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40
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plants have been used in traditional medicine for several thousand years. Biodiversity
is basic to progress in improving the productivity of plants, animals, fishes and all living
organisms. Biodiversity also provides the feedstock to biotechnology industry. While the
developing world is the home of much of the global biodiversity, the industrialized world is the
home of many of the biological technologies essential for converting biological diversity into
economic wealth. The knowledge of medicinal plants has been accumulated in course of
many centuries based on different medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha.
In India, it is reported that traditional healers use 2500 plant species and 100 plants species
serve as regular sources of medicine.
Traditional medicinal knowledge of medicinal plants and their use by indigenous
cultures are not only useful for conservation of cultural traditions and biodiversity but also
for community healthcare and drug development in the present and future. The destruction of
tropical forests has meant, in many parts of the tropical region, increasing disappearance of
native people who have been living in these areas and who have accumulated a compendium
of folk knowledge about the usefulness of plants for curing various diseases.
Tribal communities inhabiting large tracts in different parts of India have, by virtue of
their distinct cultures, beliefs, taboos, totems, religious rituals, traditional habits of food and
medicine, played major role in conserving biodiversity. Plants and animals have been used as
a source of medicines from ancient times, and even in modern times, animal and plant-based
41
systems continue to play a vital role in health care. Wild and domestic animals and their by-
products (eg. hooves, skins, bones, feathers and tusks) form important ingredients in the
preparation of curative, protective and preventive medicine.
Documenting the indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important
for the conservation and utilization of biological resources.
Biodiversity and Traditional medicine:
Wild populations of numerous species are overexploited around the globe, the
demand created by the traditional medicine being one of the causes of the overexploitation.
In this context, research opportunities should focus both on the documentation of the
traditional uses of animal and plants in traditional medicine and the cultural and ecological
aspects associated with such practices.
The interfaces among biodiversity conservation, public health, traditional medicine,
and medicinal plants encompass a number of relevant and contemporary issues which are
becoming increasingly apparent, as exemplified by WHO's goal in medicines: “to help save
lives and improve health by ensuring the quality, efficacy, safety and rational use of
(traditional) medicines and by promoting equitable and sustainable access to essential
medicines, particularly for the poor and disadvantage”.
42
Documentation of the data
It has been observed that 213 species of plants (Plate 5, 6, 7.) have been reported for
ethnomedicinal uses and 113 species have been reported for technological knowledge. These
data were documented in a Computer program using Visual Basic 6.0 as front end and
Microsoft Office Access as back end. The Sample software screens are given (Figures II.).
The list of plants and their ethnomedicinal uses (Table 4.) and the technological knowledge
(Table 5.) of the, tribals, Herbarium Voucher Numbers (Table 6.) are given. This type of
database will be useful for references and such a database can be made available in the
internet as websites so that the data about the Kani tribals shall be available to the people.
4
3
Fig
ure
II:
Sa
mp
le s
oft
wa
re s
cree
ns
4
4
4
5
4
6
4
7
4
8
4
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
9
Tab
le 4
. E
nu
mer
ati
on
of
pla
nts
use
d a
s et
hn
om
edic
ine
S.N
o
Bota
nic
al
Nam
e
Ver
nacu
lar
Na
me
F
am
ily
Mod
e of
ad
min
istr
ati
on
Acn
e
1.
Oci
mum
am
eric
anum
L.
N
aait
hula
si
Lam
iace
ae
The
leaf
pas
te i
s ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
face
.
An
ti-d
an
dru
ff
2.
Phyl
a n
odif
lora
(L
.) G
reen
e.
Pooduth
alai
V
erben
acea
e
The
leav
es a
nd f
ruit
s ar
e m
ade
a pil
low
when
it u
sed, th
e li
es i
n t
he
hea
d w
ill
craw
l dow
n
on t
he
pil
low
.
3.
Vet
iver
ia z
izanio
ides
(L
.) N
ash.
V
etri
ver
P
oac
eae
The
dri
ed r
oot
is p
ut
into
the
coco
nut
oil
then
apply
on t
he
hea
d.
An
tid
ote
4.
Ach
yranth
es a
sper
a L
.
Naa
yuru
vi
Am
aran
thac
eae
Gra
ins
are
gro
und a
nd e
aten
.
5.
Xanth
oso
ma s
agit
tifo
lium
Sch
ott
.
Paa
lchea
mbu
A
race
ae
Lea
f p
aste
s ar
e ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
the
bod
y.
6
0
6.
Ari
stolo
chia
indic
a L
.
Kar
udak
odi
Ari
stolo
chia
ceae
The
leaf
juic
e or
pow
der
ed r
oot
is g
iven
wit
h
honey
.
7.
Andro
gra
phis
panic
ula
ta (
Burm
.f)
Wal
l.ex
.Nee
s.
Nil
avee
mbu
A
canth
acea
e
Lea
f p
aste
s ar
e ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
the
bod
y.
8.
Calo
tropis
gig
ante
a (
L.)
R.B
r.
Eru
kkal
ai
Asc
lepia
dac
eae
Lea
ves
are
use
d t
o c
ontr
ol
mit
es i
n b
irds.
Ap
hro
dis
iac
9.
Annona s
quam
osa
L.
S
ithap
ayam
A
nnonac
eae
The
fruit
is
consu
mued
for
aphro
dis
iac.
Ast
hu
ma
10.
Rauvo
lfia
ser
pen
tina (
L.)
Ben
th . e
x
Kurz
.
Am
ulp
orr
i A
pocynac
eae
The
leav
es a
nd f
low
ers
are
consu
med
for
asth
um
a.
11.
Mart
ynia
annua L
.
Nag
athal
i M
arty
nia
ceae
Lea
f p
aste
is
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk f
or
asth
um
a.
12.
Cappari
s fu
sife
ra D
unn.
Sir
uval
li
Cap
par
acea
e F
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h s
alts
.
13.
Tyl
ophora
subra
manii
A.N
.Hen
ry
Err
uvil
apat
chil
ai
Asl
epia
dac
eae
The
leaf
po
wder
is
mix
ed w
ith h
oney
to c
ure
6
1
asth
ma.
14.
Ari
stolo
chia
bra
cteo
lata
Lam
.
Aad
uth
eend
apal
ai
Ari
stolo
chia
ceae
F
resh
lea
ves
are
use
d t
o c
onto
l as
thum
a.
Bet
ter
slee
p
15.
Bom
bax
ceib
a L
.
Ela
vam
pan
gi
Bom
bac
acea
e
Pil
low
s m
ade
of
its
fiber
sti
mula
te s
leep
ing
sensa
tion.
16.
Jasm
inum
off
icin
ale
L.
P
itch
i O
leac
eae
The
infl
ore
scen
ce s
tim
ula
tes
slee
pin
g
sensa
tion.
Blo
od
clo
t
17.
Ory
za s
ati
va L
.
Nel
lu
Poac
eae
The
fruit
alo
ng w
ith t
he
turm
eric
is
gro
und
and a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
woun
d.
Bod
y p
ain
18.
Call
icarp
a t
om
ento
sa (
L.)
Murr
ay.
A
annai
koth
nth
an
Ver
ben
acea
e
Lea
ves
and f
low
ers
are
mad
e in
to p
aste
and
appli
ed o
n t
he
bod
y.
6
2
Bod
y t
emp
eratu
re
19.
Cyc
as
circ
inali
s L
.
Sal
apan
ai
Cyca
dac
eae
The
todd
y w
hen
dru
nk s
tim
ula
tes
sex
ual
des
ires
and a
lso k
eeps
bo
dy t
emper
ature
.
20.
Tri
gonel
la f
oen
um
-gra
ecum
L.
V
ethayam
F
abac
eae
See
d p
aste
s ar
e ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
hea
d.
21.
Bora
ssus
flabel
life
r L
.
Pan
aim
aram
A
reca
ceae
Endosp
erm
is
eate
n t
o s
tim
ula
te s
exual
des
ires
. T
odd
y r
egula
tes
bod
y t
emper
ature
.
22.
Coco
s nuci
fera
L.
T
hen
nu
Are
cace
ae
Todd
y r
egula
tes
bod
y t
emper
ature
.
23.
Phyl
lanth
us
embli
ca L
.
Nel
lim
aram
E
uphorb
iace
ae
The
fruit
juic
e is
consu
med
.
Bon
e fr
act
ure
24.
Tec
tona g
randis
L.f
.
Tek
ku
Ver
ben
acea
e
Lea
ves
are
boil
ed a
nd a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
frac
ture
par
t of
the
bod
y.
Ch
est
pain
25.
Nara
veli
a z
eyla
nic
a (
L.)
DC
.
Sir
ikodip
atch
ilai
R
anuncu
lace
ae
Lea
f p
aste
is
consu
med
tw
ice
a d
ay t
o r
educe
the
ches
t pai
n.
6
3
Cou
gh
an
d C
old
26.
Ele
ttari
a c
ard
am
om
um
(L
.) M
aton.
E
llak
ai
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Lea
ves
are
boil
ed w
ith w
ater
and a
ppli
ed o
n
the
fore
hea
d.
27.
Pip
er l
ongum
L.
K
attu
thip
li
Pip
erac
eae
The
leaf
and t
he
fruit
juic
e ar
e d
runk.
28.
Abuti
lon i
ndic
um
(L
.) S
wee
t.
Thuth
i M
alvac
eae
Raw
lea
f ju
ice
is a
dm
inis
tere
d o
rall
y.
29.
Euca
lyptu
s glo
bulu
s. L
abil
l.
Eca
lptu
s M
yrt
acea
e
Lea
ves
are
boil
ed w
ith w
ater
and a
ppli
ed o
n
the
fore
hea
d.
30.
Cym
bopogon c
itra
tus
(DC
.)S
tapf.
E
ngip
ull
u
Poac
eae
Lea
ves
are
cru
shed
and i
nhal
ed t
o c
ure
Cough.
31.
Cro
tala
ria a
lbid
a H
eyn
e ex
Roth
.
Nag
aval
li
Fab
acea
e
Lea
f p
aste
is
mix
ed w
ith w
ater
and u
sed t
o
adm
inis
trat
e th
e co
ld.
32.
Datu
ra d
isco
lor
Ber
nh.
K
attu
kar
uoom
athai
S
ola
nac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is c
onsu
med
to r
educe
cou
gh a
nd
cold
.
33.
Ple
ctra
nth
us
am
boin
icus
Om
aval
li.
Lam
iace
ae
The
seed
s ar
e in
hal
ed t
o r
educe
cou
gh.
6
4
(Lou
r.)S
pre
ng
34.
Anis
om
eles
mala
bari
ca (
L.)
R.B
r. e
x
Sm
.
Sam
pal
thm
bai
L
amia
ceae
L
eaf
pas
tes
are
consu
med
wit
h h
ot
wat
er.
35.
Alp
inia
calc
ara
ta R
osc
oe.
K
attu
sith
arth
ai
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Pla
nt
juic
e is
consu
med
.
36.
Just
icia
adhato
da L
.
Adad
odai
A
canth
acea
e L
eaf
juic
e is
dru
nk.
37.
Oci
mum
ten
uif
loru
m L
.
Kri
shnat
hula
si
Lam
iace
ae
The
raw
lea
ves
are
eat
en.
