chapter 18agni.phys.iit.edu/~hanlet/phy224/lectures/chapter18.pdf · chapter 18 thermodynamics i...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 18
Thermodynamics ITemperature, Heat, and the 1rst Law of Thermodynamics
(Please note that “19” in notes should be replaced by “18”)
\"1q,... J
lYi: w (r
IIa
l r , ; t '
C.z
Vrf i
I t i \( { l
._*- \i ! |j t
( 1.,; f lr,t(i, a{.'w/ ,11-1 yr,t.( i Jl lkul q
I rc a ( d
I';,W; r 'L{ c-
I , ,I
a *.f i r.*
ffi€Lj.rl Lo, i^,, ,l ; f ,*c *,xl
( ' , I qu*, ' | , I ro,
^- l L I ' / -
' t r \ O ' - - 1 K
), * 'J .J ,1 ) , u,n;51' A r,/ T
t t | / |/-".i l vi W:nl'
I(- 0 r,r lri ,-
(i t1 I . .._z-
I A.
'.J"'. .- o '7
1Ki l.,l ',.. l*
X. I ,,r,^t l O r \ 0
1I
J' Lz- t tt
f
KK
. A -
/ r \
-6i<,i"R.oe,\
r,J;*)M'';
' ' olr,
" l*J* z,or 12
rr
lor^pu,*..-Jv-t-€. , ^ LcICK
'J ' Jo ft\pnr,.J,*. n . J B-,
'b^o t
s fcr-c a { ,.1Jo, u*Tr,^r. ,'a,. /
L:'L('.f , ,*)- rn/ U (Lr G' \n/ar , ,n* ,l ,
V i t
^ ? t i l /UK*
- l
1 "3K
firru
Tf.,-*t re tr.l, lr,- t,Lh -, I[ & Jl,,-J) i tPL t t t t tir:),1 , J["^ JLt, a,o ,,.- JL",,*J ,to,-.l, l>iin^ ,u;JL
"^,1. .l lo,--I 1f,,, o77)'",t ot.";o*1, hJ ^lle , ' l,rr;,*l lo--, raao.cl;^,1
J o ̂ Tur.--l n.,o ,:l o Tonrl .r,1- ,l-> '.lI.., ,, vl,r, 4^l @vcrry irr)y l-, o\- J"^pu,-nJ*,.-> LtfoJ .o^rl-*il,
,;^ llf Ayf,^;l'
,^,*;o:,n ,,,r,r,
i -o ',u)Fr, ,,,-' lLo.n ol ,nn4o,.l ,i n^*,i.rcA!!,,,-,r
-ji..',|- 'i-l*-*li,f"*' 'l 6'!s '",n r'*P'f
f2)E..-1. ?,',J ./ \rr'J".,Et.; = .., -, r 2, - r; Cr.-t,". r-l ;t. ].,r 1. 7r,^l )lLr t , . , i i v /^cy\ l , ;g*;) , ,u) , ,1 , oJ f ,otoo.us ,J. .J" , c.oa- 'x; t l
'?w;.^;."1 7o.1,,,*l{, T . T., , 213,1('yK ,,nJ 7,",u,tl ,^ '"-/,[1..J',... (,: -,:ij; "$J
',1""r'i".^,^.1..)
O^" ,zxam.pl, "{ .r ....1,L,-.-],'",.. ;s k^-ro..-1,^--., T- Fo T;,.J,)i lf^l .L^q,i l,,."*.ly /L "ry"ri;f)
:-.' : ,'*-;l |:i ,,IlJ-":"^y;',T's wrL t"'rll^"{:.'",0
Lt'' .- '' ' 't'^tr. ltto,'r*r'il, "f Jl. l-,,..pn.o-J*". ).ff',,-o^".
tJ.,o"," {,"r*r1", ^n) b":lr.o V*{:,-
' O'C ;i wL..'. ;o' {r'ur-, -,^.J ,u1,of[,,[ '// ! t
]L, , , ,n)o,.o7l
c,1,,,^,i lo , '
Nr"J ""{
A'/
" l )o r *t,r r l -,
'' r onl,-.; r-..J.
t' t !(t v:) C"u/1 ;,,.;
: \ V" lv i l \ ._,.'r- f,
l ^ r r|ec-- l "e-
/ . r * lc i i fa^ ,ce-
AT
5f
J'Lr
l*J
e
L
+t"_f
ll-,V
I t
^r'orl ir., Kcr:
i ,1f
*ll r.,"r.J,-,'9 I
J'uVnl
III
^qr
/cry
lo , l ;
(-o),; ,^r ,
; )
%ftwF;4(T, - i"V
[ 'F
T,:
;.. l'..r o,\f..".1 g rw,, l ln. , ' .o lo lL^^
?,,,JG.
