chapter iv women entrepreneurs in the setting of...

CHAPTER IV

Women Entrepreneurs in the Setting of Delhi: Tabulation and Interpretation of Data

Women Entrepreneurs .1D :t.1w Setting srf. Delhi

Tabulation ADd Interpretation 2f DAtA

Education is one of the necessary pre-requisites for

attaining success in entrepreneurial activity. From the

total sample, it is quite evident that all the entrepreneurs

have educational qualification to a certain level.

Table ~ Educational Qualification 2f Respondents

Qualification

Undergraduates

Graduates

Postgraduates

Professionally qualified

%age of Total respondents

12

36

44

8

It is evident from the table 1 that the majority of

women entrepreneurs i.e. 44 per cent

is followed by 36 per cent who

are postgraduates.

are graduates. The This

number of entrepreneurs with professional qualification is

only 8 per cent. It may, therefore, be concluded that women

with professional qualification find avenues in public and

private sector organisation as salaried employees. On the

other hand, women with less qualification are placed in

138

traditional jobs such as assistants, typists, receptionists

etc. After all , there exists a positive correlation

between educational attainment and entrepreneurship among

women.

Table ~ Marital Status 2f Respondents

Marital Status

Single

Married

Widow


28

68

4

An

cent of

married.

widow.

analysis of the above table suggests that 68 per

the total sample of the women entrepreneurs are

Only 28 per cent are single and 4 per cent are

Thus, it is found that the majority of women

entrepreneurs are married. The number of unmarried/single

women entering into entrepreneurial venture is also quite

significant.

Table ~ ~ 2f Marriage 2f Respondents

Mode of Marriage

Self Selection

Arranged


Consent taken before finalizing

21

79

NIL

139

It is clear from the above table that the majority of

women entrepreneurs (i.e. 79 per cent) have arranged

marriages, whereas only 21 per cent are married through self

selection. It may be mentioned here that these women (21

per cent) are very proud of their decision of marriage

through self-selection.

Table .II..;. ~ Group Distribution 21. Respondents

Age group %age of Total respondents

21 - 30 16

31 - 40 36

41 - 50 32

51 - 60 12

Above 60 4

The above table reveals that 36 per cent of respondents

are between the ages of 31-40 years. It is followed by 32

per cent respondents in the age group of 41-50 years. Women

entrepreneurs in the above 60 years category is only 4 per

cent. It is thus obvious that the majority of women

entrepreneurs (36 + 32 = 68 per cent) are between the age

of 31 to 50 years. This is the age group where one is said

140

to be more mature and experienced and capable enough to

start and remain in an entrepreneurial venture which is

characterised by lot of hard work, uncertainty and risk.

Table ~ MaJor Portion 2f Respondents • .L.if§ Spent It large 2r small citY/town

Place %age of Total respondents

Large city

Small city

Village

76

24

NIL

Evident from the above table is the fact that 76 per

cent of respondents spent the major portion of life at large

city like Delhi, Bombay, Madras etc., whereas only 24 per

cent of women entrepreneurs spent the major portion of life

at small city/town. There was not a single respondent whose

major portion of life was spent in a village or sub-urban

area. Therefore it may be safely concluded that all women

entrepreneurs belong to an urban background: their

socialization, attitude formation, expectation-making, goal

setting all these have been nurtured and shaped in an urban

setting totally divorced from rural influence.

141

Table ~ Birth Place 2f Respondents

Place of Birth %age of Total respondents

Delhi 36

Punjab 12

Uttar Pradesh 16

Rajasthan 12

Lahore/Afghanistan 8

Bombay 6

Jammu 10

Obvious from the above table is the fact that the

majority of respondents (36 per cent) were born in Delhi.

It is followed by the state of UP where 16 per cent of

respondents born. 8 per cent respondents were born

outside India, namely Lahore and Afghanistan. It is,

therefore, obse ed that the women, who were born in Delhi,

feel more comfor able and confident to start a career as an

entrepreneur.

142

Table VII:Beligionwise Distribution 2f Respondents

Religion

Hindu

Muslim

Sikh

Christian


76

2

22

NIL

A look at the above table suggests that the majority of

women entrepreneurs i.e. 76 per cent belong to Hindu

religion. The second largest number of entrepreneurs are

Sikh whereas only a very small number of entrepreneurs (2

per cent) are Muslim. Not a single entrepreneur was found

from Christianity.

Table YIII: Family Composition 2f Res»ondents

Type of Family

Joint

Nuclear

143


33

67

It has been established by myriad of researches that

entrepreneurs in general come from joint family. There are

several reasons for it, e.g. support from family members,

low expenses, presence of older people useful in taking care

of yo~~~ kids etc. It has been proved that women

entrepreneurs from joint family experience low stress and

strain than women coming from nuclear family.

But in our study, a different trend has been witnessed.

The majority of women, i.e. 67 per cent, come from nuclear

family whereas only 33 per cent are from the joint family.

can

Why this is so? A number of convincing

be provided. The nuclear family by its

explanations

definition of

being very small provides women an equal say and is more

open to new ideas. Moreover, she has to convince onl~ one

person who is her husband and not the

persons usually found in a joint family.

large number of

The other reason

may be the fact that in a joint-family, women have to play a

multiplicity of roles which inhibits or restricts her to

take up the entrepreneurial role. It is easier for her in a

nuclear set up to manage both the home front and the job.