38.
Sola
num
sura
tten
se B
urm
.f.
Kan
dan
gkat
tari
S
ola
nac
eae
The
fruit
is
use
d t
o c
ure
cough, ab
dom
inal
pai
n a
nd s
tom
ach u
lcer
s.
39.
Osb
ecki
a z
eyl
anic
a L
. f.
Nee
rpad
arth
ipat
chil
a
i
Mel
asto
mat
acea
e P
lant
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
40.
Oli
goch
aet
a r
am
osa
(Rox
b.)
Wag
enit
z.
Poil
aich
edip
atch
ilai
A
ster
acea
e
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f st
em a
nd l
eaves
pas
tes
are
consu
med
wit
h w
ater
.
41.
Phyl
lanth
us
gard
ner
ianus
(Wig
ht.
)
Bai
ll.
Kat
tunel
li
Euphorb
iace
ae
Lea
ves
and a
eria
l par
ts a
re c
onsu
med
wit
h
mil
k.
6
5
42.
Bosw
elli
a s
erra
ta R
ox
b. ex
Cole
b.
Sam
bir
ani
Burs
erac
eae
Res
in i
s burn
t an
d i
nhal
ed.
43.
Oci
mum
basi
licu
m L
.
Kar
unth
ula
si
Lam
iace
ae
Lea
ves
are
so
aked
in w
ater
and u
sed.
44.
Capsi
cum
fru
tesc
ens
L.
K
anth
arim
ilag
u
Sola
nac
eae
Fru
its
are
burn
t an
d i
nhal
ed.
Cu
ts a
nd
Wou
nd
s
45.
Coff
ea a
rabic
a L
.
Coff
ee
Rubia
ceae
The
seed
pow
der
is
appli
ed d
irec
tly o
n t
he
wounds.
46.
Aca
cia n
iloti
ca (
L.)
Wil
ld e
x D
el.
Kar
uvel
am
Mim
osa
ceae
Flo
wer
juic
e is
appli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
affe
cted
bod
y.
47.
Nic
oti
ana t
abacu
m L
.
Pugai
yil
ai
Sola
nce
ae
The
leaf
ash
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
cuts
and
wounds.
48.
Arg
emone
mex
icana L
.
Aat
hpar
appi
Pap
aver
acea
e
Res
ins
are
appli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
the
wounds.
49.
Cen
trath
erum
anth
elm
inti
cum
Kuntz
e.
Mal
aigam
bi
Ast
erac
eae
Lea
f d
ecoct
ion i
s ap
pli
ed o
n w
ounds.
6
6
50.
Cel
ast
rus
panic
ula
tus
Wil
ld.
Per
uth
i C
elas
trac
eae
Lea
ves
are
cru
shed
and j
uic
e is
appli
ed o
n t
he
bod
y.
51.
Cannabis
sati
va L
.
Kan
chaa
C
annab
inac
eae
Fru
its
and l
eav
es a
sh i
s ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
bod
y.
52.
Tri
dax
pro
cum
ben
s L
.
Kat
tunil
ampar
athip
a
chil
ai
Ast
erac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace.
53.
Aponoget
on n
ata
ns
(L.)
Engl.
&
Kra
use
.
Par
aikil
angu
A
ponoget
onac
eae
Lea
f p
aste
is
consu
med
wit
h h
ot
wat
er.
54.
Capsi
cum
annuum
L.
V
allm
ilag
aai
Sola
nac
eae
The
dri
ed f
ruit
is
boil
ed a
nd t
he
oil
is
use
d.
55.
Cath
ara
nth
us
rose
us
(L.)
G. D
on.
Nit
tyak
alyan
i A
pocynac
eae
The
flow
er i
s boil
ed i
n o
il, ap
pli
ed o
n t
he
bod
y s
urf
ace.
56.
Cro
ton b
onpla
ndia
num
Bai
ll.
Pee
nar
i E
uphorb
iace
ae
The
resi
n f
rom
the
twig
is
pla
ced o
n t
he
cuts
and w
ounds.
57.
Ner
ium
ole
ander
L.
C
hev
aral
li.
Apocynac
eae
The
flow
ers
are
boil
ed i
n t
he
coco
nut
oil
is
adm
inis
tere
d o
n t
he
wou
nds.
6
7
58.
Taber
naem
onta
na d
ivari
cata
(L
.) R
.
Br.
ex R
. &
S.
Vel
lara
li
Apocynac
eae
The
flow
er i
s boil
ed i
n t
he
coco
nut
oil
and i
s
appli
ed o
n t
he
cuts
and w
ounds.
59.
Erv
ata
mia
hey
nea
na (
Wal
l.)
Cooke.
Kat
tusi
rum
anth
apac
hil
ai
Apocynac
eae
Pin
ch o
f fl
ow
er p
aste
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
wounds.
60.
Poly
gonum
gla
bru
m W
illd
.
Aat
har
ali
Poly
gon
acea
e
Pla
nt
pas
te i
s m
ixed
wit
h o
il a
nd a
ppli
ed o
n
the
wounds.
Dia
bet
es
61.
Gym
nem
a s
ylve
stre
(R
etz.
) R
.Br.
ex
Sch
utt
.
Sir
ukuri
chan
A
scle
pia
dac
eae
Lea
ves
are
tak
en r
aw w
ith h
ot
wat
er.
Dyse
nte
ry
62.
Dry
nari
a q
uer
cifo
lia (
L.)
J.S
m.,
Aat
tukal
kiz
han
gu
D
rynar
iace
ae
Rhiz
om
e pow
der
is
mix
ed w
ith h
oney
and
consu
med
.
En
ergy s
tim
ula
nt
63.
Manih
ot
escu
lenta
C.R
antz
.
Era
laik
ilan
gu
E
uphorb
iace
ae
Boil
ed t
uber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
to i
mpro
ve
bod
y
6
8
met
aboli
sm.
64.
Tri
chopus
zeyl
anic
us
Gae
rtn.
Aro
kiy
apac
hai
D
iosc
ore
acea
e
Lea
ves
are
consu
med
to s
tim
ula
te t
he
bod
y
ener
gy.
65.
Ses
am
um
indic
um
L.
Y
ellu
P
edal
iace
ae
The
dri
ed f
ruit
s ar
e boil
ed a
nd e
aten
.
66.
Cucu
rbit
a m
osc
hata
(D
ecn
e ex
Lam
.)D
ecne
ex P
oir
.
Poosa
ni
Cucu
rbit
acea
e T
he
fruit
is
consu
med
to i
ncr
ease
wei
ght.
67.
Cyp
erus
rotu
ndus
L.
K
ora
ipull
u
Cyper
acea
e T
he
tuber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
68.
Labla
b p
urp
ure
ns
(L.)
Sw
eet.
A
var
ai
Fab
acea
e T
he
fruit
is
consu
med
.
69.
Ixora
cocci
nea
L.
Id
lipu
R
ubia
ceae
T
he
leaf
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h w
ater
.
70.
Wit
hania
som
nif
era (
L.)
Dunal
.
Am
kula
ng
Sola
nac
eae
Pla
nt
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
Eye
dis
ease
s
71.
Am
ara
nth
us
tris
tis
L.
A
raik
eera
i A
mar
anth
acea
e L
eaf
juic
e is
consu
med
to i
ncr
ease
vis
ion.
Fev
er
72.
Pip
er c
ubeb
a L
.f.
V
alm
ilak
u
pip
erac
eae
The
fruit
s ex
trac
ts a
re d
runk t
o r
educe
fev
er.
6
9
73.
Aty
losi
a a
lbic
ans
(Wt.
et.A
rn.)
Ben
th.
Paa
rinel
ikodi
Pap
ilio
nac
eae
Lea
f ex
trac
ts i
s use
d.
74.
Toddali
a a
siati
ca (
L.)
Lam
.
Mil
agar
anai
R
uta
ceae
L
eaf
pas
te i
s ap
pli
ed o
n s
urf
ace
of
bod
y.
75.
Tep
hro
sia p
urp
ure
a (
L.)
Per
.
Goli
nch
i F
abac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is c
onsu
med
76.
Vit
ex n
egundo L
.
Noch
i V
erben
acea
e T
he
raw
lea
ves
are
kep
t on t
he
fore
hea
d.
Gid
din
ess
77.
Aden
ost
emm
a l
aven
ia (
L.)
Kuntz
e.
Kat
tusi
ruvan
than
pat
chil
ai
Ast
erac
eae
Pla
nts
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
78.
Asy
stasi
a c
hel
onoid
es N
ees.
Kat
tum
anic
uli
ki
pac
hil
lai
Aca
nth
acea
e
The
leav
es a
nd f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h
honey
tw
ice
a d
ay.
79.
Der
ris
ben
tham
ii (
Thw
.) T
hw
Kat
tusi
rukodip
achil
l
ai
Fab
acea
e
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
eate
n w
ith h
oney t
wic
e a
day
.
80.
Hed
yoti
s eu
lata
(G
amble
) H
endry
&
Subra
m.
Sir
uvay
anap
atch
ilai
R
ubia
ceae
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
81.
Moll
ugo p
enta
phyl
la L
.
Sir
upaa
raim
alli
M
oll
ugin
acea
e P
lant
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
tw
ice
a d
ay.
7
0
82.
Muki
a m
ader
asp
ata
na (
L.)
M.
Roem
.
Mosu
mosu
kai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e L
eaf
juic
e is
consu
med
tw
ice
a d
ay.
83.
Rungia
wig
hti
ana N
ees.
K
attu
pac
hai
kuru
ngi
Aca
nth
acea
e
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h h
oney.
Hair
ton
ic
84.
Cam
elli
a s
inen
sis
(L.)
O.K
untz
e.
Thea
lai
Thea
ceae
Lea
f is
ex
trac
ted a
nd c
on
den
sed, an
d u
sed a
s
hai
r d
ye.
85.
Ecl
ipta
pro
stra
ta (
L.)
L.
K
aris
ilan
gan
ni
Ast
erac
eae
The
leaf
ex
trac
t is
boil
ed w
ith c
oco
nut
oil
and
appli
ed o
n t
he
hai
r.
86.
Hib
iscu
s ro
sa-s
inen
sis
L.
C
hem
bar
uth
i M
alvac
eae
The
raw
pet
als
are
eate
n.
87.
Law
sonia
iner
mis
L.
M
aruth
ani
Lyth
race
ae
The
leav
es a
re c
rust
and b
oil
ed, th
e ex
trac
t is
appli
ed w
ith h
air
oil
.
88.
Murr
aya
koen
igii
(L
.) S
pre
ng.
K
ariv
eppil
lai
Ruta
ceae
The
leaf
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
to i
mpro
ve
the
bla
ck c
olo
rati
ons
of
the
hai
r.
7
1
89.
Musa
para
dis
iaca
L.
V
aala
i M
usa
ceae
T
he
fruit
is
crush
ed a
nd a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
hea
d.
Hea
d a
che
90.
Codari
oca
llyx
moto
rius
(Houtt
.)
H.O
has
hi.
Tholu
kan
i F
abac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
affe
cted
par
ts.
91.
Cappari
s div
ersi
foli
a W
ight
& A
rn.
Vaa
rith
um
bai
pat
chil
ai.
Cap
par
acea
e
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
wic
e a
day.
