chapter eleven: nationalistic and ethnic terrorism

Chapter Eleven:Chapter Eleven:

Nationalistic and Ethnic Nationalistic and Ethnic TerrorismTerrorism

The Logic of Ethnic The Logic of Ethnic TerrorismTerrorism

The Logic of Ethnic TerrorismThe Logic of Ethnic Terrorism

Daniel Byman and the logic of ethnic Daniel Byman and the logic of ethnic terrorismterrorism Ethnic terrorism differs from Ethnic terrorism differs from

terrorism carried out in the name terrorism carried out in the name of ideology, religion or economic of ideology, religion or economic gaingain

Ethnic terrorists are usually more Ethnic terrorists are usually more nationalistic than their religious nationalistic than their religious counterpartscounterparts

Ethnic terrorists and national identityEthnic terrorists and national identity Ethnic terrorist try to forge national Ethnic terrorist try to forge national

identityidentity Their primary purpose is to mobilize Their primary purpose is to mobilize

a communitya community Terrorist activity is used to make a Terrorist activity is used to make a

statement about the group’s identitystatement about the group’s identity Terrorism polarizes other ethnic Terrorism polarizes other ethnic

groups and forces them to either ally groups and forces them to either ally with the terrorists or oppose themwith the terrorists or oppose them


Ethnic terrorism and violenceEthnic terrorism and violence Violence keeps the idea aliveViolence keeps the idea alive Violence sustains the conflict, even Violence sustains the conflict, even

when political objectives are far when political objectives are far out of reachout of reach

Violence also serves to undermine Violence also serves to undermine moderates who seek peaceful moderates who seek peaceful solutionssolutions


Fear as a tool of ethnic terrorismFear as a tool of ethnic terrorism Violent ethnic terrorists use fear to Violent ethnic terrorists use fear to

polarize various constituenciespolarize various constituencies Fear polarizes cultural differences, Fear polarizes cultural differences,

forcing greater identification with forcing greater identification with one’s own groupone’s own group

Fear keeps a group from Fear keeps a group from developing alternative identitiesdeveloping alternative identities


The limited response of the The limited response of the governmentgovernment Governments can enter the game Governments can enter the game

and try to promote rival identitiesand try to promote rival identities Governments can engage in group Governments can engage in group

punishmentpunishment Governments can try to gain the Governments can try to gain the

cooperation of moderatescooperation of moderates Governments can open the doors Governments can open the doors

to political participationto political participation


Lifeline of ethnic terrorismLifeline of ethnic terrorism Ethnic terrorist organizations tend Ethnic terrorist organizations tend

to be long-lasting because they to be long-lasting because they can build logical structures and can build logical structures and they can hide in a ready-made they can hide in a ready-made populationpopulation


Three methods for government Three methods for government policypolicy Empowering the communityEmpowering the community Winning over moderates to the Winning over moderates to the

political systempolitical system Encouraging self-policingEncouraging self-policing


The Basque Nation and The Basque Nation and LibertyLiberty

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty

Euskadi ta Askatasuna Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA or (ETA or Basque Nation and Liberty)Basque Nation and Liberty) The ETA has waged a campaign of The ETA has waged a campaign of

violence since 1959 that has killed violence since 1959 that has killed more than eight hundred peoplemore than eight hundred people

The ETA’a goal is to establish an The ETA’a goal is to establish an autonomous homeland in northern autonomous homeland in northern Spain and southern FranceSpain and southern France

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty The Basque separatist movement and its The Basque separatist movement and its

relation to terrorismrelation to terrorism Basque separatists believe they should be Basque separatists believe they should be

allowed to develop a homeland in Spain, and allowed to develop a homeland in Spain, and since the 1950s, Basque separatism has since the 1950s, Basque separatism has been an important issue in Spanish politicsbeen an important issue in Spanish politics

Current problems are a result of gradual loss Current problems are a result of gradual loss of national identity that began in the of national identity that began in the nineteenth century when Madrid assumed nineteenth century when Madrid assumed greater control of the region, and greater control of the region, and accelerated in the early twentieth century accelerated in the early twentieth century because of industrializationbecause of industrialization

