chapter introduction section 1the decline of the qing dynasty section 2revolution in china section...
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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Section 2 Revolution in China
Section 3 Rise of Modern Japan
Chinese Emperors
Chapter Assessment
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• The Qing dynasty declined because of internal and external pressures.
Main Ideas
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
• extraterritoriality • sphere of influence
• indemnity• self-strengthening
• Western nations increased their economic involvement with China.
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• SWBAT: Identify what internal problems led to the decline of the Qing dynasty?
Preview Questions
• What role did Western nations play in the Qing dynasty’s decline?
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
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Causes of Decline• In 1800 the Qing dynasty of the Manchus
was at the height of its power.
• After more than a century of Western humiliation and harassment, the Qing dynasty collapsed in the early 1900s.
• Internal changes also played a role in the downfall of the Qing dynasty.
(pages 465–466)(pages 465–466)
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Causes of Decline (cont.) • It began to suffer from
corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence.
• Rapid population growth–400 million by 1900–along with food shortages and regular famine made these matters worse.
• The ships, guns, and ideas of foreigners probably hastened the end of the Qing Era.
(pages 465–466)(pages 465–466)
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The Opium War
(pages 466–467)(pages 466–467)
• In 1800 European merchants in China were restricted to a trading outlet at Guangzhou, or Canton.
• The British were not happy with the arrangement.
• Britain also imported more from China than it exported to China, giving Britain an unfavorable balance of trade as its hard currency was paid to China.
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The Opium War (cont.) • Negotiations to address the trade
imbalance failed, and Britain turned to trading opium to address their economic concerns.
• The British East India Company grew the opium in India and shipped it to China, where its use skyrocketed.
• Soon silver was flowing out of China to Britain.
(pages 466–467)(pages 466–467)
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The Opium War (cont.) • The Chinese knew of the dangers of this
highly addictive drug and had made its trade illegal.
• At first they appealed to the British government on moral grounds to stop the export of opium into China. Britain refused to stop.
• The Chinese government blockaded Guangzhou to force the traders to surrender their opium, and Britain responded by starting the Opium War (1839–1842).
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The Opium War (cont.) • After the British fleet sailed
almost unopposed up the Chang Jiang, China made peace.
• The Treaty of Nanjing(1842) opened five coastal ports in China to British trade, limited taxes on imported British goods, and gave the British the island of Hong Kong.
• The Chinese also agreed to pay for the war.
• The treaty did not mention opium.(pages 466–467)(pages 466–467)
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The Opium War (cont.) • Europeans lived in the five ports in their
own sections and were not subject to Chinese laws, a practice known as extraterritoriality.
• The end of the Opium War marked the beginning of strong Western influence in China.
• China offered the same concessions to other Western nations it had to Britain, and soon the five treaty ports were booming with trade.
(pages 466–467)(pages 466–467)
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The Tai Ping Rebellion
(pages 467–468)(pages 467–468)
• Because the Chinese government failed to handle its internal economic problems, the Tai Ping Rebellion, a peasant revolt, occurred from 1850 to 1864.
• It was led by Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ.
• He was convinced God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty.
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The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.)
• Hong and his peasant army captured Yongan, where he proclaimed a new dynasty–the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Tai Ping Tianguo in Chinese, hence the name Tai Ping Rebellion.)
• The rebellion called for social reforms that included giving land to all peasants and treating women as the equals of men.
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The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) • Hong’s rebellion called for people to give
up private possessions.
• Land was to be held in common, and food and money were to be shared equally.
• Hong outlawed alcohol, tobacco, and foot binding.
• The social goals of the twentieth-century Chinese Communist Revolution would be similar.
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The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) • In 1853, the rebels seized
Nanjing and massacred 25,000 men, women, and children.
• Europeans helped the Qing dynasty respond to the rebellion.
• In 1864, combined Chinese and European forces took back Nanjing.
• Gradually, the power of the rebellion weakened.
(pages 467–468)(pages 467–468)
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The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) • The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of
history’s most devastating civil wars.
• As many as twenty million people died in the 14-year struggle.
Traditional Chinese Music Link
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The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.)
• In 1856, Great Britain and France began applying force to gain greater trade privileges.
• In the ensuing Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, the Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade, open new ports to foreign trade, and surrender the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain.