92.
Cappari
s rh
eedii
DC
V
empudam
pat
chil
ai.
Cap
par
acea
e
Equal
quan
tity
of
leaf
an
d t
ender
fru
it i
s
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
Incr
ease
blo
od
93.
Cen
tell
a a
siati
ca L
.
Val
lara
i A
pia
ceae
L
eaves
are
consu
med
.
94.
Cocc
inia
gra
ndis
(L
.) J
. V
oig
t.
Kovai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e F
resh
fru
its
are
use
d.
Jau
nd
ice
95.
Phyl
lanth
us
am
aru
s S
chum
&
Thonn.
Kee
lkai
nel
li
Euphorb
iace
ae
The
leaf
ex
trac
t is
consu
med
wit
h t
he
mil
k t
o
cure
hep
atit
is.
7
2
Join
tpain
96.
Dro
sera
indic
a L
.
Alu
kaa
ni
Dro
sera
ceae
L
eaves
and f
low
ers
pas
te i
s ap
pli
ed.
97.
Bra
ssic
a j
unce
a (
L.)
Cze
rn. &
Coss
. K
adu
gu
B
rass
icac
eae
See
d p
aste
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
join
ts.
98.
Sec
uri
neg
a v
irosa
(R
ox
b.e
x W
illd
.)
Pax
& H
off
m.
Kat
tukad
apupac
hil
ai E
uphorb
iace
ae
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
, st
em, an
d f
low
ers
mix
ed w
ith h
oney
.
Lact
ati
on
99.
Per
gula
ria d
aem
ia (
Fo
rssk
.) C
hio
v.
V
eeli
par
uth
i A
scle
pia
dac
eae
The
crud
e le
af p
aste
is
consu
med
.
100.
Euphorb
ia h
irta
L.
A
mam
pat
chai
ari
Euphorb
iace
ae
The
leav
es a
re d
irec
tly c
onsu
med
to i
ncr
ease
the
quan
tity
of
the
mil
lk.
Laxati
ve
101.
Ric
inus
com
munis
L.
A
man
akku
E
uphorb
iace
ae
The
seed
oil
is
lax
ativ
e.
Leg
pain
102.
Ipom
oea
bata
tas
(L.)
Lam
.
Chee
nik
ilan
gu
C
onvolv
ula
ceae
The
leaf
ex
trac
t is
use
d.
7
3
103.
Str
ophanth
us
wig
hti
anus
Wal
l.ex
Wig
ht.
Auth
use
ngu
ruth
ipac
hil
ai
Apocynac
eae
Pla
nts
juic
e is
mix
ed w
ith m
ilk.
Men
stru
al
dis
ord
er
104.
Ari
stolo
chia
tagala
Cham
.
Mal
aiar
asam
A
rist
olo
chia
ceae
D
ecoct
ion o
f fl
ow
er i
s ta
ken
tw
ice
a d
ay.
105.
Alo
e ve
ra (
L.)
Bu
rm.f
.
Soth
ukat
thal
ai
Lil
iace
ae
The
oute
r la
yer
of
leaf
is
pee
led a
nd t
he
inner
fles
hy l
ayer
is
eate
n a
s ra
w.
106.
Ter
min
ali
a a
rjuna (
Rox
b.)
ex
DC
.Wig
ht
& A
rn.
Mar
uth
amar
am
Com
bre
tace
ae
Par
k j
uic
e is
use
d.
107.
Mim
uso
ps
elen
gi
L.
M
ayil
amar
am
Sap
ota
ceae
T
he
flow
ers
are
use
d.
108.
Punic
a g
ranatu
m L
.
Mad
hula
m
Punic
acea
e T
he
oute
r sk
in o
f th
e fr
uit
is
use
d.
109.
Ter
min
ali
a b
elli
rica
(G
aert
n.)
Rox
b. T
han
ni
Com
bre
tace
ae
Par
k p
ow
der
s ar
e m
ixed
wit
h w
ater
.
Mu
mp
s
110.
Aza
dir
ach
ta i
ndic
a A
. Ju
ss.
Vee
mppu
M
elia
ceae
Lea
f cu
res
mum
ps.
See
d o
il i
s use
d t
o p
uri
fy
stom
ach d
isord
ers
7
4
Nem
etic
idal
111.
Are
ca c
ate
chu L
.
Kam
ugu
A
reca
ceae
F
ruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
112.
Cari
ca p
apaya
L.
P
appal
ipay
am
Car
icac
eae
Fru
its
are
consu
med
.
Ner
vou
s d
isord
ers
113.
Cry
pto
steg
ia g
randif
lora
R.B
r.
Gar
udap
alai
A
scle
pia
dac
eae
Pla
nt
dec
oct
ion i
s co
nsu
med
tw
ice
a d
ay.
114.
Bam
busa
aru
ndin
ace
a (
Ret
z.)
Rox
b. M
oongil
P
oac
eae
The
shoot
tip i
s use
d.
Pil
es
115.
Am
orp
hophall
us
paeo
nii
foli
us
(Den
nst
.) N
icol.
Kar
aun
aikil
angu
A
race
ae
The
rhiz
om
es a
re c
onsu
med
tw
ice
a d
ay.
Post
del
iver
y t
reatm
ent
116.
Pip
er b
arb
eri
Gam
ble
.,
Mar
aval
lipat
chil
ai
Pip
erac
eae
Pla
nt
pow
der
is
consu
med
.
Pu
rgati
ve
117.
Fic
us
reli
gio
sa L
.
Ara
sam
aram
M
ora
ceae
The
fruit
is
use
d.
7
5
Pu
rify
blo
od
118.
Cin
nam
om
um
rip
ari
um
Gam
ble
.
Var
akan
janpat
chil
ai
Lau
race
ae
Lea
ves
and f
low
ers
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
.
119.
Cyn
odon d
act
ylon (
L.)
Per
s.
Aru
gam
pull
u
Poac
eae
The
pla
nt
juic
e is
use
d.
Red
uce
bod
y h
eat
120.
Chri
stel
la p
ara
siti
ca (
L.)
H.L
ev.
Kaa
tusi
rusu
ruli
pat
ch
ilai
Thel
ypte
ridac
eae
Pla
nt
extr
acte
d j
uic
e is
appli
ed o
n t
he
bod
y.
Rh
eum
ati
sm
121.
Aeg
le m
arm
elos
Corr
.
Vil
vam
R
uta
ceae
T
he
fruit
res
in i
s use
d.
122.
Am
ara
nth
us
spin
osu
s L
.
Mull
ukir
ai
Am
aran
thac
eae
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and s
tem
are
boil
ed
and j
uic
e is
mix
ed w
ith p
inch
of
pep
per
pow
der
.
123.
All
ium
cep
a L
.
Ull
i L
ilia
ceae
T
he
bulb
juic
e is
use
d.
124.
Cocc
ulu
s hir
sutu
s (L
.) D
iels
.
Kat
tukodi
Men
isper
mac
eae
The
root
juic
e is
use
d.
125.
Aganosm
a c
ymosa
(R
ox
b.)
G.D
on.
P
aari
ven
gip
achil
ai
Apocynac
eae
Pla
nt
juic
e is
consu
med
wit
h h
ot
wat
er.
7
6
126.
Hyg
rophil
a a
uri
cula
ta S
chull
.(B
uch
.
Ham
.) M
.R. &
S.M
. A
lmei
da.
Nee
rmull
i A
canth
acea
e L
eaf
pas
te a
s w
ell
as r
oot
extr
act
is e
aten
.
127.
Card
iosp
erm
um
hali
caca
bum
L.
K
alap
atch
ilai
S
apin
dac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is c
onsu
med
.
Sca
bie
s
128.
Mars
den
ia t
irunel
veli
ca H
enry
&
Subr
Kat
tuel
luap
atch
ilai
A
slep
iadac
eae
Lea
f p
aste
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
skin
to r
ecover
from
the
scab
ies.
129.
Aca
lypha i
ndic
a L
.
Kuppai
men
i E
uphorb
iace
ae
leav
es a
re g
round a
nd a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
sore
s of
scab
ies
130.
Aca
cia s
inuate
(L
our.
) M
err.
C
hiy
agai
M
imosa
ceae
T
he
pod p
ow
der
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
scab
ies.
131.
Adia
ntu
m r
addia
num
Pre
sl,T
ent.
N
ilas
ura
lipat
chil
ai
Adia
nta
ceae
Pla
nt
extr
act
is a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
bod
y.
132.
Beg
onia
mala
bari
ca L
am.
Kal
siru
puli
B
egonia
ceae
Pla
nt
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h w
ater
tw
ice
a
day
to c
ure
sca
bie
s an
d f
or
reju
ven
atio
n o
f
skin
.
7
7
133.
Hed
yoti
s co
rym
bosa
(L
.) L
am.
P
aran
gip
ull
u
Rubia
ceae
L
eaves
juic
e is
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
134.
Plu
mbago i
ndic
a L
.
Kodiv
elli
P
lum
bag
inac
eae
The
leav
es a
re u
sed.
135.
Utr
icula
ria g
ram
nif
oli
a V
ahl.
V
isap
ul
Len
tibula
riac
eae
Pla
nt
pas
te i
s ap
pli
ed o
ver
the
bod
y.
136.
Sid
a a
cuta
Burm
.f.
P
adar
thi
Mal
vac
eae
Lea
f p
aste
is
appli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
the
bod
y t
o c
ure
sca
bie
s.
Sex
ual
stim
ula
nt
137.
Knoxi
a w
ighti
ana W
all.
ex
. w
ight
&
Arn
.
Kal
tham
arai
R
ubia
ceae
Pla
nt
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
o c
ure
impote
nce
.
138.
Asp
ara
gus
race
mosu
s W
illd
.
Sat
hav
ari
Lil
iace
ae
Whole
pla
nt
is u
sed.
139.
Curc
uli
go o
rchio
ides
Gae
rtn.
Nil
appan
ai
Am
aryll
idac
eae
The
raw
tub
ers
are
use
d a
s a
stim
ula
nt.
140.
Mori
nga o
leif
era a
uct
.
Muru
ngam
aram
M
ori
ngac
eae
The
enti
re p
lant
is a
sex
ual
sti
mula
tor.
141.
Hyb
anth
us
ennea
sper
mu
s (L
.) F
.V.
Muel
l.
Ori
thal
tham
arai
V
iola
ceae
Pla
nt
juic
e is
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
o i
ncr
ease
den
sity
of
sper
m.
7
8
Sk
in d
isea
ses
142.
Copades
sa b
acc
ifer
a (
Ro
th.)
Mig
.
Sir
uvem
mpu
Mel
iace
ae
Lea
ves
juic
e is
appli
ed o
n t
he
affe
cted
par
ts.
143.
Alt
ernanth
era s
essi
lis
(L.)
R.B
r. e
x
DC
.
Ponnag
anni
Am
aran
thac
eae
Lea
f ex
trac
t is
use
d.
144.
Baco
pa m
onnie
ri (
L.)
pen
nel
l.
Nee
rbra
bm
i S
crophula
riac
eae
Whole
pla
nt
is e
aten
for
reju
ven
atio
n o
f th
e
skin
. It
is
also
a m
emory
boost
er.
145.
Cass
ia s
enna L
.