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty The ETA and the nationalist The ETA and the nationalist

movementmovement The ETA formed as an offshoot of a The ETA formed as an offshoot of a

nationalist political party in 1959nationalist political party in 1959 In 1966, the ETA voted to engage In 1966, the ETA voted to engage

in armed revolutionin armed revolution In 1968, the group started a In 1968, the group started a

terrorist campaignterrorist campaign

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty The ETA-MThe ETA-M

A more militant group, the ETA-M, A more militant group, the ETA-M, broke away from the ETA in 1974broke away from the ETA in 1974

ETA-M described itself as the ETA-M described itself as the military wing of the ETA and was military wing of the ETA and was responsible for the worst atrocities responsible for the worst atrocities of the 1970s and 1980sof the 1970s and 1980s

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty Characteristics of the ETACharacteristics of the ETA

Membership matches the composition of the Membership matches the composition of the local population, although most terrorists are local population, although most terrorists are malemale

The ETA is primarily a working-class movementThe ETA is primarily a working-class movement Members of the ETA were either born in a Members of the ETA were either born in a

Basque family, or they were raised in Basque Basque family, or they were raised in Basque enclaves and feel a strong ethnic identityenclaves and feel a strong ethnic identity

The overwhelming majority feel they are fighting The overwhelming majority feel they are fighting for all the members of their communityfor all the members of their community

Most interestingly, members of the ETA did not Most interestingly, members of the ETA did not view terrorism as a full time activityview terrorism as a full time activity

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty Similarities between the ETA and IRASimilarities between the ETA and IRA

The eventual goal of Basque The eventual goal of Basque terrorism is regional independenceterrorism is regional independence

The majority of Basques do not The majority of Basques do not support the terrorist campaign, support the terrorist campaign, even though most support even though most support nationalism and some form of nationalism and some form of independenceindependence

The Basque Nation and LibertyThe Basque Nation and Liberty Current State of the ETACurrent State of the ETA

As Spanish authorities opened As Spanish authorities opened opportunities for democracy and opportunities for democracy and national expression, the ETA national expression, the ETA transformed itself into a social transformed itself into a social movementmovement

When the political system opened, the When the political system opened, the desire for ethnic cultural identity was desire for ethnic cultural identity was not strong enough to support violencenot strong enough to support violence

At this time, the ETA still engages in At this time, the ETA still engages in terrorist violenceterrorist violence

The PKK and Its Alter EgosThe PKK and Its Alter Egos

The PKK and Its Alter EgosThe PKK and Its Alter Egos The Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK)The Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK)

The PKK, founded in 1974, is a Marxist-Leninist The PKK, founded in 1974, is a Marxist-Leninist organization composed of Turkish Kurdsorganization composed of Turkish Kurds

Officially changing its name to Kurdistan Freedom Officially changing its name to Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy (KDEK) in 2002, it operates in and Democracy (KDEK) in 2002, it operates in Turkey and Europe, targeting Europeans, Turks, Turkey and Europe, targeting Europeans, Turks, rival Kurds, and supporters of the Turkish rival Kurds, and supporters of the Turkish governmentgovernment

Since 1990, it has employed the language of Since 1990, it has employed the language of nationalism, and since 1995, it has also used the nationalism, and since 1995, it has also used the verbiage of religionverbiage of religion

PKK could not generate enough support for the PKK could not generate enough support for the Communists, so its leadership chose the path of Communists, so its leadership chose the path of terrorismterrorism


Lebanon’s Bekaa ValleyLebanon’s Bekaa Valley Efforts to build a terrorist organization Efforts to build a terrorist organization

increased by moving into Lebanon’s increased by moving into Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley in September 1980Bekaa Valley in September 1980

Allies were quickly formed in the Syrian Allies were quickly formed in the Syrian camp, and by 1984, a number of trainees camp, and by 1984, a number of trainees had moved through the camps in had moved through the camps in LebanonLebanon