,J Or-"1
( : )
'T,.Llo, lq,11q,,7
O"c:i'c' ?
O,01"c " 32.02"i : = pT)f 6 <
| ! -
. , :_ )_i C r _ X
, ) , ' . t. xXX
1q 1
r,
U i
32'.rq'v
u j L ,tc ir , t) 1,, L/-ro- K* lr;r. s.,.-lq )
fu^o1,', o, G',rJ, * o.JJ l-".J ,-J, loorrn f e_; rtJ scrow-i* Jr
. loogon_ ,4o- l ,J- l,; ̂ .J-1,. ,lr,r,- fJ-l"ii,,_)*.nir::,::. ^,i 1 ":;:
J 1 ;:,' :: E*j ;:^^j;, ",,
f.,,.-o-J,.^o, g^/, - ;"i:"- 'l;,{:(
,,^,.,r *^l*r- f *"1/,^o a -"-.1, ,t,-)V",,'f ,;i,l*ry,
(, "J,1, ;, e^r"--,\t,"^1 rl"t,)'
t *Io-
(r t \
r-DL, n*. .r [ -^ fc, .* i i -o
A -
Al- = /-x aT-\"/).s r e- ', o L
L/-
AT-r r I i ) ilr{ n|{;
"i*.- il. p/ = *. (d ,\ lI
i1 ?, ̂c.. ' . Lr{i L i ,ar I "\ lL ,
,,i ,' ,),,',ff,j|, ", ,,t,I;l ,:/:;:1.. .1,,, ' , f a*c11, cN */o-,- ' . .1 )
is , " LTlf 1t 1.,^-pu,-,-J, ,-o
X Lo f g t r r . r t g
i K-r
l, *J \^/s- ,- :l{ },' .c c r.l?..,-l
C r I t ' -
)r,-t ;t
"l"f ,-o. )
t\.1- cL
ax7*,..c1 *' }*,^- *.i-J..' V
L*.J
rfr ' \ r i5y / ; f
f i ' 3oiA f i t
t 1 * r . , )
" L*^6 t u^ul r*rttrQ-
o,- i,g, ,1". I u.,1,.^e,!
'n
"o t'/,.,.11 "f uoli^o axir.,n1i'ci'
I' Kai,.q q- irr- t o ,.^V ar <>-Jnr z
/ , ' l- F? ( v-1 ()r P,' Jo.,..
,,*f ol/'o. l;7,*;.1,t\\',.1n,-J or, ^oi
\rJ.*}
*.) ).'1 "
{oc"cOuc Ll'c
o'(
Is). 'o t -t_x Iq z,
J [" , "l-/^o, ( -.p c,r /L*
*,-J; '1 ",I i1 'Jl .
*,^or,4v
a . .ro i, )4.^ o rc- f u?, Jl ,, *+,Y
T o.*r | ,1,.J \"f/.,)c.rr*v ir- l i\r+rl.. .,.+ ..1 (L
f*t j", , )J *^
7*r,^lvLrcL
/ , , , / )
T{ CI }\Q_ J*
"^r; I I r ' 'crjl , -
' r1 l r .
T. l" 4o-,- ). t - yI',, iY"l , \^/L,,Y,-l_ "// 7
;i" )
aurt- .u{o, *hec.*rr- o,.J ,'J
ir l( /*,J .,,J \^,&u +" .orl
*J.l .Jno-,'- i *t,n*.lY".J *-1,.---,1
'i : )J c rucr.i.'.. /
; J ,l c: etf on) w\,.l l "
T.=j l * , . ) o*, ' )
@-t*<1<o Q>C
I\)
' -i_
_(t
-t_
\F
-7F
)!
-.s
- 1
_,
L_ AO
l/-.
^-t
\'-\
r
.?,
T--
p -t
<$ <s
v- p t {-
,/
\-
l
f' (\
ei
us r
.l*
f\)
-i
\o
-\\6
.''c
F*
e -'f--
-'{-
-' t
o\
\p FP
\/F ,r-'i
A
l7 -I--
,C
/\ rs{
F5
._+
!6,
o__ )
\ {\
l \ :.
-lX
-: P
'.(
-ta
c n-
-r} FI
-+-'
-{--
- Y
>
-\-
- P
a\,
:p
t5
Pr\
\-) >
-l-t c, c
-\C
r/
5 -i
\o \
\\-J P P {_
"
D D-_
a .} -l f. ,c
o 7{\
_<e-
< ( \L
_,*
P :F -r7
f5F
,'f
{ ( i..-
*
L
n
-L-.
,..| l\ fl < t
(t
- \r.- r5 -t
_..*
J F _+_L
- .p 'l \-/
-r-n
f.'.'