Aav
uri
C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
Lea
ves
are
use
d f
or
dye
pre
par
atio
n a
nd a
s
wel
l as
in c
uri
ng s
kin
dis
ord
ers.
146.
Curc
um
a a
rom
ati
ca S
alis
b.
Man
ja
Zin
gib
erac
eae
The
yam
is
crush
ed a
nd a
ppli
ed o
n t
he
face
.
147.
Enic
ost
emm
a a
xill
are
(L
am.)
Ray
nal
.
Vel
laru
gu
G
enti
anac
eae
The
leaf
pas
te i
s as
use
d a
s co
smet
ics
and
appli
ed o
n t
he
surf
ace
of
bod
y.
148.
Mim
osa
pudic
a L
.
Sott
avat
ti
Mim
osa
ceae
The
fres
h l
eaves
are
eat
en t
o c
ure
skin
dis
ord
ers.
7
9
Sto
ma
ch d
isord
er
149.
Dio
score
a a
lata
L.
T
hav
alai
kil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e T
uber
s ar
e boil
ed a
nd d
runk.
150.
Papave
r so
mnif
erum
L.
K
azak
aza
Pap
aver
acea
e T
he
seed
s ar
e gro
und i
n w
ater
and c
onsu
med
.
151.
Aco
rus
cala
mus
L.
V
ayam
bu
A
race
ae
Dri
ed t
uber
is
eate
n w
ith h
oney
.
152.
Nig
ella
sati
va L
.
Kar
uges
irag
um
R
anuncu
lace
ae
The
seed
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
153.
Canna o
rien
tali
s R
osc
oe.
V
aala
ikovai
C
annac
eae
Tuber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
154.
Mara
nta
aru
ndin
ace
a L
.
Koovai
kil
angu
M
aran
tace
ae
Tuber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
155.
Dio
score
a e
scule
nta
(L
our.
) B
urk
ill.
S
iruval
likil
angu
Dio
score
acea
e T
uber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
156.
Dio
score
a p
enta
phyl
la L
.
Kat
tuval
likil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e T
uber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
157.
Dio
score
a t
om
ento
sa J
.Koei
ng e
x
Spre
ng.
Nora
nkil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e T
uber
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
158.
Taber
naem
onta
na h
eyn
eana W
all.
Kat
tusi
rum
anth
apat
c
hil
ai
Apocynac
eae
Fru
its
are
lax
ativ
e.
159.
Bio
phyt
um
inte
rmed
ium
Wig
ht.
P
aara
inel
lipac
hal
ai
Ox
alid
acea
e P
lant
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h w
ater
tw
ice
a
8
0
day
.
160.
Psy
chotr
ia o
phio
xylo
ides
(W
all.
ex
Rox
b)
Thw
.
Kaa
ttusi
rukaa
pip
atc
hil
lai.
Rubia
ceae
.
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and t
ender
fru
its
are
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
161.
Gly
cosm
is m
auri
tiana (
Lam
k.)
Tan
aka.
Sir
um
ull
ipat
chil
ai.
Ruta
ceae
.
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h g
hee
.
162.
Ter
min
ali
a c
heb
ula
Ret
z.
Kat
tukgai
C
om
bre
tace
ae
See
d p
ow
der
s ar
e m
ixed
wit
h m
ilk.
163.
Ixora
nig
rica
ns
R.B
r. e
x. W
ight
&
Arn
.
Aat
husi
ruven
gai
pat
c
hil
ai
Rubia
ceae
Equal
quan
tity
of
leav
es a
nd f
low
ers
is
consu
med
.
164.
Cer
opeg
ia c
andel
abru
m L
.
Kat
tuval
li
Asc
lepia
dac
eae
Lea
f ju
ice
is c
onsu
med
.
165.
Ata
lanti
a m
onophyl
la (
Rox
b.)
DC
.
Kat
tunar
agam
R
uta
ceae
F
ruit
juic
e is
consu
med
.
166.
Cass
ia o
ccid
enta
lis
L.
O
ola
nth
avar
ai
Cae
salp
inia
ceae
F
ruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
167.
Tin
osp
ora
cord
ifoli
a (
Wil
ld.)
Mie
rs.
ex H
ook &
Thom
son.
San
giv
ee
Men
isper
mac
eae
The
fruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
168.
Cit
rus
med
ica L
.
Kat
tunar
athai
R
uta
ceae
T
he
fruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
to i
ncr
ease
blo
od
8
1
circ
ula
tion.
169.
Enta
da p
urs
aet
ha D
c.
Thav
alli
kai
M
imosa
ceae
L
eaf
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk.
170.
Tri
chosa
nth
es c
ucu
mer
ina L
.
Pudal
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e
Fru
it j
uic
e is
eat
en r
aw w
ith h
ot
wat
er t
o c
ure
gas
tric
tro
uble
s.
171.
Ananas
com
osu
s (L
.) M
err.
P
uri
thip
ayam
B
rom
elia
ceae
F
ruit
juic
e is
use
d.
172.
Anca
rdiu
m o
ccid
enta
le L
.
Koll
ankott
ai
Anac
ardia
ceae
F
ruit
juic
e is
use
d.
173.
Cass
ia a
uri
cula
ta L
.
Aav
aara
i C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
Anth
ers
are
use
d. T
he
extr
act
of
the
pet
als
are
use
d f
or
dig
esti
on.
174.
Cin
nam
om
um
ver
um
Pre
sl.
Ell
avag
am
Lau
race
ae
The
bar
k, w
hen
add
ed w
ith n
on-v
eg f
ood
impro
ves
dig
esti
bil
ity
175.
Cis
sus
quadra
ngula
ris
L.
T
hel
ligai
V
itac
eae
Ten
der
ste
m g
round w
ith c
oco
nut
is u
sed.
176.
Cit
rull
us
colo
cynth
is S
chra
d.
K
um
itik
aai
Cucu
rbit
acea
e F
ruit
is
lax
ativ
e.
177.
Cit
rus
aura
nti
foli
a (
Chri
stm
.)
Sw
ingle
.
Kid
araN
aran
gai
R
uta
ceae
F
ruit
juic
e is
consu
med
.
8
2
178.
Cit
rus
lim
on (
L.)
Bu
rm.f
.
Nar
angai
R
uta
ceae
F
ruit
juic
e is
consu
med
.
179.
Cori
andru
m s
ati
vum
L.
Y
ella
i A
pia
ceae
Dec
oct
ion o
f th
e se
eds
wit
h p
alm
jig
ger
y
pro
vid
es g
ood d
iges
tion.
180.
Datu
ra m
etal
L.
U
mm
atham
S
ola
nac
eae
Fru
it i
s use
d a
s a
lax
ativ
e fo
r ca
ttle
.
181.
Del
onix
ela
ta (
L.)
Gam
ble
.
Vat
ham
adak
i C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
The
fres
h l
eaves
are
eat
en.
182.
Glo
riosa
super
ba L
.
Kan
thal
L
ilia
ceae
T
he
tuber
s ar
e boil
ed a
nd
consu
med
.
183.
Goss
ypiu
m a
rbore
um
L.
P
aruth
thi
Mal
vac
eae
The
late
x f
rom
the
fruit
is
use
d.
184.
Indig
ofe
ra t
inct
ori
a L
.
Kolu
ngi
Fab
acea
e L
eaf
juic
e is
use
d t
o c
ure
sto
mac
h p
roble
ms.
185.
Leu
cas
asp
era S
pr.
T
um
bai
L
amia
ceae
T
he
leaf
dec
oct
ion i
s use
d.
186.
Mangif
era i
ndic
a L
.
Maa
mar
am
Anac
ardia
ceae
T
he
dri
ed s
eeds
are
consu
med
wit
h w
ater
.
187.
Men
tha a
rven
sis
L.
P
udhin
a L
amia
ceae
L
eaf
pas
te i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h p
epper
.
188.
Pip
er b
etle
L.
V
etti
lai
Pip
erac
eae
Lea
ves
are
hea
ted o
n f
ire
and b
ound o
n t
he
affe
cted
par
t fo
r re
lief
fro
m s
wel
ling a
nd
infl
amm
atio
n.
8
3
189.
Pip
er n
igru
m L
.
Nal
mil
avoo
Pip
erac
eae
The
seed
pow
er i
s use
d.
190.
Pit
hec
ello
biu
m d
ulc
e (R
ox
b.)
Ben
th.
Kodukkap
uli
M
imosa
ceae
T
he
fruit
is
consu
med
.
191.
Pro
sopis
juli
flora
DC
.
Chee
mai
kar
uv
ai
Mim
osa
ceae
T
he
fruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
for
good d
iges
tion.
192.
Psi
diu
m g
uaja
va L
.
Ko
yya
Myrt
acea
e
The
boil
ed l
eaf
extr
act
is c
onsu
med
for
dig
esti
on.
193.
Sacc
haru
m o
ffic
inaru
m L
.
Kar
um
bu
P
oac
eae
The
shea
thin
g l
eaf
bas
e is
use
d f
or
pro
per
dig
esti
on.
194.
Santa
lum
alb
um
L.
C
han
dan
am
San
tala
ceae
The
stem
pow
der
red
uce
s th
e bod
y
tem
per
ature
and k
ills
the
worm
s w
hen
the
stem
pow
der
is
consu
med
.
195.
Sola
num
tuber
osu
m L
.
Oru
laik
ilan
guo
S
ola
nac
eae
The
tuber
s ar
e use
d t
o c
ure
dig
esti
ve
pro
ble
ms.
196.
Syz
ygiu
m c
um
ini
(L.)
Skee
ls.
Nav
alpayam
M
yrt
acea
e
The
fruit
induce
s in
ges
tion. T
he
fruit
is
also
use
d t
o m
ake
dye.
8
4
197.
Tam
ari
ndus
indic
a L
.
Pule
eam
aram
C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
The
leav
es a
re b
oil
ed a
nd
the
extr
act
is d
runk
to c
ure
sto
mac
h w
orm
s an
d b
oil
ed l
eaves
are
appli
ed o
n t
he
frac
ture
.
198.
Tri
bulu
s te
rres
tris
L.
N
erunji
mull
u
Zygoph
yll
acea
e
Sm
all
amount
of
raw
lea
ves
is
use
d t
o c
ure
stom
ach p
roble
ms.
199.
Zin
gib
er o
ffic
inale
Rosc
oe.
In
gi
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Oute
r sk
in o
f th
e rh
izom
e is
scr
apped
and
crush
ed, th
e ju
ice
is c
onsu
med
for
dig
esti
on.
200.
Ziz
phus
mauri
tiana L
am.
Il
land
ai
Rham
nac
eae
Fru
its
are
consu
med
fo
r dig
esti
on.
201.
Pavo
nia
odora
ta W
illd
.
Kat
tuven
dai
pac
hil
ai
Mal
vac
eae
Equal
quan
titi
es o
f st
em, le
aves
and f
low
ers
are
consu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
o c
ure
gas
tric
com
pla
ints
.
202.
Hem
ides
mus
indic
us
(L.)
R.B
r.
Nan
nar
i A
scle
pia
dac
eae
Root
dec
oct
ion i
s co
nsu
med
to c
ure
sto
mac
h
pai
n.
203.
Boer
havi
a d
iffu
sa L
.