• The British seized Beijing in 1860 when the Chinese resisted parts of the treaty.
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Efforts at Reform (cont.) • Reformers called for a new policy of “self-
strengthening” for the Qing dynasty.
• This approach meant that China should adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions.
• This policy guided China for the next 25 years.
(pages 468–469)(pages 468–469)
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Efforts at Reform (cont.) • Some reformers wanted to introduce
democracy, but such an idea was too radical for most.
• Rather, China tried to modernize its military and industrialize while retaining the basic elements of Chinese civilization and values.
(pages 468–469)(pages 468–469)
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The Advance of Imperialism
(pages 469–470)(pages 469–470)
• The new policy did not help the Qing dynasty retain power.
• European advances into China and internal deterioration continued.
• Russia forced China to give up territories in Siberia.
• Tibet was freed from Chinese influence by the struggle for it between Russia and Great Britain.
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The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • European states began to create spheres
of influence inside China.
(pages 469–470)(pages 469–470)
• In 1894 another matter weakened the Qing.
• China went to war with Japan over Japanese inroads into Korea, and Japan soundly defeated the Chinese.
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The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • This scramble for territory took place in a
time of internal crisis.
• The emperor Guang Xu launched his massive reform campaign called the One Hundred Days of Reform.
• Conservatives at court opposed the reforms.
(pages 469–470)(pages 469–470)
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Opening the Door to China
(pages 470–471)(pages 470–471)
• Great Britain and the United States feared other nations would overrun China should its government collapse.
• In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state John Hay proposed equal access to the Chinese market for all nations.
• No nation disagreed, and Hay declared that the foreign states agreed China should have an Open Door policy.
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The Boxer Rebellion
(page 471)(page 471)
• The Open Door policy did not stop the Boxer Rebellion, however.
• Boxer was the popular name for members of the secret group called the Society of Harmonious Fists, who practiced a system of exercise they thought would protect them from bullets.
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The Boxer Rebellion (cont.) • The Boxers were upset over foreign
influence in China.
• They especially disliked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity.
• They killed Christians and foreigners, including the German envoy to Beijing.
(page 471)(page 471)
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The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • The Empress Dowager Ci Xi, the
emperor’s aunt, also opposed the reforms.
• With the help of the army, she imprisoned the emperor and ended the reform efforts.
• She ruled China for almost 50 years.
(pages 469–470)(pages 469–470)
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The Boxer Rebellion (cont.) • In response an allied army of the Western
powers and Japan attacked Beijing in 1900.
• It restored order and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government, which was forced to pay a heavy indemnity–payment for damages–to the powers that had ended the rebellion.
• The Chinese imperial government was weaker than ever.
(page 471)(page 471)
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The Fall of the Qing• After the Boxer Rebellion, China
desperately tried to reform.
• Even the Empress Dowager now embraced educational, administrative, and legal reforms.
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The Fall of the Qing• After the Boxer Rebellion, China
desperately tried to reform.
• Even the Empress Dowager now embraced educational, administrative, and legal reforms.
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • The emerging elite of merchants and
professionals was angry on learning that the new assemblies could not pass laws but could only advise the ruler.
• The reforms did nothing for the peasants, artisans, and miners, whose conditions worsened as taxes rose.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • A Western educational system replaced
the traditional civil service examination educational system.
• In 1909, legislative assemblies were formed at the provincial (local) level.
• Elections for a national assembly were held in 1910.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • The emerging elite of merchants and
professionals was angry.
• Assemblies could not pass laws but could only advise the ruler.
• The reforms did nothing for the peasants, artisans, and miners, whose conditions worsened as taxes rose.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • The first signs of revolution came
with Sun Yat-sen and his Revive China Society, founded in the 1890s.
• He believed China had to be united under a strong government to resist the foreigners.
• Sun developed a three-part reform process: military takeover, a period in which Sun’s revolutionary party would prepare the people for democracy, and a constitutional democracy.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • Sun united radical groups from across
China and formed the Revolutionary Alliance, later the Nationalist Party.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
• In 1908, the Empress Dowager died, and the Qing dynasty was near its end.
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• The infant Henry Pu Yi now occupied the throne.
• In 1911, followers of Sun Yat-sen began an uprising in central China.