PKK moved its bases of support for a PKK moved its bases of support for a campaign against Turkey; Support turned campaign against Turkey; Support turned out to be the key factorout to be the key factor


The negative effect of tacticsThe negative effect of tactics Although the Kurds were ready to fight for Although the Kurds were ready to fight for

independence, they were not willing to independence, they were not willing to condone massacres and terrorist tacticscondone massacres and terrorist tactics

The PKK responded in 1990 by redirecting The PKK responded in 1990 by redirecting offensive operations by limiting its attacks offensive operations by limiting its attacks to security forces and economic targetsto security forces and economic targets

The PKK also modified its Marist-Leninist The PKK also modified its Marist-Leninist rhetoric and began to speak of nationalismrhetoric and began to speak of nationalism


The PKK shifts its positionThe PKK shifts its position In October 1995, the PKK was In October 1995, the PKK was

willing to settle for a federation willing to settle for a federation instead of complete autonomyinstead of complete autonomy

By December, the PKK was using By December, the PKK was using the rhetoric of Islamthe rhetoric of Islam

The PKK shifted its position to The PKK shifted its position to achieve the greatest amount of achieve the greatest amount of supportsupport


The pejorative nature of terrorism The pejorative nature of terrorism represented by the PKKrepresented by the PKK When a terrorist label is applied to When a terrorist label is applied to

a group like the PKK, the whole a group like the PKK, the whole movement is questionedmovement is questioned

The PKK is a terrorist organization, The PKK is a terrorist organization, but expressing Kurdish nationalism but expressing Kurdish nationalism is not a terrorist actis not a terrorist act


The PKK todayThe PKK today Turkish authorities captured Turkish authorities captured

Abdullah Ocalan, the leader of the Abdullah Ocalan, the leader of the PKK, in Kenya in February 1999PKK, in Kenya in February 1999

Today, the PKK has thousands of Today, the PKK has thousands of supporters in Turkey and in Europe, supporters in Turkey and in Europe, but the United States has agreed to but the United States has agreed to crack down on the organization in crack down on the organization in northern Iraq in late 2003northern Iraq in late 2003

The Liberation Tigers of The Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamTamil Eelam

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil The Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamEelam

The LTTEThe LTTE The LTTE have been fighting for an The LTTE have been fighting for an

independent homeland for nearly independent homeland for nearly 3 million Tamils in northern and 3 million Tamils in northern and eastern Sri Lankaeastern Sri Lanka

The basis of ethnic conflict is The basis of ethnic conflict is exacerbated by struggles between exacerbated by struggles between Hindus and MuslimsHindus and Muslims


The origins of LTTEThe origins of LTTE At the end of WWII, the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka At the end of WWII, the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka

was concerned about maintaining its ethnic identitywas concerned about maintaining its ethnic identity Claiming that the Tamils dominated the Sri Lankan Claiming that the Tamils dominated the Sri Lankan

government, the Sinhalese majority forced the government, the Sinhalese majority forced the government to adopt a “Sinhalese-only” policygovernment to adopt a “Sinhalese-only” policy

A Tamil assassin killed the Sinhalese leader in A Tamil assassin killed the Sinhalese leader in 1959, setting the stage for further violence1959, setting the stage for further violence

Buoyed by religious difference and ethnic support, Buoyed by religious difference and ethnic support, Tamil separatists could begin a guerrilla campaign Tamil separatists could begin a guerrilla campaign by waging a terrorist campaignby waging a terrorist campaign

In 1975, Velupillai Pirabhakaran, a young Tamil In 1975, Velupillai Pirabhakaran, a young Tamil militant, took advantage of the situation and militant, took advantage of the situation and formed the LTTEformed the LTTE


Tactics of the LTTETactics of the LTTE In 1988 and 1992, the LTTE sought to In 1988 and 1992, the LTTE sought to

control geographic areas, and they control geographic areas, and they moved using standard guerrilla moved using standard guerrilla tactics, forming uniformed unitstactics, forming uniformed units

In weaker times, they relied on bank In weaker times, they relied on bank robberies, bombings, and murderrobberies, bombings, and murder