Mukkir
atai
N
yct
agin
acea
e
Pla
nts
dec
oct
ion i
s co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
o
cure
sto
mac
h p
ain.
8
5
204.
Mom
ord
ica c
hara
nti
a L
.
Pag
argai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e S
eeds
are
use
d a
s purg
ativ
e an
d f
or
worm
s.
205.
Pass
iflo
ra f
oet
ida L
.
Poonai
ppal
am
Pas
sifl
ora
ceae
F
ruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
fo
r good d
iges
tion.
206.
Phys
ali
s m
inim
a L
.
Sudak
kuth
akkal
i S
ola
nac
eae
Fru
its
are
consu
med
to c
ure
sto
mac
h
dis
ord
ers.
207.
Rosa
dam
asc
ene
Mil
l.
Rosa
R
osa
ceae
Flo
wer
s ar
e co
nsu
med
wit
h m
ilk t
o c
ure
stom
ach p
ain.
208.
Ses
bania
gra
ndif
lora
(L
.) P
oir
A
gat
hi
Fab
acea
e
Lea
ves
are
boil
ed w
ith w
ater
to c
ure
sto
mac
h
ulc
ers.
209.
Sola
num
nig
rum
L.
K
utt
ithak
ali
Sola
nac
eae
Lea
ves
are
boil
ed w
ith w
ater
to c
ure
sto
mac
h
ulc
ers.
210.
Sola
num
torv
um
Sw
.
Sundak
kai
S
ola
nac
eae
Fru
its
are
boil
ed w
ith w
ater
, co
nsu
med
to
cure
sto
mac
h u
lcer
s.
Sw
elli
ng
211.
Mori
nda p
ubes
cens
Sm
.
Man
janat
hi
Rubia
ceae
L
eaves
are
boil
ed a
nd b
ound o
n t
he
affe
cted
8
6
par
t fo
r re
lief
fro
m s
wel
ling a
nd
infl
amm
atio
n.
Tooth
ach
e
212.
Fic
us
ben
gale
nsi
s L
.
Ala
mar
am
Mora
ceae
See
ds
are
use
d a
s purg
ativ
e an
d t
he
pro
p r
oot
is u
sed a
s to
oth
bru
sh.
213.
Fic
us
race
mosa
L.
K
alla
thim
aram
M
ora
ceae
S
eeds
are
use
d a
s purg
ativ
e.
8
7
Tab
le 5
. E
nu
mer
ati
on
of
pla
nts
use
d a
s In
dig
eneo
us
Tec
hn
ical
Kn
ow
led
ge
S.N
o
Bota
nic
al
Nam
e
Ver
nacu
lar
Na
me
F
am
ily
Hab
itat
Bio
-Fu
el
1.
Aca
cia n
iloti
ca (
L.)
Wil
ld e
x D
el.
Kar
uvel
am
Mim
osa
ceae
T
ree
2.
Arg
emone
mex
icana L
.
Aat
hupar
appi
Pap
aver
acea
e H
erb
3.
Pit
hoco
llobiu
m d
ulc
e (R
ox
b.)
Ben
th.
Kodukkap
uli
M
imosa
ceae
T
ree
4.
Pro
sopis
juli
flora
DC
.
Chee
mai
kar
uv
ai
Mim
osa
ceae
T
ree
Catt
le g
rass
5.
Cyn
odon d
act
ylon (
L.)
Per
s.
Aru
gam
pull
u
Poac
eae
Gra
ss
Food
6.
Dio
score
a a
lata
L.
T
hav
alai
kil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e C
lim
ber
7.
Xanth
oso
ma s
agit
tifo
lium
Sch
ott
.
Paa
lchea
mbu
A
race
ae
Her
b
8.
Mara
nta
aru
ndin
ace
a L
.
Koovai
kil
angu
M
aran
tace
ae
Her
b
9.
Dio
score
a e
scule
nta
(L
our.
) B
urk
ill.
S
iruval
likil
angu
Dio
score
acea
e H
erb
8
8
10.
Dio
score
a p
enta
phyl
la L
.
Kat
tuval
likil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e S
hru
b
11.
Manih
ot
escu
lenta
C.R
antz
.
Era
laik
ilan
gu
E
uphorb
iace
ae
Tuber
ous
shru
b
12.
Dio
score
a t
om
ento
sa J
.Koei
ng e
x S
pre
ng.
N
ora
nkil
angu
D
iosc
ore
acea
e C
lim
ber
13.
Am
orp
hophall
us
paeo
nii
foli
us
(Den
nst
.) N
icol.
K
arau
nai
kil
angu
A
race
ae
Her
b
14.
Asp
ara
gus
race
mosu
s W
illd
.
Sat
hav
ari
Lil
iace
ae
Shru
b
15.
Ory
za s
ati
va L
.
Nel
lu
Poac
eae
Gra
ss
16.
Sola
num
tuber
osu
m L
.
Oru
laik
ilan
guo
S
ola
nac
eae
Her
b
Fru
it
17.
Muki
a m
ader
asp
ata
na (
L.)
M. R
oem
.
Mosu
mosu
kai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e C
lim
ber
18.
Ata
lanti
a m
onophyl
la (
Rox
b.)
DC
.
Kat
tunar
agam
R
uta
ceae
T
ree
19.
Ananas
com
osu
s (L
.) M
err.
P
uri
thip
ayam
B
rom
elia
ceae
S
hru
b
20.
Anca
rdiu
m o
ccid
enta
le L
.
Koll
ankott
ai
Anac
ardia
ceae
T
ree
21.
Annona s
quam
osa
L.
S
ithap
ayam
A
nnonac
eae
Shru
b
22.
Cari
ca p
apaya
L.
P
appal
ipay
am
Car
icac
eae
Tre
e
8
9
23.
Cocc
inia
gra
ndis
(L
.) J
. V
oig
t.
Kovai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e C
lim
ber
24.
Mangif
era i
ndic
a L
.
Maa
mar
am
Anac
ardia
ceae
T
ree
25.
Musa
para
dis
iaca
L.
V
aala
i M
usa
ceae
T
all
her
b
26.
Phyl
lanth
us
embli
ca L
.
Nel
lim
aram
E
uphorb
iace
ae
Tre
e
27.
Psi
diu
m g
uaja
va L
.
Ko
yya
Myrt
acea
e T
ree
28.
Punic
a g
ranatu
m L
.
Mad
hula
m
Punic
acea
e S
hru
b
29.
Syz
ygiu
m c
um
ini
(L.)
Skee
ls.
Nav
alpayam
M
yrt
acea
e T
ree
30.
Fic
us
race
mosa
L.
K
alla
thim
aram
M
ora
ceae
T
ree
31.
Pass
iflo
ra f
oet
ida L
.
Poonai
ppay
am
Pas
sifl
ora
ceae
C
lim
ber
32.
Phys
ali
s m
inim
a L
.
Sudak
kuth
akkal
i S
ola
nac
eae
Her
b
33.
Sola
num
nig
rum
L.
K
utt
ithak
kal
i S
ola
nac
eae
Her
b
Fu
rnit
ure
34.
Euca
lyptu
s glo
bulu
s. L
abil
l.
Eca
lptu
s M
yrt
acea
e T
ree
35.
Ter
min
ali
a c
heb
ula
Ret
z.
Kat
tukgai
C
om
bre
tace
ae
Tre
e
9
0
36.
Ter
min
ali
a a
rjuna (
Rox
b.)
ex
DC
.Wig
ht
& A
rn.
M
aruth
a m
aram
C
om
bre
tace
ae
Tre
e
37.
Are
ca c
ate
chu L
.
Kam
ugu
A
reca
ceae
T
ree
38.
Aza
dir
ach
ta i
ndic
a A
. Ju
ss.
Vem
ppu
Mel
iace
ae
Tre
e
39.
Bam
busa
aru
ndin
ace
a (
Ret
z.)
Rox
b.
Moongil
P
oac
eae
Tre
e
40.
Bora
ssus
flabel
life
r L
.
Pan
aim
aram
A
reca
ceae
T
ree
41.
Cyp
erus
rotu
ndus
L.
K
ora
ipull
u
Cyper
acea
e G
labro
us
her
b
42.
Del
onix
ela
ta (
L.)
Gam
ble
.
Vat
ham
adak
i C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
Tre
e
43.
Mori
nda p
ubes
cens
Sm
.
Man
janat
hi
Rubia
ceae
T
ree
44.
Tam
ari
ndus
indic
a L
.
Puli
eam
aram
C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
Tre
e
45.
Tec
tona g
randis
L.f
.
Tek
ku
Ver
ben
acea
e T
ree
46.
Vit
ex n
egundo L
.
Noch
i V
erben
acea
e T
ree
47.
Ter
min
ali
a b
elli
rica
(G
aert
n.)
Rox
b.
Than
ni
Com
bre
tace
ae
Tre
e
Inse
ct r
epel
len
t
48.
Cym
bopogon c
itra
tus
(DC
.)S
tapf.
E
ngip
ull
u
Poac
eae
Gra
ss
9
1
49.
Vet
iver
ia z
izanio
ides
(L
.) N
ash.
V
etri
ver
P
oac
eae
Gra
ss
50.
Utr
icula
ria g
ram
nif
oli
a V
ahl.
V
isap
ul
Len
tibula
riac
eae
Her
b
Man
ure
51.
Abuti
lon i
ndic
um
(L
.) S
wee
t.
Thuth
i M
alvac
eae
Shru
b
52.
Aca
lypha i
ndic
a L
.
Kuppai
men
i E
uphorb
iace
ae
Her
b
53.
Copades
sa b
acc
ifer
a (
Ro
th.)
Mig
.
Sir
uvem
mpu
Mel
iace
ae
Shru
b
54.
Indig
ofe
ra t
inct
ori
a L
.
Kolu
ngi
Fab
acea
e S
hru
b
55.
Tep
hro
sia p
urp
ure
a (
L.)
Per
.
Goli
nch
i F
abac
eae
Her
b
Narc
oti
cs
56.
Coff
ea a
rabic
a L
.
Coff
ee
Rubia
ceae
T
ree
57.
Nic
oti
ana t
abacu
m L
.
Pugai
yil
ai
Sola
nce
ae
Her
b
58.
Cannabis
sati
va L
.
Kan
chaa
C
annab
inac
eae
Her
b
59.
Coco
s nuci
fera
L.
T
hen
nu
Are
cace
ae
Tre
e
60.
Pip
er b
etle
L.
V
etti
lai
Pip
erac
eae
Cli
mber
9
2
61.
Bosw
elli
a s
erra
ta R
ox
b. ex
Cole
b.
Sam
bir
ani
Burs
erac
eae
Tre
e
Orn
am
enta
l
62.
Canna o
rien
tali
s R
osc
oe.
V
aala
i kovai
C
annac
eae
Her
b
63.
Adia
ntu
m r
addia
num
Pre
sl, T
ent.
N
ilas
ura
lipat
chil
ai
Adia
nta
ceae
H
erb
64.
Dro
sera
indic
a L
.
Alu
kaa
ni
Dro
sera
ceae
H
erb
65.
Cyc
as
circ
inali
s L
.
Sal
apan
ai
Cyca
dac
eae
Tre
e
66.
Aty
losi
a a
lbic
ans
(Wt.
et.A
rn.)
