chapter eight
DESCRIPTION
Chapter Eight. The New Nation, 1786 – 1800. Chapter Focus Questions. What tensions and conflicts existed between local and national authorities in the decades after the American Revolution? What struggles were experienced in the drafting of the Constitution and to achieving its ratification? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter Eight The New
Nation, 1786–1800
![Page 2: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Focus Questions What tensions and conflicts existed between
local and national authorities in the decades after the American Revolution?
What struggles were experienced in the drafting of the Constitution and to achieving its ratification?
How was the first national government established under the Constitution?
How did American political parties begin? What were the first stirrings of an authentic
American national culture?
![Page 3: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Shays’ Rebellion Several hundred farmers from Pelham and scores
of other rural communities of western Massachusetts converged on courthouse in Northampton
This occurred at a time of great economic depression which hit farmers hardest
The state raised property tax to pay off state debt- tax was considerably more oppressive than those levied by British
Two thirds of those who marched had been sued for debt or spent time in debtor’s prison- the people were looking for state relief
The people rose up in defense of their property and state and federal governments were forced to reevaluate the distribution of power
![Page 4: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Economic CrisisEconomic problems like wartime
inflation plagued the nation. After the war the key problem was
depression. Britain dumped its surplus goods in
American markets, creating a trade imbalance that drew hard currency out of the United States.
Repayment of debt became both a political and economic problem.
![Page 9: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
State Remedies States erected high tariffs to curb imports and protect
infant industries but these were easily evaded by shippers.
The most controversial economic remedies were designed to relieve debt burden.
Farmers called for laws to require creditors to accept goods and commodities and had laws passed requiring them to accept nearly worthless state paper currency.
In 1786, Shays' Rebellion broke out in western Massachusetts when farmers closed down courts to prevent debt executions.
A militia from eastern Massachusetts crushed the rebellion.
Conservatives concluded it was time “to clip the wings of a mad democracy.”
![Page 10: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Movement Toward a New National Government
Nationalists, generally drawn from the economic elite, argued for a stronger central government to deal with the economic crisis of the 1780s.
Invited by the Virginia legislature, representatives from five states met in Annapolis, calling for a convention to propose changes in the Articles of Confederation. Congress endorsed a convention for revising the Articles of Confederation.
![Page 11: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Constitutional Convention Fifty-five delegates from twelve states
assembled in Philadelphia in May 1787.
Conflicts arose between large and small states, and free and slave states.
The Great Compromise provided a middle ground for agreement by: a bicameral legislature that had one
house based on population and one representing all states equally; and
a compromise on free-state and slave-state interests by agreeing to count five slaves as three freemen.
To insulate the election of the president from the popular vote, a electoral college was created to select a president.
By Junius Brutus Stearns
![Page 12: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ratifying the ConstitutionSupporters of the Constitution called
themselves Federalists. Anti-Federalist opponents feared the
Constitution gave too much power to the central government and that a republic could not work well in a large nation.
James Madison, Alexander, Hamilton, and John Jay published the influential The Federalist that helped secure passage.
![Page 13: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ratifying the New
ConstitutionThe Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–90 The distribution of the vote for the ratification of the Constitution demonstrated its wide support in sections of the country linked to the commercial economy, and its disapproval in more remote and backcountry sections. (Note that Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until admitted as a separate state in 1820.)
![Page 14: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Bill of Rights
Several states including Virginia, agreed to ratification only if a bill of rights would be added.
The first ten amendments, better known as the Bill of Rights to the Constitution served to restrain the growth of governmental power over citizens.
![Page 15: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Washington Presidency
George Washington preferred that his title be a simple “Mr. President” and dressed in plain republican broadcloth.
Congress established the Departments of States, Treasury, War, and Justice, the heads of which coalesced into the Cabinet.
![Page 16: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
An Active Federal Judiciary
The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court system.
States maintained their individual bodies of law. Federal courts became the appeals bodies,
establishing the federal system of judicial review of state legislation.
Localists supported the Eleventh Amendment that prevented states from being sued by non-citizens.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Oliver Ellsworth and his wife Abigail
![Page 17: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hamilton’s Controversial Fiscal Program
In 1790, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton submitted a series of financial proposals to address America’s economic problems including: a controversial credit program that passed when a
compromise located the nation’s capital on the Potomac River
creating a Bank of the United States that opponents considered an unconstitutional expansion of power
a protective tariff to develop an industrial economy The debate of Hamilton’s loose construction
and Jefferson’s strict construction strained the Federalist coalition.