In the weakest times, they have also In the weakest times, they have also employed suicide bombersemployed suicide bombers


Retreat of the LTTERetreat of the LTTE By 1987, the LTTE retreated to the By 1987, the LTTE retreated to the

jungle, and practiced terrorism jungle, and practiced terrorism from jungle hideawaysfrom jungle hideaways

In 1990, the LTTE expanded its In 1990, the LTTE expanded its operations by converting a fishing operations by converting a fishing fleet into a makeshift navyfleet into a makeshift navy

From 1994 to 1995, the Tamil From 1994 to 1995, the Tamil Tigers waged another bombing Tigers waged another bombing and assassination campaignand assassination campaign


The LTTE’s unique positionThe LTTE’s unique position The LTTE is in a unique position The LTTE is in a unique position

because it has such a large because it has such a large guerrilla baseguerrilla base

The guerrillas are perfectly The guerrillas are perfectly capable of fighting a protracted capable of fighting a protracted war against security forces, and if war against security forces, and if defeated, the LTTE can revert to defeated, the LTTE can revert to terrorismterrorism


The LTTE todayThe LTTE today In December 2001 the LTTE In December 2001 the LTTE

agreed to a cease-fire with the agreed to a cease-fire with the government of Sri Lankagovernment of Sri Lanka

According to the Tamil Eelam Web According to the Tamil Eelam Web homepage, the LTTE is not a homepage, the LTTE is not a terrorist organization; it is the terrorist organization; it is the army of the Tamil peoplearmy of the Tamil people

The Origins and The Origins and Development of the Development of the Anglo-Irish ConflictAnglo-Irish Conflict

The Origins and Development of The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish Conflictthe Anglo-Irish Conflict

The Vikings in IrelandThe Vikings in Ireland Irish culture originated with Celtic Irish culture originated with Celtic

invasionsinvasions Viking raiders began to invade Viking raiders began to invade

Ireland around A.D. 800Ireland around A.D. 800 Viking rule of Ireland was Viking rule of Ireland was

challenged in 1014challenged in 1014

The Norman invasionThe Norman invasion The Normans were successful in The Normans were successful in

Ireland because they used new Ireland because they used new methods of warfaremethods of warfare

By 1172, the Norman king of England By 1172, the Norman king of England had assumed the rule of Irelandhad assumed the rule of Ireland

The Normans built castles to control The Normans built castles to control Irish cities, and Irish peasants Irish cities, and Irish peasants generally dominated rural areasgenerally dominated rural areas


The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation During the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s, During the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s,

King Henry the VIII of England created an King Henry the VIII of England created an independent Church of England. He also created independent Church of England. He also created a similar church in Ireland , but the Irish a similar church in Ireland , but the Irish Catholics rejected this move and began to rebel Catholics rejected this move and began to rebel against the English kingagainst the English king

Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter, carved out the Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter, carved out the most prosperous agrarian section, the most prosperous agrarian section, the plantation of Ulster, and gave it to her subjects plantation of Ulster, and gave it to her subjects to colonize. English and Scottish Protestants to colonize. English and Scottish Protestants eventually settled there. This created an ethnic eventually settled there. This created an ethnic division in Ireland fueled by religious differences division in Ireland fueled by religious differences and animosities and animosities


Ireland in the 1600sIreland in the 1600s The Plantation of Ulster was expanded, The Plantation of Ulster was expanded,

and Irish peasants were systematically and Irish peasants were systematically displaceddisplaced

Oliver Cromwell came to Ireland to quell a Oliver Cromwell came to Ireland to quell a revolt and stop Catholic attacks on revolt and stop Catholic attacks on ProtestantsProtestants

From 1689 to 1691, James II, the Catholic From 1689 to 1691, James II, the Catholic pretender to the British throne, used pretender to the British throne, used Ireland as a base from which to revolt Ireland as a base from which to revolt against William of Orange, the English kingagainst William of Orange, the English king