Ben
th.
P
aari
nel
ikodi
Pap
ilio
nac
eae
Shru
b
67.
Dry
nari
a q
uer
cifo
lia (
L.)
J.S
m.,
Aat
tukal
kiz
han
gu
D
rynar
iace
ae
Her
b
68.
Alp
inia
calc
ara
ta R
osc
oe.
K
attu
sith
arth
ai
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Her
b
69.
Cath
ara
nth
us
rose
us
(L.)
G. D
on.
Nit
tyak
alyan
i A
pocynac
eae
Her
b
70.
Hib
iscu
s ro
sa-s
inen
sis
L.
C
hem
bar
uth
i M
alvac
eae
Shru
b
71.
Ixora
cocci
nea
L.
Id
lipu
R
ubia
ceae
S
hru
b
72.
Jasm
inum
off
icin
ale
L.
P
itch
i O
leac
eae
Shru
b
73.
Just
icia
adhato
da L
.
Adad
odai
A
canth
acea
e S
hru
b
9
3
74.
Law
sonia
iner
mis
L.
M
aruth
ani
Lyth
race
ae
Shru
b
75.
Taber
naem
onta
na d
ivari
cata
(L
.) R
. B
r.ex
R. &
S.
Vel
lara
li
Apocynac
eae
Shru
b
76.
Erv
ata
mia
hey
nea
na (
Wal
l.)
Cooke.
K
attu
siru
man
thap
achil
ai A
pocynac
eae
Tre
e
77.
Rosa
dam
asc
ene
Mil
l.
Rosa
R
osa
ceae
H
erb
Per
fum
e
78.
Santa
lum
alb
um
L.
C
han
dan
am
San
tala
ceae
T
ree
Pic
kle
79.
Cit
rus
med
ica L
.
Kat
tunar
athai
R
uta
ceae
S
hru
b
80.
Cit
rus
aura
nti
foli
a (
Chri
stm
.) S
win
gle
.
Kid
aran
aran
gai
R
uta
ceae
T
ree
81.
Cit
rus
lim
on (
L.)
Bu
rm.f
.
Nar
angai
R
uta
ceae
S
hru
b
82.
Ziz
phus
mauri
tiana L
am.
Il
land
ai
Rham
nac
eae
Tre
e
Soap
mak
ing
83.
Aca
cia s
inuate
(L
our.
) M
err.
C
hiy
agai
M
imosa
ceae
Tre
e
9
4
Sp
ices
an
d C
on
dim
ents
84.
Cin
nam
om
um
rip
ari
um
Gam
ble
.
Var
akan
janpat
chil
ai
Lau
race
ae
Tre
e
85.
Pip
er b
arb
eri
Gam
ble
.,
Mar
aval
lipat
chil
ai
Pip
erac
eae
Shru
b
86.
Ele
ttari
a c
ard
am
om
um
(L
.) M
aton.
E
llak
ai
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Her
b
87.
Pip
er c
ubeb
a L
.f.
V
alm
ilak
u
pip
erac
eae
Wood
y C
lim
ber
88.
Papave
r so
mnif
erum
L.
K
azak
aza
Pap
aver
acea
e H
erb
89.
Pip
er l
ongum
L.
K
attu
thip
li
Pip
erac
eae
Cli
mber
90.
Nig
ella
sati
va L
.
Kar
uges
irag
um
R
anuncu
lace
ae
Her
b
91.
Tri
gonel
la f
oen
um
-gra
ecum
L.
V
ethayam
F
abac
eae
Her
b
92.
Ses
am
um
indic
um
L.
Y
ellu
P
edal
iace
ae
Her
b
93.
Bra
ssic
a j
unce
a (
L.)
Cze
rn. &
Coss
.
Kad
ugu
B
rass
icac
eae
Her
b
94.
Capsi
cum
annuum
L.
V
allm
ilag
aai
Sola
nac
eae
Under
shru
b
95.
Cin
nam
om
um
ver
um
Pre
sl.
Ell
avag
am
Lau
race
ae
Tre
e
96.
Cori
andru
m s
ati
vum
L.
Y
ella
i A
pia
ceae
H
erb
9
5
97.
Cucu
rbit
a m
osc
hata
(D
ecne
ex L
am.)
Dec
ne
ex P
oir
.
Poosa
ni
Cucu
rbit
acea
e H
erb
98.
Curc
uli
go o
rchio
ides
Gae
rtn.
Nil
appan
ai
Am
aryll
idac
eae
Her
b
99.
Curc
um
a a
rom
ati
ca S
alis
b.
Man
ja
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Tuber
ous
her
b
100.
Pip
er n
igru
m L
.
Nal
mil
avuo
Pip
erac
eae
Cli
mber
101.
Zin
gib
er o
ffic
inale
Rosc
oe.
In
gi
Zin
gib
erac
eae
Her
b
102.
Sola
num
torv
um
Sw
.
Sundak
kai
S
ola
nac
eae
Shru
b
103.
Capsi
cum
fru
tesc
ens
L.
K
anth
arim
ilag
u
Sola
nac
eae
Her
b
Tooth
bru
sh
104.
Fic
us
ben
gale
nsi
s L
.
All
amar
am
Mora
ceae
T
ree
Veg
etab
le
105.
Knoxi
a w
ighti
ana W
all.
ex
. w
ight
& A
rn.
K
alth
amar
ai
Rubia
ceae
H
erb
106.
Am
ara
nth
us
spin
osu
s L
.
Mull
ukir
ai
Am
aran
thac
eae
Her
b
107.
All
ium
cep
a L
.
Ull
i L
ilia
ceae
H
erb
108.
Am
ara
nth
us
tris
tis
L.
A
raik
eera
i A
mar
anth
acea
e H
erb
9
6
109.
Cass
ia o
ccid
enta
lis
L.
O
ola
nth
avar
ai
Cae
salp
inia
ceae
S
hru
b
110.
Alt
ernanth
era s
essi
lis
(L.)
R.B
r. e
x D
C.
Ponnag
anni
Am
aran
thac
eae
Her
b
111.
Tri
chosa
nth
es c
ucu
mer
ina L
.
Pudal
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e C
lim
ber
112.
Labla
b p
urp
ure
ns
(L.)
Sw
eet.
A
var
ai
Fab
acea
e T
win
ing h
erb
113.
Mori
nga o
leif
era a
uct
.
Muru
ngam
aram
M
ori
ngac
eae
Tre
e
114.
Murr
aya
koen
igii
(L
.) S
pre
ng.
K
ariv
eppil
lai
Ruta
ceae
T
ree
115.
Mom
ord
ica c
hara
nti
a L
.
Pag
argai
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e C
lim
bin
g h
erb
116.