CI
or'
)7L-
k
l--:,
' F
' g
rn^
{-,
{_..
':__
tt
oo
o'
72
7
tc\
G.P
l
D;X
:ro
t?.
1?
f't
\p
q'
( \---
a L
n\o
e
\.
--'\,
'-,''
t?t
--
2 p
/\
g
t
e>
-J \
L>
-rr.
_I
7
n.-
-J )-i
---
L-
FIa
'{
-L-F
f)
l-_->
s\ D s*
- O
.i'
+-
-t Fo -i\
{= *-
,F'\
|*-
' :
P,
c,
i--
{:1
;T
Fxj
;i'j
$.
') \-
/*:r
-q- l
?
-r-
;*
;1--
f' \J :,
i 1 't^il r.olv\Lr-
cr- C"* /^.r lry
o,-], j,-^ /' t
l*vr"#:'/:;;:;'.t !
117q
(r)czl
\rtf O.-tl
'l,nayy
. ) ' )r^ ir, 7 ftoj I
(t-
C a fac '
1 L-r" oJ o^, ( o'' ' o .' lo...-tt )
*^,') "ill r':
i,;i {o-/ i I'u":J
c -> L;L" i" ",.1. f
97 - t ' / , ' c-/
e& lt
fo,q,
O: e t^n*AT
'c".nl /o
vi'r""
d
L[^,)r I
/ - ! It h c t \
w,^a r,'\c lu. t 7o-c , /'r-
,-^!rJ,.^". ,- o-ri to"r'
/ /"
c : I
1. e - r ( o
^+1)
(.-)^o ( r+ *
I1." dLrr\o*
( 'k t ̂ r ' J'yt' 6 ,02 x
Ir r .11o l , ( "
L ir ho^Jl " v \ . i1 i v1A&f f
1 n,."1
,i'' /A
Jn," p 6rr"J n,e
."1.o. n{lu,
ai l r^"1.,1*".[ - ' 1^,
a- f *tf
un lt o,.
or J
Tx
[" ,','^,"J "o n1, o^,"fG'Lrn*r'lr o r o
i€t 3iql
f*t - X
l lx
1 Tt*/ll,'F'- Li QC'fuLq L
r lt ll ' roa ' , -1 in
,we| S"
J i - { l ' - ' K
l- lo.*l "f T' *^r^f" "^"-] *'.' \^/[.^' J I I J,ctooi ,.J'iJ'r^o!r^, ,"i: ,-,!Lpl. . . f ' i ;e- soi i , I*r ' / 1, .5*, ' , i
I ***-, tf /.,.I l.* (r-ttJ.*^"o
*rl.;. f,
F- o,ra-
?o,
a n
(r)*-i*lz O*-*l't.,^.- Ex tq'Ll
'f?o-r^-11 . 4) i! o- {"-^ .[ ono-tvs =, ]o L-l ,.^--}|r*u -io i1-.(ne", ,li ,J,,Yl^-l e-,-,ny , 'du n
n
'^-*:1rl-J .-I a,\ )",^-;.,/^ul-.,-YJ,- l-.J. LV;^-c-ro-ei;^-tr 11 * W "/ I,l* "J"* ,/^-l--,-1."
/
'U.,"n\,"J .,,. ), )-, { To.^-"4/no^-,-,,..L----l Qn,*no;- = onroqru,-L-llq ;,5,^-;l- ,oLrrco- o- ,J
'T*,L:)/r,^)" rtli ,lY+'^
u,r,)-..n-, )67,"^-ll, pv.T
f'o--* J, "-'*:'?'o"otE = Y:ytr-r: *:!rr:;uth,h
r,"i^-l "J ?,?"^- z ̂ ^-..j-,ji-' ir-;u,l' r%trhI":;?)M"-L . l]" +'Co,-rrJo-
^" ,r.dJ ,4)--..^t "7 a- -ry1,^-1.- , 7-),^-
t-a{ocrrair
Wt 3\,,=,' tn' K" !: :; . ̂ b !* A,'6A)(J,;: ? CAJ') = ?JV =) v, Irr*,fru
e)"^*,* r!^- =) r),."-;,- Y^l -l l;1,.;:)I or' aQ wr
G,-,u' Jlrr/, F ar
. A '--"irAs " 71 \ *"f ,, 1'o ,? f"l r; hb-,n-nn I, vt|dor?or Y-
'g'r-\ \ YYe- ,i^rN
T tf*T '77 ''-a7r l'ls -e
/" h'D-,tua 4 F,T-.,
-n_, , o !