Thomas Wolfe ToneThomas Wolfe Tone From 1796 to 1798, Wolfe Tone led From 1796 to 1798, Wolfe Tone led

a revolt based on Irish nationalisma revolt based on Irish nationalism Wolfe Tone argued that Irish Wolfe Tone argued that Irish

independence was more important independence was more important than religious differencesthan religious differences

He created a basis for appealing to He created a basis for appealing to nationalism over religionnationalism over religion

The Origins and Development The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish Conflictof the Anglo-Irish Conflict

The Orange OrdersThe Orange Orders Taking their name from William of Taking their name from William of

Orange, these Protestant Orange, these Protestant organizations vowed to remain organizations vowed to remain unified with Great Britainunified with Great Britain


The Act of UnionThe Act of Union In 1801, the British Parliament passed the Act of In 1801, the British Parliament passed the Act of

Union, designed to incorporate Ireland into the Union, designed to incorporate Ireland into the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Unionists, primarily the Orange Protestants in Unionists, primarily the Orange Protestants in the north, supported the act, whereas the north, supported the act, whereas Republicans, who became known as Greens, Republicans, who became known as Greens, argued for a constitutional government and an argued for a constitutional government and an independent Irelandindependent Ireland

Daniel O’Connor led the Republican movementDaniel O’Connor led the Republican movement Charles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant, created a Charles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant, created a

democratic Irish party to support the cause in democratic Irish party to support the cause in the late 1800sthe late 1800s


The Potato FamineThe Potato Famine The 1845\-1848 potato famine The 1845\-1848 potato famine

devastate Irelanddevastate Ireland Ireland’s census dropped by 25 Ireland’s census dropped by 25

percentpercent In the years following the famine, In the years following the famine,

some members of the British some members of the British Parliament sought to free Ireland from Parliament sought to free Ireland from British control. They introduced a British control. They introduced a series of Home Rule acts designed to series of Home Rule acts designed to give Ireland independencegive Ireland independence


The Early History of the The Early History of the Irish Republican ArmyIrish Republican Army

The Early History of the Irish The Early History of the Irish Republican ArmyRepublican Army

Republican military solution to the Irish Republican military solution to the Irish conflictconflict The solution was born in New York The solution was born in New York

City in 1857City in 1857 Irish immigrants in New York City Irish immigrants in New York City

created the Irish Republican created the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) as a financial relief Brotherhood (IRB) as a financial relief organization for relatives in Irelandorganization for relatives in Ireland

The IRB gradually evolved into a The IRB gradually evolved into a revolutionary organizationrevolutionary organization


The Irish Republican Army (IRA)The Irish Republican Army (IRA) The IRA began with a campaign of The IRA began with a campaign of

violence sponsored by the IRB in violence sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800sthe late 1800s

The primary targets of the IRB The primary targets of the IRB were Unionists and British forces were Unionists and British forces supporting the Unionist causesupporting the Unionist cause


The IRB trump over UnionistsThe IRB trump over Unionists IRB leadership was dominated by IRB leadership was dominated by

men who believed each generation men who believed each generation had to produce warriors who would had to produce warriors who would fight for independencefight for independence

The IRB had an organizationThe IRB had an organization


Patrick PearsePatrick Pearse Pearse was an inspirational Pearse was an inspirational

romantic who could move crowds romantic who could move crowds to patriotism and inspire to patriotism and inspire resistance to British policiesresistance to British policies

He inspired young Irish boys and He inspired young Irish boys and girls to be militantly proud of being girls to be militantly proud of being Irish Irish

The 1916 Easter The 1916 Easter RebellionRebellion

The 1916 Easter RebellionThe 1916 Easter Rebellion

The RebellionThe Rebellion At Easter in 1916, Patrick Pearse At Easter in 1916, Patrick Pearse

and James Connolly led a revolt in and James Connolly led a revolt in DublinDublin

The Rebellion enjoyed local The Rebellion enjoyed local success because it surprised success because it surprised everyoneeveryone

The British also came to Dublin, The British also came to Dublin, and the city was engulfed in a and the city was engulfed in a week of heavy fightingweek of heavy fighting