Ses
bania
gra
ndif
lora
(L
.) P
oir
A
agat
hi
Fab
acea
e T
ree
97
Table 6. List of plants and its Herbarium Voucher Number
S.NO BOTANICAL NAME VOUCHER
NUMBERS
1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. XCH-10707
2. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex Del. XCH-11385
3. Acacia sinuate (Lour.) Merr. XCH-17587
4. Acalypha indica L. XCH-17450
5. Achyranthes aspera L. XCH-14024
6. Acorus calamus L. XCH-11761
7. Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze. XCH-12423
8. Adiantum raddianum Presl,Tent. XCH-12543
9. Aegle marmelos Corr. XCH-11314
10. Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.)G.Don. XCH-12124
11. Allium cepa L. XCH-11997
12. Aloe vera (L.)Burm.f. XCH-11995
13. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe. XCH-12880
14. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. XCH-14029
15. Amaranthus spinosus L. XCH-14028
16. Amaranthus tristis L. XCH-14027
17. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicol. XCH-11799
18. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. XCH-14716
19. Ancardium occidentale L. XCH-14614
20. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. ex.Nees. XCH-11067
21. Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sm. XCH-12344
22. Annona squamosa L. XCH-14513
98
23. Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & Krause. XCH-12412
24. Areca catechu L. XCH-14710
25. Argemone mexicana L. XCH-18525
26. Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. XCH-10352
27. Aristolochia indica L. XCH-10349
28. Aristolochia tagala Cham. XCH-19036
29. Asparagus racemosus Willd. XCH-11999
30. Asystasia chelonoides Nees. XCH-11079
31. Atalantia monophylla (Roxb.) DC. XCH-11304
32. Atylosia albicans (Wt.et.Arn.) Benth. XCH-11415
33. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. XCH-14655
34. Bacopa monnieri (L.) pennell. XCH-16528
35. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb. XCH-14549
36. Begonia malabarica Lam. XCH-11234
37. Biophytum intermedium Wight. XCH-14205
38. Boerhavia diffusa L. XCH-15861
39. Bombax ceiba L. XCH-12141
40. Borassus flabellifer L. XCH-14707
41. Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Coleb. XCH-12211
42. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. XCH-13121
43. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray. XCH-12388
44. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. XCH-14581
45. Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze. XCH-12219
46. Canna orientalis Roscoe. XCH-12322
47. Cannabis sativa L. XCH-12199
48. Capparis diversifolia Wight & Arn. XCH-16268
99
49. Capparis fusifera Dunn. XCH-15745
50. Capparis rheedii DC XCH-12214
51. Capsicum annuum L. XCH-12670
52. Capsicum frutescens L. XCH-12669
53. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. XCH-12672
54. Carica papaya L. XCH-14141
55. Cassia auriculata L. XCH-11311
56. Cassia occidentalis L. XCH-12421
57. Cassia senna L. XCH-11308
58. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. XCH-12690
59. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. XCH-15565
60. Centella asiatica L. XCH-10819
61. Centratherum anthelminticum Kuntze. XCH-12386
62. Ceropegia candelabrum L. XCH-12165
63. Christella parasitica (L.) H.Lev. XCH-12128
64. Cinnamomum riparium Gamble. XCH-12125
65. Cinnamomum verum Presl. XCH-12442
66. Cissus quadrangularis L. XCH-11724
67. Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. XCH-12006
68. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. XCH-11309
69. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. XCH-12156
70. Citrus medica L. XCH-11319
71. Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt. XCH-12137
72. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels. XCH-11478
73. Cocos nucifera L. XCH-14709
74. Codariocallyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi. XCH-11269
100
75. Coffea arabica L. XCH-12196
76. Copadessa baccifera (Roth.) Mig. XCH-12152
77. Coriandrum sativum L. XCH-10863
78. Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth. XCH-12142
79. Croton bonplandianum Baill. XCH-17390
80. Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. XCH-12122
81. Cucurbita moschata (Decne ex Lam.) Decne ex Poir. XCH-12002
82. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. XCH-11171
83. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. XCH-11373
84. Cycas circinalis L. XCH-14241
85. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. XCH-12123
86. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. XCH-11562
87. Cyperus rotundus L. XCH-11977
88. Datura discolor Bernh. XCH-10211
89. Datura metal L. XCH-10217
90. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. XCH-10725
91. Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw XCH-17582
92. Dioscorea alata L. XCH-12008
93. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. XCH-12431
94. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. XCH-14274
95. Dioscorea tomentosa J.Koeing ex Spreng. XCH-12159
96. Drosera indica L. XCH-14550
97. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm., XCH-12321
98. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. XCH-12429
99. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. XCH-10389
100. Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal. XCH-14521
101
101. Entada pursaetha Dc. XCH-14690
102. Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) Cooke. XCH-12719
103. Eucalyptus globulus. Labill. XCH-10731
104. Euphorbia hirta L. XCH-17422
105. Ficus bengalensis L. XCH-14021
106. Ficus racemosa L. XCH-11402
107. Ficus religiosa L. XCH-12191
108. Gloriosa superba L. XCH-11142
109. Glycosmis mauritiana (Lamk.) Tanaka. XCH-11211
110. Gossypium arboreum L. XCH-10720
111. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br.ex Schutt. XCH-10642
112. Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. XCH-12673
113. Hedyotis eulata (Gamble) Hendry & Subram. XCH-12221
114. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. XCH-13894
115. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. XCH-12362
116. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.V. Muell. XCH-18500
117. Hygrophila auriculata Schull.(Buch. Ham.) M.R. & S.M.
Almeida. XCH-11099
118. Indigofera tinctoria L. XCH-17719
119. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. XCH-12521
120. Ixora coccinea L. XCH-13667
121. Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex. Wight & Arn. XCH-10018
122. Jasminum officinale L. XCH-11249
123. Justicia adhatoda L. XCH-11077
124. Knoxia wightiana Wall. ex. wight & Arn. XCH-12112
125. Lablab purpurens (L.) Sweet. XCH-11267
102
126. Lawsonia inermis L. XCH-14257
127. Leucas aspera Spr. XCH-12389
128. Mangifera indica L. XCH-14617
129. Manihot esculenta C.Rantz. XCH-17399
130. Maranta arundinacea L. XCH-14526
131. Marsdenia tirunelvelica Henry & Subr XCH-12132
132. Martynia annua L. XCH-12451
133. Mentha arvensis L. XCH-12390
134. Mimosa pudica L. XCH-11396
135. Mimusops elengi L. XCH-15476
136. Mollugo pentaphylla L. XCH-10448
137. Momordica charantia L. XCH-12204
138. Morinda pubescens Sm. XCH-11538
139. Moringa oleifera auct. XCH-14259
140. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. XCH-12158
141. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. XCH-12758
142. Musa paradisiaca L. XCH-10646
143. Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. XCH-12136
144. Nerium oleander L. XCH-12699
145. Nicotiana tabacum L. XCH-10215
146. Nigella sativa L. XCH-13254
147. Ocimum americanum L. XCH-12343
148. Ocimum basilicum L. XCH-12387
149. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. XCH-12369
150. Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.)Wagenitz. XCH-12146
151. Oryza sativa L. XCH-11554
103
152. Osbeckia zeylanica L. f. XCH-12155
153. Papaver somniferum L. XCH-14852
154. Passiflora foetida L. XCH-12541
155. Pavonia odorata Willd. XCH-12143
156. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. XCH-10644
157. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene. XCH-11760
158. Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. XCH-17417
159. Phyllanthus emblica L. XCH-17389
160. Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight.) Baill. XCH-12147
161. Physalis minima L. XCH-10222
162. Piper barberi Gamble., XCH-11421
163. Piper betle L. XCH-12779
164. Piper cubeba L.f. XCH-12658
165. Piper longum L. XCH-12757
166. Piper nigrum L. XCH-12736
167. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. XCH-12148
168. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)Spreng XCH-12356
169. Plumbago indica L. XCH-12531
170. Polygonum glabrum Willd. XCH-10094
171. Prosopis juliflora DC. XCH-11399
172. Psidium guajava L. XCH-10733
173. Psychotria ophioxyloides (Wall. ex Roxb) Thw. XCH-12217
174. Punica granatum L. XCH-11433
175. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. XCH-14015
176. Ricinus communis L. XCH-17429
177. Rosa damascene Mill. XCH-14295
104
178. Rungia wightiana Nees. XCH-11141
179. Saccharum officinarum L. XCH-12377
180. Santalum album L. XCH-12378
181. Securinega virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. XCH-11425
182. Sesamum indicum L. XCH-13251
183. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir XCH-11271
184. Sida acuta Burm.f. XCH-10717
185. Solanum nigrum L. XCH-10225
186. Solanum surattense Burm.f. XCH-10305
187. Solanum torvum Sw. XCH-10586
188. Solanum tuberosum L. XCH-10253
189. Strophanthus wightianus Wall.ex Wight. XCH-11155
190. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. XCH-10742
191. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex R. & S. XCH-12711
192. Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. XCH-11165
193. Tamarindus indica L. XCH-10729
194. Tectona grandis L.f. XCH-11775
195. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Per. XCH-11441
196. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) ex DC.Wight & Arn. XCH-14620
197. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. XCH-12714
198. Terminalia chebula Retz. XCH-12733
199. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex Hook & Thomson. XCH-14564
200. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. XCH-11302
201. Tribulus terrestris L. XCH-11521
202. Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. XCH-14684
203. Trichosanthes cucumerina L. XCH-12145
105
204. Tridax procumbens L. XCH-12725
205. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. XCH-11266
206. Tylophora subramanii A.N.Henry XCH-12876
207. Utricularia gramnifolia Vahl. XCH-17452
208. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. XCH-12314
209. Vitex negundo L. XCH-11790
210. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. XCH-10216
211. Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott. XCH-11791
212. Zingiber officinale Roscoe. XCH-10391
213. Zizphus mauritiana Lam. XCH-14632
Study of TBK will be useful to understand the role and importance of the tribals in
the conservation of medicinal plants of this area. Nowadays, medicinal technology is well
developed. This development will help to have good health and better quality of life.
However, the cost of the medicine is too high for most of the people residing in the rural
areas. Knowledge of medicinal plants provides to the people with low cost health care and
this knowledge is passed through generations (Seewapong Chamratpan and Sam-ang
Homchuen., 2005).
As reported by Pei, (2001) traditional medical knowledge of and their use by
indigenous cultures are not only useful for conservation of cultural traditions and biodiversity
but also for community healthcare and drug development in the present and future.
106
The Nicobari tribe of Car Nicobar Island is endowed with vast knowledge of
medicinal plants. The tribes cultivate some of those plants for the treatment of various
diseases. They have provided a note on the exact usage along with the local name and
photographs (Stutee Gupta et al., 2004).
Investigation of the traditional uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaecac) in Togo
(West Africa) showed that it is one of the most important local medicinal plants both for
ritual and ethnomedical practices (Nadine Beloin et al., 2005).
Ethanobotanical uses of 14 plant species among the Korku and Gond tribes living in
Melghat forests of Amravati district use of the root of Clitoria tarnatea mixed with hen
blood and honey in chronic cough is found to be a unique method of cureing. Chlorophytum
borivilianum and Plumbago zeylanica are preferred as medicines; moreover leaves are
generally used as food (Chaudhari and Varsha Hutke., 2002).
A total of 115 species of medicinal plants distributed among 104 genera belonging to
52 families were listed from the area inhabited by Thottianaickans in the Semalai reserved
forest, Tamilnadu. Usage practices of these plants have also been reported Ganesan et al.,
(2006).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands represent a biological paradise for plant biodiversity.
Medicinal plants of these islands also represent a typical Malayan flora. About 52 medicinal
107
plants are found to be endemic. Enormous prospect in drug discovery is discernible from
these species (Sonali Das et al., (2006).
An investigation was carried out in order to evaluate Bukhari, an indigenous method
of brooding in the remote and hilly areas of rural India. The study recommends Bukhari as a
safe, economic and suitable indigenous method of brooding to conventional brooder in
remote and rural areas having no or limited availability of power/electricity supply
(Chaurasia et al., 2006).
Similar studies have been undertaken by John (1984); Juiz (1996); Ayyanar and
Ignacimuthu (2005); Maruthakutti (1999); Pushpagadan (1998); Ignacimuthu et al.,
(1998); Viswanathan (1997); (1999); Viswanathan et al., (2001); (2003); (2006); about the
Kani tribals of Agasthiyamalai biosphere reserve.
An ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collect information from traditional
healers on the use of medicinal plants and explore the importance of biodiversity and
ecosystem services to global and human health, the risks which human impacts on
ecosystems and biodiversity present to human health and welfare Antonino De Natale et al.,
(2009).
Similar, works have been done earlier by Romulo RN Alves and Ierece ML Rosa
(2007); Chellaiah Muthu et al., (2006) and Anthony P Cavender and Manuel Alban
(2009).
108
Evaluation of uses and management of Kani Tribals:
Tribal Botanical knowledge (TBK) is a divine gift to humanity. Tribals, even today,
depend on wild plants and animals for their livelihood. Since the prehistoric time man has
always dependant up on plants for his food, shelter and health. Therefore, the relationship
between man and plants is as old as history of humanity and indigenous knowledge about the
plants is as old as human civilization (Plate 8.).
Tribals are primarily a semi-romantic community and one of the primitive people
who settled in Agasthiyamalai. They have been originated from Kerala. They have slowly
shifted to Tamilnadu and have been settled in the forest of Tirunelveli region. Kani tribals
live in harmony with nature and the eco-system. They live in bamboo huts, mainly derived
their food from forest product and still maintain the hunting-gather instincts. They follow
animistic religion (Plate 9.) and practice magic healing.
Kani’s settlement is typically a cluster of few families living interspersed with the
forest, isolated from any public transports facility. Tribals are comprised of largely illiterates,
90% of them can not read and write. They speak Malayalam mixed Tamil. Some of them are
employed in hydroelectric project, private estates and forests departments. The Government
of Tamilnadu has recognized them as Schedule Tribes (ST) in Tiruneliveli district.
Nowadays, they also buy food in the “Public Distribution System” for their home needs.
They sell the cultivated products to the common men with the permission of the Forest
Department, for their livelihood.
109
They are extremely hard working and can survive without the help of modern
agricultural implements. They cultivate edible food plants like jackfruits, citrus, pineapple,
peper, banana, coconut, areca, dioscorea and manihot species etc. They are socio-
economically very poor and still most of them are forest workers. They guide tourists and
researchers. They are also engaged in seasonal collection of honey and some other forests
products.
There is symbiotic association of Kani tribal with forest. They depend on the forest to
fulfill their partial (50%) needs. By cultivation they produce food, medicinal plants and
house hold things. After cultivation they do not collect plants as a whole but leave a part in
order to grow it further.
Medicinal practices of Kanis:
Kani tribals residing in the villages still they have been using traditional medicines for
curing their illness. Most of these traditional medicines are used for relieving pain, reducing
swelling, fever and laxative. A single species may be used for many purposes. Some plants
could be used alone but some are used in mixtures. Plants are used in different ways: used as
rubbing or poultice, decoction, alcoholic tincture, massage, or eaten fresh. Most of the people
know how to recover common ailments like pains, burns, cuts and fevers. Complicated
diseases and ailments are treated by western medicine but some of them still use traditional
medicine especially for severe or prolonged sickness.
110
The data on medicinal plants will serve as a useful tool to prepare development and
action plan for herbal drug industry for improving and uplifting the life and economy of the
state. What is urgently needed is the integration of all aspects of medicinal plants diversity in
our planning for development of local community with linkages to conservation and
protection of all kinds of plants traditionally used by indigenous people. The list of medicinal
plants and the medicinal practices of the tribals are listed in Table 4 and 5.