<Lw
e>e I: *1t|t n-"-,J:
a.ne*z-r ?-.y
C<P I: -'lsA's .f yTy f*1
r orrn,,p7
,A- 6]'?-?v rr-
,,'\r- Fr = +",3P
f"f*r-( -WJ -v-r.y -,-.lt
(1) trr-tq,J
/. -w?T)a a5to4a1
?(--r ̂t \.r *1 ,h, .t A fT "f Tt-,QlA" lt,^
r-*+:ze n J Q>d,e 'Q'Ao
Jr-nL Q =l: 'O< \ b (- I (1
C)>&v b Q< ve
Jr.^ J.l -.tr,,a-Fv1D
A-4- - *V
AYJJ=^\ ---"5
rTr-" 'It ,.1",,"It ,.u1,,
r: I*'-**or !-" vaf I.,
"t)tl'o'^
1',o^2lr a?\
(b)
(- Q >14 (=
Q<,A(-7\->-o-,,t
O>AY?< AV
51 A
-o|wplo-l
(1
ejXM
6o)i[.'*" L:i-Tt f i1 :,
- a* 7-( et*r{q,
lo.os { tZ.J
ra +U n, )r-f". f
)rJ a,r-w,s
( ..J*r- l^j J",A?r,,.J*,-/
,^:J ,,1 J-+")=) a[;J = O
e G*o *?^r.grron- :) AJ -nL),. ?,,ocat t .-;.J-L n D ,^,a-[=) & =V'O
=) tE;,,-l ,O
1)" fx lq,f
r i | - -I't oa* ( ro.^-rLa-,-
r) C"^J*-J,'j^ - X""] rl 7^+rJ o\ a^- ,'Jr^,r/r1nlo-^,)^,- l.n.lf.on o^o,on) + a.,\, "L;-J l" .^J-.
c.J.-./."^- \_' *r!*lr'!"#r l r'#_ tr, *' 1o^
wlo-.o-: A ,1 f":
* t; ,, !n".J,-- 1 L,f re.tl.vbic
t :, T*yt , t ,T .,, In-.7o"Ju* of ,"lJ R{o,-uDi,rF- rt tt^-or w,_d ae y-/a-al;vi-ly Lwo]r-;-l ara.^A_AI )
( I'T?-=
, )co l r rPo l r * l
'l*
)fa-c.
J
Vr
*lL_C
r'ra* ,*'llo,- 1L (prorer ,*JJ,')
?r-^lt F
(ou or [*rJ)
L,/t^.)
2-) ).**y{ orrn)
fl:d i'r- cD',,u l" Itt
t vo
{l*,J{-'flc-
'f?J.o-J,'or\
Conl;J,- a-,^J*/ .',. jolo]'
!foo,t- .^* U.- ron?,+ J//*',J L
1?"1,)") T..n.*) A%,-5 lo,^-.o, A to-[.^-.L/u
Y r lruf ,r*{t
t (r-il.- Jl.--'^J
LI^;I, , fi'' Fo. L,,/B+'./
G^J*--Jion- l[,-"rL cL- ,L-f ,
G*n.-Jr'rr - )...."--J i5
e ir .u^J*-J J, J,c oo Io'*
fl,*r), caw,a-1
,7ot or {,\v-;d )
,*,J ' oxy*,Jrt.'rt| r,Jof-}
)['.,^.,1 ,-nJ; ,.-J,r,. lr^l* ".r-oJ 7*-l t ,o)o.J,o,--g.,-*J,. s7-.lrL,-,v\.4r^ir -& rzt^o I ,r^J--L (*^J*I'1,o,.)
&*rJ do,- .or-.'*Jrb^*
l[-e ir ]..a*z l** )*Ll, ov.r T;"] */",*pIV(*orl )y) g7c-c-u b oJ,^r- o-t^- ,r'l
r Y)fo.,Ct { at rto rr.- vtt-o.'*ttf A)'vl- ;.9 I fo n-
.*1. :e.; =
{: Ar,o-r-e- I f - it \+a/aL-7rl]1,,..a,ra.ru .."n)^^)
f : {.670t rtD-evK
'k" )e ;y a*, ',;stiv,'1y e<e<t ,^--I,-rJ J.r*J"A ,'r rr,*lr^--(^*ooT i I +*pu-o-J*-.u irt- L-1'';,-
-T)T"
*/L
J^/,v & 7r*f*J,LrLYo-* itu,
'I;
hz)bLlb,)o '^J.ot.
'^-1-. "f (^Lro,bJo^
T5 :
tf,o--:'*lr'*-o-,
r ) r li1 aw{6 r o, ,nto;ut lor"-Vo-,!,'-.u
. ) | | I l_ )e-t+tr t ^t^A ^-bgo. b r&rn{,-DA,
kAl { tAtu1
D. Ex 1ct-6n.'l
L €=7
7* = {eAT:"