• Sun was in the United States. • The Qing dynasty collapsed, but Sun’s
party did not have the strength to form a new government, so it turned to a member of the old order, General Yuan Shigai, who controlled the army and had been sent to suppress the rebellion.
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The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • General Yuan negotiated with Sun’s party
and agreed to serve as president of a Chinese republic and allow for the election of a legislature.
• The events of 1911 did not produce a new social and political order.
• The Revolutionary Alliance with its Western liberal democratic principles was supported mainly by the urban middle class and so was too small to support a new order.
(pages 473–475)(pages 473–475)
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An Era of Civil War
(pages 475–476)(pages 475–476)
• The military took over after the end of the Qing dynasty.
• The Revolutionary Alliance distrusted General Yuan’s motives, however.
• He did not understand Western liberalism and tried to set up a new imperial dynasty, even using murder and terror to destroy the new democratic institutions.
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An Era of Civil War (cont.) • When General Yuan dissolved the
parliament, the Nationalists rebelled.
• The rebellion failed, and Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan.
• After he died in 1916, Yuan was succeeded by one of his officers.
• For several years China slipped into civil war as weakened governmental power allowed warlords to seize provincial power.
• Massive destruction and hunger were the outcome.
(pages 475–476)(pages 475–476)
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Chinese Society in Transition (cont.) • Chinese society was already changing
in the mid-1800s.
• The growth of industry and trade brought to the cities a market for commodities–marketable products–such as oil, copper, salt, tea, and porcelain.
• Transportation was improving, and new crops from abroad increased food production.
(pages 476–477)(pages 476–477)
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An End to Isolation
(pages 479–480)(pages 479–480)
• By 1800, the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled the Japanese islands for two hundred years.
• The country was virtually isolated from foreigners.
• Foreign ships were driven away, and the little foreign trading was done only through Nagasaki.
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An End to Isolation (cont.) • Western powers approached Japan in the
hope of opening it up to their economic interests.
• The United States was the first foreign country to succeed with Japan.
• In 1853, four warships under Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay).
(pages 479–480)(pages 479–480)
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An End to Isolation (cont.)
• Perry carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore, asking to open relations between the two countries.
• Some shogunate officials argued against contact and others recommended concessions, or political compromises.
• The shogunate’s response was ultimately dictated by the guns of Perry’s ships when he returned for an answer with a larger fleet.
(pages 479–480)(pages 479–480)
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An End to Isolation (cont.) • Under military pressure Japan agreed to
the Treaty of Kanagawa.
• It provided for the return of American shipwrecked sailors, who previously were treated as criminals, the opening of two ports to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.
(pages 479–480)(pages 479–480)
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Resistance to the New Order
(page 480)(page 480)
• Resistance to this change in relations with the West was especially strong among the samurai warriors in the territories of Satsuma and Choshu.
• In 1863, the Sat-Cho alliance forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.
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Resistance to the New Order (cont.) • The Sat-Cho rebels were convinced they
needed to strengthen their military after losing an exchange with Western ships.
• They also demanded that the shogun resign and restore the power of the emperor.
• Sat-Cho armies attacked the shogun’s palace in Kyoto in 1868.
• They declared the emperor restored.
• The shogun’s forces and the shogunate soon collapsed.
(page 480)(page 480)
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The Meiji Restoration (cont.) • The young emperor Mutsuhito called his
reign the Meiji, or “Enlightened Rule.”
• This period is known as the Meiji Restoration.
• Mutsuhito was controlled by the Sat-Cho leaders, and the capital was moved to their location, Edo (now Tokyo).
(pages 480–484)(pages 480–484)
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The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The Meiji reformers set out to create a Western-style political system.
• A commission under Ito Hirobumi traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States to study their governments.
(pages 480–484)(pages 480–484)
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The Meiji Restoration (cont.) • Real executive authority lay not with the
emperor but with the prime minister and his cabinet ministers, handpicked by the Meiji leaders.
• Further, the upper house included royal appointments and elected nobles.
• The government was democratic in form but authoritarian in practice.
• The traditional ruling class kept its influence and economic power.
(pages 480–484)(pages 480–484)
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The Meiji Restoration (cont.) • The Meiji reformers transformed other
institutions, especially the military.
• In 1871, a new army based on compulsory military service was formed.
• All men served for three years.
(pages 480–484)(pages 480–484)