21. 7E>Q�>OB�PLJB�HKLTK�QBO>QLDBKP �>KA�TE>Q�HFKA�LC�A>J>DB�@>K�QEBV�AL�QL�QEB�ABSBILMFKD�CBQRP�


22. 7E>Q�FP�MOBK>Q>I�@>OB�>KA�TEV�FP�FQ�FJMLOQ>KQ�

23. $BP@OF?B TE>Q E>MMBKP FK QEB BJ?OVLKF@ PQ>DB LC ABSBILMJBKQ� $BP@OF?B TE>Q E>MMBKP FK QEB CBQ>IPQ>DB�LC�ABSBILMJBKQ�

24. 7E>Q�J>HBP�>�MBOPLK>I�NR>IFQV�M>OQ�LC�PLJBLKBsP�MBOPLK>IFQV�

25. $BP@OF?B�PLJB�LC�QEB�KBT?LOK�OBCIBUBP��(LT�JFDEQ�QEBV�MOLJLQB�PROSFS>I�

26. #LJM>OB >KA @LKQO>PQ QEB CLRO >QQ>@EJBKQ PQVIBP >KA ABP@OF?B QEB HFKAP LC @EFIAELLA LRQ@LJBP TB@>K�BUMB@Q�TFQE�B>@E�

27. 7E>Q FP BJBODFKD >ARIQELLA >KA TE>Q >OB PLJB C>@QLOP QE>Q E>SB @LKQOF?RQBA QL QEFP KBT PQ>DB LCABSBILMJBKQ�

28. $BP@OF?B�QEB�CFSB�PQ>DBP�LC�DOFBC�>KA�MOLSFAB�BU>JMIBP�LC�ELT�>�MBOPLK�JFDEQ�OB>@Q�FK�B>@E�PQ>DB�

29. 7E>Q�FP�QEB�MROMLPB�LC�ELPMF@B�@>OB�

Personal Application Questions

30. (LT >OB VLR AFCCBOBKQ QLA>V COLJ QEB MBOPLK VLR TBOB >Q � VB>OP LIA� 7E>Q >?LRQ >Q �� VB>OP LIA�(LT�>OB�VLR�QEB�P>JB�>P�QEB�MBOPLK�VLR�TBOB�>Q�QELPB�>DBP�

31. 9LRO ��VB>O�LIA A>RDEQBO FP KLQ VBQ MLQQV QO>FKBA� ">PBA LK TE>Q VLR HKLT >?LRQ QEB KLOJ>QFSB>MMOL>@E �PELRIA�VLR�?B�@LK@BOKBA��7EV�LO�TEV�KLQ�

32. %UMI>FK ELT VLR TLRIA RPB VLRO RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC LKB LC QEB J>GLO ABSBILMJBKQ>I QEBLOFBP QL AB>ITFQE�B>@E�LC�QEB�AFCCF@RIQFBP�IFPQBA�?BILT�

>� 9LRO�FKC>KQ�A>RDEQBO�MRQP�BSBOVQEFKD�FK�EBO�JLRQE �FK@IRAFKD�QEB�ALD�P�CLLA�?� 9LRO�BFDEQ�VB>O�LIA�PLK�FP�C>FIFKD�J>QE��>II�EB�@>OBP�>?LRQ�FP�?>PB?>II�@� 9LRO QTL�VB>O�LIA A>RDEQBO OBCRPBP QL TB>O QEB @ILQEBP VLR MF@H CLO EBO BSBOV JLOKFKD TEF@E

J>HBP�DBQQFKD�AOBPPBA�>�QTBKQV�JFKRQB�?>QQIB�A� 9LRO�PFUQV�BFDEQ�VB>O�LIA�KBFDE?LO�FP�@EOLKF@>IIV�ABMOBPPBA�>KA�CBBIP�PEB�E>P�T>PQBA�EBO�IFCB�B� 9LRO ��VB>O�LIA A>RDEQBO E>P AB@FABA KLQ QL DL QL @LIIBDB� )KPQB>A PEBsP JLSFKD QL #LILO>AL QL

?B@LJB�>�PHF�FKPQOR@QLO�C� 9LRO��VB>O�LIA�PLK�FP�QEB�@I>PP�?RIIV�

33. 7EF@E M>OBKQFKD PQVIB ABP@OF?BP ELT VLR TBOB O>FPBA� 0OLSFAB >K BU>JMIB LO QTL QL PRMMLOQ VLRO>KPTBO�

34. 7LRIA�VLR�ABP@OF?B�VLRO�BUMBOFBK@B�LC�MR?BOQV�>P�LKB�LC�MOFAB�LO�BJ?>OO>PPJBKQ��7EV�

35. 9LRO ?BPQ COFBKA FP > PJLHBO TEL GRPQ CLRKA LRQ PEB FP MOBDK>KQ� 7E>Q TLRIA VLR QBII EBO >?LRQPJLHFKD�>KA�MOBDK>K@V�

36. )J>DFKB VLR >OB > KROPB TLOHFKD >Q > @IFKF@ QE>Q MOLSFABP MOBK>Q>I @>OB CLO MOBDK>KQ TLJBK� 9LROM>QFBKQ !KK> E>P EB>OA QE>Q FQsP > DLLA FAB> QL MI>V JRPF@ CLO EBO RK?LOK ?>?V >KA PEB T>KQP QL HKLTTEBK�EBO�?>?VsP�EB>OFKD�TFII�ABSBILM��7E>Q�TFII�VLR�QBII�EBO�



37. (>SB VLR BSBO E>A QL @LMB TFQE QEB ILPP LC > ILSBA LKB� )C PL TE>Q @LK@BMQP ABP@OF?BA FK QEFP PB@QFLKMOLSFAB�@LKQBUQ�QE>Q�J>V�EBIM�VLR�RKABOPQ>KA�VLRO�BUMBOFBK@B�>KA�MOL@BPP�LC�DOFBSFKD�

38. )C VLR TBOB AF>DKLPBA TFQE > QBOJFK>I FIIKBPP TLRIA VLR @ELLPB ELPMF@B @>OB LO > QO>AFQFLK>I AB>QE FK>�ELPMFQ>I��7EV�


chapter 9 lifespan development - weebly · 2020-03-19 · chapter 9 lifespan development figure 9.1...

Documents