Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

Chapter FourThe Third Step in Essay Writing

Organize and connect your supporting material by using:

◦ common methods of organization◦ effective transitions ◦ other connecting words

Step Three: Organize and Connect the Specific Evidence

1. Time Order2. Emphatic Order

Common Methods of Organization

Also referred to as “chronological order”

Details are listed as they occur in time. First this is done; next this; then this; after that, this; and so on.

Example: To exercise successfully, you should follow a simple plan consisting of arranging the time, making preparations, and warming up properly.

Time Order

Also referred to as “saving the best for last”

Emphasis is placed on the most important detail by positioning it near the end of a paragraph or an essay.

Example: Celebrities lead very stressful lives. They work long, unusual hours. In addition, they have to manage their images. Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger.

Emphatic Order

Transitions signal the direction of a writer’s thoughts. They are like road signs that guide travelers.

Example: After you’ve snagged the job of TV sports reporter, you have to begin working on the details of your image. First, invest in two or three loud sports jackets [. . .].

Transitional Words

Transitional, or linking, sentences are used between paragraphs to help tie them smoothly together.

Example: Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand.

(Concession stand reminds us of the previous supporting paragraph, while many of the other patrons introduces the point to be developed next.)

Transitional Sentences

Other Connecting Words

•Repeated Words•Pronouns•Synonyms

Repeated Words

Repeating key words helps tie together the flow of thoughts in a paper.Example: One reason for studying psychology is [. . .]. Psychology is also useful in [. . .].

Pronouns

Pronouns (he, she, it, you, they, this, that, and others) connect ideas and help you avoid needless repetition.Example: Another way for people to economize at an amusement park is to bring their own food. If they pack a lunch, they will avoid high prices.

Synonyms are words that are alike in meaning, like pretty and attractive. They can be used to help writing flow. (They also add variety and interest to your sentences.)

Example: There are several methods of fund-raising [. . .]. One technique is to hold an auction [. . .].

Synonyms

A well-developed introduction, conclusion, and title can also help organize and connect your essay…

Introductions, Conclusions, and Titles

1: Begin with a general statement of your topic.

2: Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop.

3: Explain the importance of the topic to your reader.

4: Use an incident or a brief story. 5: Ask one or more questions. 6: Use a quotation.

Methods of Introduction

1: End with a summary and a final thought.

2: Include a thought-provoking question.

3: End with a prediction or recommendation.

Common Methods of Conclusion

Titles are brief summaries of what your paper is about.

Examples: How to Complain; Student Zombies

Note: You should not underline or put “quotation marks” around the title, but you should CAPITALIZE all but small connecting words.

Titles