Conservation of indigenous technological knowledge and practices:
The kani tribals have their own technological knowledge about conservation of forest. The
researcher observed such practices during his study period and are listed below (Table 5. and
Plate 10.)
� Tribes respect a few plants and animals as sacred, and do not destroy them and
thereby they conserve the forests.
� The forest fires which are formed by natural or anthropogenic reasons and are
controlled by “Counter Fire”. ie, inducing fire in the opposite direction so that it
can’t spread over the rest of the area.
� Sometimes the succulent plants are grown to control forests fires.
� The flood is reduced by placing huge logs in the site so that the speed of the water
reduces and at the same time the soil erosion is also controlled.
� The plantation of the crops is carried out in the affected area.
111
� If any natural and anthropogenic factors are harmful to the environment they inform
it immediately to the Department of Forests, Mundanthurai.
� After cultivation they do not collect plants as a whole but leave a part in order to
grow it further for future.
Conservation problems of Agasthiyamalai biosphere:
During the study period the researcher interacted with the tribal community and have
identified the following problems of conservations of biodiversity of the study area (Plate 11.).
Natural disorders
� Flood: Flood erodes the fertile soil from the upper layer.
� Forest fire: Forest fires destroy the important herbs, shrubs and even trees.
In the past fifteen years many forest fire have been occurred in this area as reported by
(MoEF., 2001).
Table 7. Data on Forests fire
Year No. of fires Area in Ha
1990-91 8 28.50
1991-92 21 77.75
1992-93 12 34.60
1993-94 33 109.00
1994-95 29 89.37
1995-96 40 128.59
1996-97 37 193.94
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� Wind: Wind causes damage to vegetation.
� Seasonal variations: Due to the seasonal variations the flowering and fruit setting
period will change.
.
Anthropogenic factors
Apart from the natural disorders many anthropogenic factors also contribute to depletion
of biodiversity. The researcher observed the following anthropogenic factors in the study
area.
� Electricity lines: Due to the construction of electricity lines, growth of plants in that
area is restricted.
� Roads: Due to the formation of road in the hilly areas, cutting of trees increases.
� Boating oil: Oil spill from boats in the dam destroys the fresh water flora as well as
fauna.
� Monocrops: Eucalyptus, Teak and other shade giving plants restrict the sun light
reaching to the ground there by preventing the growth of the herbs and shrubs.
� Tourist: The plastics and other materials used by the tourists and the pilgrims are also
causing serious environmental problems. In the same way they destroy the forest by
cutting down trees for cooking and other activities. eg. Agasthir falls, Agasthir Peak,
Pannathirtham.
� Temples: The temples present in the forest play a vital role in the destruction of flora.
Due to waste water, oils and sewage, the biodiversity at that area is seriously affected.
eg. Agasthir falls, Agasthir Peak, Pannathirtham and Sorimuthu Iyanaar Temple.
113
� Hydro electric power project: The forest is destroyed for construction of dams.
� Cattle grazing: Grazing affects the forest vegetation.
� Hunting animals: Some people hunt the animals for food and hobby. eg. Deer,
Udumboo, Milla and Honey bee.
� Tiger census: In order to take the census report of the tiger in the forest, the census
collectors make many quadrates in the forest field (400m x 1m) and thereby the flora
of the forest is degraded.
� Harvesting: The socio economic trees (Sandal wood, Teak, and Eucalyptus) are cut
for various purposes. The herbal plants are being eroded by the medicinal practitioners
of various villages around the forest. eg. Phyllanthus species.
� Fire Wood: Cutting of trees for bio-fuel, house hold and for other uses reduces the
forest wealth.
� Lack of awareness: Due to the lack of awareness, people cut the important trees for
food, fodder and medicine.
� Forests bangalow: Privatization of the forest area and also allow to bulit bungalow
within the forest like Kannikatti and Singampatti are a very big hinderance for the
forest development.
� Hoop tender: The agroforestry trees are cultivated in the forest and are mass
harvested after a stipulated year which results in the deforestation. eg. Teak and
Eucalyptus.
� Telephone lines: The cutting of trees for laying telephone lines also results, the under
development of the forest area.
114
The deterioration of the wild flora of this area is to be blamed on population pressure,
forest fires, overgrazing, and browsing. The present population has little knowledge about the
medicinal plants of this area because most of the knowledgeable, older persons have passed
away and the younger ones are not as informed of traditional methods. However, as in the
past, some empirical knowledge of medicinal plants among the tribes continues to be
developed and transmitted orally from generation after generation.
Similar reports have been published Albert Sajem and Kuldip Gosai., (2006) the
poor management and anthropogenic activities have resulted in the destruction of forest
reserve. The history reveals that most of the tribal economies have been engaged in
subsistence agricultural and hunting-gathering. With the passage of time, they have
developed a great deal of knowledge on the use of plants and plants products in curing
various ailments. They have a deep belief in their native folklore medicine for remedies and
relay exclusively on their own herbal cure.
Conservation strategy:
In situ and ex situ conservation of endangered or likely to be endangered (rare) species
should immediately be started in the appropriate districts of the state. Use of spontaneous and
wild collected plants must be limited as far as possible and replaced step by step by
cultivation. Tribals should be encouraged to raise their own ethno-medicinal gardens or
herbal gardens in the vicinity to ensure conservation of the depleting biodiversity in medicinal
plants.
115
In situ conservation of biosphere by Kani tribals:
In order to conserve the rich biodiversity of that area steps have been undertaken;
� Establishment of nursery for cultivation.
� Re-introduction of propagated plants from seeds in the selected settlements in
proper segments and monitoring of its re-establishment.
� Establishment of gardens around their settlements.
Ex situ conservation of medicinal plants
As a measure of conservation, the researcher has collected the germplasms of rare and
endangered species. Among them the researcher has selected two plants. These are cultured
through plant tissue culture with a view to introduce in the study area. Composition of medium
in which the two plants have been successfully raised, are shown on Table 8.
Table 8. Establishment of clonal propagation
S.NO BOTANICAL NAME MS+BAP+Kn+NAA (µl) RESULTS
1. Dioscorea alata L. MS+1.0+0.5+1.3 Plant raised
2. Tylophora subramanii A.N.Henry. MS+0.9+0.2+0.4 Plant raised
The described method can be successfully employed for large scale multiplication
and establishment of the rare medicinal plants Dioscorea alata L. and Tylophora subramanii
A.N.Henry (Plate 12 and 13.). The use of simple medium of shooting and rooting and single
116
step in vivo hardening are marked achievement and can be used for low cost, and large scale
micropropagation and restoration of these rare medicinal plants within a short period of time.
In view of medicinal importance, there is an urgent need to conserve this species
ex situ through in vitro methods. Reports on propagation are limited Soniy and Sujitha
(2006); Manjula et al., (1997); Chandrasekhar et al., (2006); Tan and Furtek (2003);
Krishnan et al., (1995). Leena Tripathi and Jaindra Nath Tripathi (2003); Nikam et al.,
(2008); Shella Vantmath et al., (2000); Chaundhuri et al., (2004); Mohammad Faisal and
Mohammad Anis (2003); Sharma and Chandel (1992); Omid Karami and Khosro Piri
(2009).
Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources is essential to meet the demand
for future food security. Advances in biotechnology have generated new opportunities for
genetic resources conservation and utilization. Techniques like in vitro culture and
cryopreservation have made it easy to collect and conserve genetic resources, especially of
species that are difficult to conserve as seeds Kameswara Rao (2004).
Ntupanyama et al., (2008) made an investigation into existing indigenous knowledge
and socio- economic uses of fruit trees in Malawi. The survey revealed that Uapaca kirkiana
fruits contribute considerably to livelihood as a food supplement and for income generation
among local communities. However, U. kirkiana trees are not widely cultivated due to lack
of improved planting materials and difficulties in establishment outside their natural habitats.
The results from the survey indicate that fruits are the main non-timber products that
117
contribute to demand for domestication and the attributes preferred by the rural communities
for improvement are mainly related to fruit taste and yield.
Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from shoot tips of Lippia alba on MS medium
containing 2 µ/ml BAP. The stem nodal segments derived from in vitro grown shoots also
gave multiple shoots on the medium of the same composition. The shoots readily rooted
upon transfer to basal MS medium. The rooted in vitro raised plants established well on soil
following acclimatization. The essential oil profiles and morphology of the micropropagated
plants were identical to the normal vegetatively propagated plants Shiv K Gupta et al.,
(2001).
Initiation of multiple shoots from nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with
8.8 µM BAP and 0.3% (w/v) activated charcoal. Root induction was also achieved
simultaneously from the base of the shoots in the same medium Poornima and Ravishankar
Rai (2007).
Individual shoots with a minimum of one node were excised and rooted in vitro on
MS medium with 2.67 µM NAA or ex vitro rooted on by treatment with 49 µM IBA for 30
min. Regenerants acclimatized in soil rich showed vigorous shoot growth (within 2 weeks)
and after 5-6 months were suitable for planting. Plantlets also developed tubers on MS
medium with 8.8 µM BAP (Manjula et al., (2000).
118
Single nodal explants excised from vines of greenhouse grown white Guinea yam
(Dioscorea rotundata poir cv Obiaoturugo) were initiated in vitro on a medium consisting
of MS basal salt supplemented with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins, 0.5 µM BAP, 0.1 µM NAA, 0.2
µM GA3, 20 mgl -1 L-Cysteine, 30 gl -1 Sucrose and solidified in 8 gl -1 agar by Mbanaso
et al., (2007). They were incubated for 14 months with regular monthly subculture under
continuous illumination at 24±1oC and 1000 lux light intensity. Subsequently, single and
double leaf segments from these were transferred to a simpler liquid medium made up of MS
basal salts and vitamins, reduced sucrose level (20 gl -1) and without growth regulators. The
cultures were kept stationary, and without subculture for 6 months at 27 ± 1oC, 16hrs
illumination and at 2000-2500 lux light intensity.
Nodal explants of 12 accessions from four species of yam (Dioscorea spp.) were
cultured for six weeks on MS to evaluate the influence of IAA, Kn, NAA and BAP on the
production of leaves and microtubers by Tariqul Islam et al., (2008). Four accessions
Dioscorea polystachya Turcz., three each of D. bulbifera L. and D. sansibarensis Pax. and
two D. japonica Thunb. were used. Five and 10 mg/l of KI along with IAA and sucrose, and
0.2 and 0.5 mg/l of NAA, sucrose and with or without BAP were used in four treatments.
Finally, the presence of BAP adversely affected the production of micro tuber among
Dioscorea species.
119
In order to conserve the biodiversity area the following indigenous practices
should be strengthened.
• Conservation of sacred grooves.
• Promotion of “Counter fire” method to control forest fires.
• Use of succulent plants to control forests fires.
• Use of logs in the flooding site so that the speed of the water reduces and at the same
times the soil erosion is controlled.
• Plantation of the crops is carried out in the affected area.
• Promotion of vegetative propagation of a few cultivated plants and promotion of
harvesting practices of the tribals.
• Establishment of nursery for cultivation.
• Re-introduction of propagated plants from seeds in the selected settlements in proper
segments and monitoring of its re-establishment.
• Two rare medicinal plants have been cultured through tissue culture techniques and
hardened. These plants will be introduced in the study area. The other rare
germplasms are maintained in our green house and could be propagated in future.