![Page 18: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Beginnings of Foreign Policy Foreign affairs further strained
Federalist coalition. Americans initially welcomed
the French Revolution, but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke out with Britain, public opinion divided.
Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared them.
The “Citizen Genet” incident led Washington to issue a neutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’s supporters.
![Page 19: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The United States and the Indian Peoples
A pressing “foreign” problem concerned Indians who refused to accept United States sovereignty over them.
The Indian Intercourse Act made treaties the only “legal” way to obtain Indian lands.
Map: Spread of Settlement next slide
![Page 20: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Spread of Settlement: The Backcountry Expands 1770–90 From 1770 to 1790, American settlement moved across the Appalachians for the first time. The Ohio Valley became the focus of bitter warfare between Indians and settlers.
![Page 21: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Spanish Florida and British Canada
Spanish and British hostility threatened the status of the United States in the West.
The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American shipping, promoted immigration, and forged alliances with Indian tribes to resist American expansion.
Britain granted greater autonomy to its North American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and constructed a defensive buffer against Americans.
![Page 22: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Domestic and International CrisisBy 1794, the government faced a crisis
over western policy.Western farmers were refusing to pay the
whiskey tax. An army sent into western Pennsylvania
ended the Whiskey Rebellion. General Anthony Wayne defeated the
Ohio Indians, leading to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and the cession of huge amounts of land by the Ohio Indians.
![Page 23: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Jay's and Pinckney's Treaties The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes
between the United States and Britain. Opponents held up the treaty in the House until Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain granted them sovereignty in the West.
The political battles over the Jay Treaty brought President Washington off his nonpartisan pedestal.
Next slide is a map: Spanish Claims to American territory, 1783–1795
![Page 24: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–95 Before 1795, the Spanish claimed the American territory of the Old Southwest and barred Americans from access to the port of New Orleans, effectively closing the Mississippi River. This dispute was settled by Pinckney’s Treaty in 1795.
![Page 25: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Washington’s Farewell Address In his farewell address,
Washington summed up American foreign policy goals as: peace; commercial relations; friendship with all
nations; and no entangling alliances.
Yeah, we didn’t follow that advice did we?
![Page 26: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans
![Page 27: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Rise of Political Parties During the debate over Jay’s
Treaty, shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factions.
Hamilton’s supporters claimed the title “Federalist.”
Thomas Jefferson’s supporters called themselves “Republicans.”
These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which John Adams narrowly won.
Jefferson, the opposition’s candidate, became vice president.
![Page 28: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Adams PresidencyRelations with
France deteriorated after Jay’s Treaty.
When France began seizing American shipping, the nation was on the brink of war. The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s popularity soar.
![Page 29: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Federalists pushed through the Alien and Sedition Acts that: severely limited freedoms of speech and of the
press; and threatened the liberty of foreigners.
Republicans organized as an opposition party. Federalists saw opposition to the administration
as opposition to the state and prosecuted leading Republican newspaper editors.
Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
![Page 30: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The “Revolution” of 1800
Adams bid for re-election was weakened by: Hamilton’s dispute with Adams; and the Federalists becoming identified with
oppressive war-mongering. In the election of 1800, the Federalists
waged a defensive struggle calling for strong central government and good order.
By controlling the South and the West, Jefferson won the election.
Next slide is the map: The Election of 1800
![Page 31: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Election of 1800 In the presidential election of 1800, Democratic Republican victories in New York and the divided vote in Pennsylvania threw the election to Jefferson. The combination of the South and these crucial Middle States would keep the Democratic Republicans in control of the federal government for the next generation.
![Page 33: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Democratic Political Culture
The rise of partisan politics greatly increased popular participation.
American politics became more competitive and democratic.
Popular celebrations became common and suffrage increased.
We’re not there yet, but we’re on our way!
![Page 34: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Liberty of the Press
The Revolutionary years saw a tremendous increase in the number of newspapers.
During the 1790s newspapers became media for partisan politics.
In response to prosecutions under the Sedition Act, American newspapers helped to establish the principle of a free press.
![Page 35: Chapter Eight](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165f7550346895dd91eb2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Women on the Intellectual Scene
Although women’s literacy rates were lower than that of men, a growing number of books were specifically directed toward women.
Several authors urged that women in a republic should be more independent.