The 1916 Easter RebellionThe 1916 Easter Rebellion

Pearse’s approach to the BritishPearse’s approach to the British Pearse sent a message to the Pearse sent a message to the

general in charge of British forces general in charge of British forces using a new title: commanding using a new title: commanding general of the Irish Republican general of the Irish Republican ArmyArmy

Transformations continued in the Transformations continued in the political arenapolitical arena

Independence and Independence and SeparationSeparation

Independence and SeparationIndependence and Separation

Sinn FeinSinn Fein Eamon de Valera emerged as the Eamon de Valera emerged as the

leader of Sinn Fein, the political leader of Sinn Fein, the political party of Republicanism, and party of Republicanism, and Michael Collins came to the Michael Collins came to the forefront of the IRAforefront of the IRA

Together, de Valera and Collins Together, de Valera and Collins began to fight for Irish began to fight for Irish independence in 1919independence in 1919

Independence and SeparationIndependence and Separation

Conflict between the IRA and the BritishConflict between the IRA and the British After obtaining a list of British and loyalist Irish After obtaining a list of British and loyalist Irish

police and intelligence officers, Collins sent IRA police and intelligence officers, Collins sent IRA terrorists to their homes and killed them. He terrorists to their homes and killed them. He attacked police stations and symbols of British attacked police stations and symbols of British authority.authority.

The British responded by sending a hastily The British responded by sending a hastily recruited military force, called the Black and recruited military force, called the Black and Tans because of their mismatched uniforms, Tans because of their mismatched uniforms, and Ireland became the arena for a dreadful and Ireland became the arena for a dreadful war.war.

The conflict became popularly known as the The conflict became popularly known as the Tan War or the Black and Tan WarTan War or the Black and Tan War

Independence and SeparationIndependence and Separation 19211921

In 1921, the situation was temporarily solved by a treaty In 1921, the situation was temporarily solved by a treaty between Britain and Ireland. Under the terms of the treaty, between Britain and Ireland. Under the terms of the treaty, Ireland would be granted independence while the northern Ireland would be granted independence while the northern section around Ulster would remain under British protection section around Ulster would remain under British protection until it could peacefully be integrated into Irelanduntil it could peacefully be integrated into Ireland

The IRA did not accept the treatyThe IRA did not accept the treaty Michael Collins led the Irish Army, while de Valera took the Michael Collins led the Irish Army, while de Valera took the

helm of the IRAhelm of the IRA De Valera campaigned against his former colleagues and De Valera campaigned against his former colleagues and

eventually orchestrated the murder of Michael Collinseventually orchestrated the murder of Michael Collins The British tightened their hold on Northern Ireland and The British tightened their hold on Northern Ireland and

bolstered its strength with a new police force, the Royal bolstered its strength with a new police force, the Royal Ulster ConstabularyUlster Constabulary

The Unionists used this power to gain control of Northern The Unionists used this power to gain control of Northern Ireland and lock themselves into the British orbit. Ireland Ireland and lock themselves into the British orbit. Ireland became a divided countrybecame a divided country

Trends in the IRA: Trends in the IRA: 1930\-19851930\-1985

Trends in the IRA: 1930\-1985Trends in the IRA: 1930\-1985

Split in the IRA ranksSplit in the IRA ranks By the 1930s, some members of By the 1930s, some members of

the IRA wanted to follow the lead the IRA wanted to follow the lead of their political party, Sinn Feinof their political party, Sinn Fein

Another group of the IRA broke Another group of the IRA broke with the de Valera government with the de Valera government and formed a provisional wing of and formed a provisional wing of the IRA during the 1930s the IRA during the 1930s


The Officials and ProvisionalsThe Officials and Provisionals Internally, the IRA split into a traditional Internally, the IRA split into a traditional

official branch, the Officials, and a more official branch, the Officials, and a more militant provisional wing, the militant provisional wing, the ProvisionalsProvisionals

Externally, the economic situation in Externally, the economic situation in Northern Ireland consolidated in favor of Northern Ireland consolidated in favor of the Protestant Unioniststhe Protestant Unionists

