chapter 9 modals part 1
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9MODALS Part 1
By: Cristina Avalos D.
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MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE USE MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE USE TO EXPRESS:TO EXPRESS:Obligation /NecessityAdvice/ SuggestionsExpectationsPermission / RequestRefusalWillignessProbability
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Obligation/NecessityObligation/NecessityMustHave toHave got toPast form: Had to ( when it refers to an idea of past necessity)Must it’s stronger than have to and indicates urgence or stress importanceExamples:You must stay in bed until I returnI have to be home by eightI have got to go now (I gotta go now)I had to study last night
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Lack of necessity:Lack of necessity:We use don’t have to to express that something is not really necessary
Examples:You don’t have to do everything for herWe don’t have to atttend classes
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Prohibition or Obligation:Prohibition or Obligation:We also use must to express obligation or prohibition. Negative Form: must not or musn’t Examples:You must be 18 to driveYou musn’t do anything like this againYou must not tell anyone my secret
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Advice or SuggestionsAdvice or SuggestionsShould (Ought to)Had better•Should and Ought to have the same meaning: they express advisability•Had better is close to should and ought to but the meaning is stronger. Had better usually implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences
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Examples:You look sick, you should go to the doctorYou ought to call the policeYou should pass the exam easily. You’ve worked really hardYou had better not be late
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Past form of should, ought to Past form of should, ought to and had betterand had betterShould:Should + have + past participleOught to:Ought to + have + past participleHad better:Had better + have + past participle
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Examples: I should have studied last night ( means that studying was a good idea but I didn’t do it. So, I made a mistake)I ought to have called the police (but I didn’t do it so, now I regret)He had better have taken care of it
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ExpectationsExpectationsBe supposed toIt is use to express the idea that someone expects something to happen, it also expresses expectations about scheduled events or behaviors.Examples:The game is supposed to begin at 10:00I am supposed to go to the meetingThe children are supposed to put away their toys before they go to bed
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Past form:Was / were supposed toIt is use to express unfulfilled expectations.
Example:• John was supposed to call me yesterday. I wonder why he didn’t.
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Permission or RequestPermission or RequestMay/ MightCan CouldWould you mindWillWould
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Polite requestsPolite requestsWe use:•May I / Might I•Could I•Can I•Would you mind •Would ( it is used for invitations/ to be polite or to express wishes)
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Examples:May/ Might I ask you a question?He could be working in the libraryCan you help me with this exercise please?Would you pass the salt?Can you speak louder? Would you mind closing the window?Would you like a cup of coffee?
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Refusal and WillingnessRefusal and WillingnessTo express Refusal (when someone or something refuses to do an action) we use:Won’tTo express Willingness( a person wants or has the intention to do something) we use:WillExamples: She won’t get upWill you spend Christmas with us?Will you come to my party?
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ProbabilityProbabilityTo express probability we also use:Will: To predict a future actionI will see you later!Must: What we infer to be the most logical interpretation for a situationHe didn’t come to classes, he must be sickNegative form of must: Can’t: It is use ONLY TO EXPRESS PROBABILITY
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Should: What may reasonably be expected to happen ( If everything has gone according to the plan)Our guests should be here soonMight-May-Could: The possibility that an event will happen or is happeningWe might go to Hawaii for our honeymoon
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ContractionsContractions Should + have: Shoulda Could + have: Coulda Must + have: Musta May + have: Maya
Might + have: Mighta