Chapter 9

Section 1- Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

• Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine• What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire • Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia /

Europe; Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1453• Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3

sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war

Constantinople

• Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine• What: capital of the Byzantine Empire• Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia &

Europe; Byzantine Empire, ME • When: 330-1453• Why: Constantine named the capital of the

Byzantine Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage

Justinian (6th)

• Who: Byzantine Emperor• What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome

by recovering lands that had been lost • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 527-565• Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the

riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control

Justinian

• Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire• What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering

land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 527-565• Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his

reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule

• 313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople

• 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire • 532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want

to rebuild• 600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World• 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the

veneration/worshipping of icons• 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the

Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic• 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to

fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading• 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine

Empire flourished • 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over,

& est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

• 313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of Byz Emp

• 527- 565 : the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian

• 600-700: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean

• 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons

• 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic

• 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading

• 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished

• 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

Justinian’s Code (6th) • Who: Byzantines, Justinian• What: a collection of laws, Corpus Juris Civilis

“Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire

• Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire• When: 500s-1100s• Why:

Justinian’s code

• Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian• What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman

assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire

• Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire• When: 500s- 1100s• Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their

laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power

Autocrat

• Who: Justinian• What: a sole ruler with complete authority• WherE: Byzantine Empire• When: 500s- 1100s• Why: Justinian used the law to unify the

Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres

Autocrat (6th)

• Who: Justinian• What: Sole ruler w. complete authority• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 500s-1100s• Why: combined both political power &

spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t

Theodora

• Who: Justinian’s wife• What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the

emperor Justinian• Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 497-548• Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s

authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician

Theodora (6th)

• Who: Justinian’s wife • What: advised her husband & pursued her own

policies; was a shrewd politician• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 497-548• Why: she helped her husband become a better

ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after

Patriarch

• Who: Emperor & Church official• What: pious church official in the Byzantine

Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1453• Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church-

could marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official

Patriarch (6th)

• Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox church

• WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople

• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1613• Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint

a leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control

Icons

• Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor• What: holy images• Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1613• Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of

Jesus, Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c. it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no

Icons (6th)

• Who: Christians• What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the

Great Schism / split• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 700-1000s • Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy

images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Icons (7th)

• Who: Byzantine Christians• What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints • Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 700s- 1000s• Why: Christians used these in church to show their

religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Great Schism

• Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians• What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches

into 2 different Christian churches• WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe• When: 1054*• Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split in

the churches & the way they worshipped- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches

Great Schism (6th)• Who: Christians• What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the

church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts

• Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) • When: 1054*• Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches- Roman

Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use

Great Schism (7th) • Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians• What: a religious split where the Byz Emp (East) &

West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity

• Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe• When: 1054*• Why: this split was over controversies in the

church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic

Quiz

• 1. Identify Justinian’s code. • 2. Give an effect of Justinian. • 3. Who was Theodora?• 4. Identify the Great Schism. • 5. What 2 religions came about

from #4?

Russia

Section 2

Steppe

• Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia• What: an open, treeless grassland • Where: Russia• When: 500s-600s• Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds &

horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Steppe

• Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples• What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe• Where: Asia to Europe• When: 330-1613• Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds &

horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Kiev (3rd)

• Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians • What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the

first Russian state• Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe• When: 500s- today• Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the

mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Kiev

• Who: Russians, Slavic peoples• What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the

center of the 1st Russian state• Where: Russia• When: 500s-600s• Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s;

Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople

Kiev (7th)

• Who: Russians• What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center

of the 1st Russian state• Where: Russia• When: 500s-1613• Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing

of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Cyrillic (3rd)

• Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians• What: an alphabet that became written script still used

in Russia & E. Europe today• Where: Russia, E. Europe• When: 863• Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert

Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE

Cyrillic (7th)

• Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians

• What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet

• Where: From the Byz Emp; to Russia, EE• When: 863• Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate

their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian

Golden Horde (3rd)• Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan• What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other

Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years

• Where: Russia• When: 1236-1241• Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were

killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers

Ivan the Great (6th)

• Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III• What: brought most of Northern Russia under

his rule & reconquered land from the Mongols• Where: Northern Russia• When: 1462-1505• Why: he built the framework for absolute rule;

he tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar

Ivan the Great

• Who: Ivan III, Russian prince • What: he brought much of Northern Russia

under his rule• Where: Russia• When: 1462-1505• Why: recovered Russian territory that had

fallen into the hands of others

Tsar (3rd)

• Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great• What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of

Russia’s leader• Where: Russia• When: 1504-1917• Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader

of all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia

Tsar (6th)

• Who: Russian ruler• What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler

of Russia• Where: Russia• When: 1500s • Why: Ivan the Great created this title to

symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917

Tsar (7th)

• Who: Ivan III (the Great) • What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s

leader• Where: Russia• When: 1504- 1917• Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title

of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar

Ivan the Terrible (6th)

• Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV

• What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service

• Where: Russia• When: 1530-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land;

unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism

Ivan the Terrible (7th)

• Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia• What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute

power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible

• Where: Russia• When: 1530-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the

land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible (3rd)

• Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson• What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia =

Ivan the Terrible• Where: Russia• When: 1541-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land;

unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion

• 500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE

• 700s-900s- Vikings arrive• 862- Russians claim their country started here

when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia

• 863- 2 Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity

Timeline (workbook)• 500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South

into Byzantine Empire• 862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when

Prince “the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia• 800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert

the Slavs• 863- 2 Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the

Slavs of Russia• 957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to

Christianity• 1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic

warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land• 1236-1241- Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took

over, & started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)

Timeline (contd)

• 1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols)

• 1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar

• 1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable• 1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his

lands seething w. rebellion