The political and economic conditions in The political and economic conditions in Northern Ireland provided the rationale Northern Ireland provided the rationale for a major civil rights movement among for a major civil rights movement among the Catholicsthe Catholics


Catholic civil rights movementCatholic civil rights movement The government in Northern Ireland The government in Northern Ireland

reacted with a heavy hand against the civil reacted with a heavy hand against the civil rights workers and demonstrators, and this rights workers and demonstrators, and this repression was the answer to IRA prayersrepression was the answer to IRA prayers

Issues intensified in the summer of 1969. Issues intensified in the summer of 1969. Civil rights demonstrators planned a long, Civil rights demonstrators planned a long, peaceful march from Londonderry to peaceful march from Londonderry to Belfast, but they were gassed and beaten Belfast, but they were gassed and beaten by the RUC and B-Specialsby the RUC and B-Specials

Britain sent the British Army in as a Britain sent the British Army in as a peacekeeping forcepeacekeeping force


Support for the British armySupport for the British army The Unionists greeted the army with open The Unionists greeted the army with open

armsarms Republicans also welcomed the party Republicans also welcomed the party

because they believed the British Army would because they believed the British Army would protect them from the Unionists and the protect them from the Unionists and the policepolice

As the British Army made its presence felt in As the British Army made its presence felt in Ulster, Republicans and Catholics were Ulster, Republicans and Catholics were subjected to the increasing oppression of subjected to the increasing oppression of army measures, and as confrontations army measures, and as confrontations became more deadly, Republican support for became more deadly, Republican support for the British Army vanishedthe British Army vanished

Trends in the IRA: 1930\-1985Trends in the IRA: 1930\-1985 The new IRA policyThe new IRA policy

The IRA pushed its internal squabbles aside, and The IRA pushed its internal squabbles aside, and the Officials and Provisionals focused on their the Officials and Provisionals focused on their new common enemy, the British Armynew common enemy, the British Army

The new IRA policy emphasized the elimination The new IRA policy emphasized the elimination of British soldiers from Irish soil and brushed of British soldiers from Irish soil and brushed aside internal political differencesaside internal political differences

Alienated nationalists offered support for the Alienated nationalists offered support for the growing ranks of the IRAgrowing ranks of the IRA

As IRA ranks grew, Orange extremist As IRA ranks grew, Orange extremist organizations also began to swellorganizations also began to swell

Unionist paramilitary organizations grew in Unionist paramilitary organizations grew in responseresponse

The Peace Accord and The Peace Accord and Peace Process in IrelandPeace Process in Ireland

The Peace Accord and Peace The Peace Accord and Peace Process in IrelandProcess in Ireland

The Anglo-Irish Peace AccordThe Anglo-Irish Peace Accord In 1985, the United Kingdom and In 1985, the United Kingdom and

the Republic of Ireland signed a the Republic of Ireland signed a peace accord regarding the peace accord regarding the governance of Northern Irelandgovernance of Northern Ireland

The agreement seeks to bring an The agreement seeks to bring an end to terrorism by establishing a end to terrorism by establishing a joint system of government for the joint system of government for the troubled areatroubled area

The Peace Accord and Peace The Peace Accord and Peace Process in IrelandProcess in Ireland

J. Bower BellJ. Bower Bell Bell is not optimistic about the ability of any Bell is not optimistic about the ability of any

political entity--government or otherwise--political entity--government or otherwise--to bring peace to the island nation by to bring peace to the island nation by avoiding every avenue of conflict. Bell says avoiding every avenue of conflict. Bell says there are too many agendas and too many there are too many agendas and too many people served by ethnic violencepeople served by ethnic violence

Suggestions of recent researchSuggestions of recent research More recent research suggests that More recent research suggests that

although low-level violence may continue, although low-level violence may continue, the amount of terrorism is decreasingthe amount of terrorism is decreasing

chapter eleven: nationalistic and ethnic terrorism

Documents

violence ethnic terrorism

ethnic groups

tool of ethnic terrorism

economic gain ethnic

groups identity terrorism

violence violence

group fear

group punishment governments