Moreover, in nuclear set up, the possibility of interference

as is the case in joint family system from other members is

very bleak. These factors combined together explain why

majority of entrepreneurs belong to nuclear family set up.

144

Table ~ Ordinal Position Amongst Siblings

Ordinal Positions

Eldest

In between

Youngest


20

37

43

As is evident from table IX, the majority of the sample

of women entrepreneurs (43 per cent) are the youngest among

their siblings. 37 per cent are in between the eldest and

the youngest and only 20 per cent entrepreneurs are the

eldest members among the siblings.

The youngest among the siblings forms the majority of

women entrepreneurs. This is perhaps because of the fact

that the youngest in a family gets the support and guidance

of family members and they have less responsibility in the

duties and roles related to family affairs. The majority

of families' obligations are met and the family gets

stabilised in terms of housing and other financial needs by

the time the youngest ones get themselves readied to jump

into the entrepreneurial venture.

145

Table ~ Occupational background 2f Respondents fDily Heabers

Family background Service Business Professiond

Parents 60 32 8

In-laws 39 54 7

Husbands 31 52 17

An analysis of the above table reveals that majority :f

the respondents belong to service background, whereas the~r

marriage has taken place in business families.

It is quite interesting to note that husbands c£

majority of women entrepreneurs are engaged in busines~.

About 52 per cent of respondents • husbands are businessme: ..

It thus suggests that the atmosphere at the house of in-la•s

is more congenial and conducive for a woman to enter int~

entrepreneurial world.

Table ~ Educational Background Qf Respondents~ Fa.aily tteabers

Husband Father in-law

Undergraduate 7 32

Graduate 20 12

Postgraduate 18 26

Professional Degree 55 20

146

Father

16

44

28

12

The above table reveals that 55 per cent of

respondents' husbands have professional degree like MBA or

engineering qualification whereas only 20 and 18 per cent

are graduates and post-graduates respectively whereas the

majority of resp~ndents' father-in-law are undergraduate (32

per cent). Only 20 .per cent of them have professional

degree. In case of the education of respondents' father, 44

per cent are graduate and 28 per cent are post-graduate.

Only 12 per cent are professionally qualified people.

The level of education in case of respondents' r-ather

is comparatively higher compared to the education of

respondents father-in-law. This is due to the fact that

majority of respondents come from service background where

their fathers were suitably employed because of their

educational achievements.

Table ~ ~ Qf ~ Study 2f Respondents

Subjects

Social Sciences

Fine Arts

Sciences

Professional subjects

147


48

12

16

24

From the above table, it is obvious that majority of

the respondents i.e. 48 per cent have studied social

sciences in their graduation or/and po~t-graduation while

only 16 and 12 per cent of respondents have studied natural

sciences and fine arts as their subjects in their courses.

It is worth noting here that almost one-fourth of the

respondents (24 per cent) have got their education in

professional courses like management, fashion designing,

interior decoration etc. which facilitates them to set up

their own enterprises.

Table XIII: Distribution 2! Respondents Accord.ins .t& Baclurround

Short term Professional Courses/Training

Women attending the courses

Women with no professional course


76

24

A look at the table indicates that a majority of women

entrepreneurs (76 per cent) have attended short term/long

term professional courses conducted by various governmental

as well as non-governmental institutions such as FICCI,

YMCA, MDI, NIESBED, Banks etc. Only 24 per cent of the

respondents have not attended such courses offered by

various institutes and professional bodies engaged in the

fields of training and entrepreneurial development.

148

Table ~ Distribution 2f Respondents According ~ Desire 12r Additional Education & Training

Additional Education/ training

Yes

No

Can't say


48

48

4

It is interesting here to note that the number of women

entrepreneurs (48 per cent) who intend to pursue additional

education is equal to the number of respondents who are not

desirous of having additional educational qualifications.

About four per cent of respondents are not sure whether they

will go for more education if they at all get an opportunity

and time for this.

Table ~ Distribution 2f Respondents According lQ Their Bobbies {Leisure l1m§ Activities ~ ~ Engaged inl

Hobbies %age of Total respondents

Reading 26

Music 24

Drama 8

Knitting 16

Painting 14

Socialising 12

149

A perusal of the above table indicates that the

majority of the respondents {26 per cent) consider readin~

as their hobby. This is followed by music which 24 per cent

of the respondents regard it as their hobby. Very few

entrepreneurs {8 per cent) consider drama as their hobby.

About 12 per cent of entrepreneurs aver that socializing is

their hobby.

Apart from the above observations, interior decoration,

watching televisions, designing, shopping, cooking are some

of the hobbies which women entrepreneurs like to be engaged

in.

It is interesting to note that most of the respondents

expressed the unanimous opinion that they hardly get time to

pursue their hobbies which was once so favourite to them.

Table ~ Distribution 2f ReSPOndents Wating ~Q Hake & Chanae iD Their Enterprise

Change

Yes

No

Can't say


36

60

4

It is obvious from the table that almost 60 per cent of

respondents do not want to make any change in. their work or

activities, while 36 per cent of respondents intend to make

150

changes in their work either in terms of expansion or

modification. Only very few respondents (i.e. 4 per cent)

think that they are not in a position to tell now as

modification or expansion depends on future needs and it

comes automatically. So in their view, an answer to this

question is time specific which can't be foretold at the

present.

Table XVI I: ~ .2f Enterprises

Type

Trading

Service

Manufacturing


36

48

16

A glance at the table reveals that majority of

respondents are engaged in service industry (48 per cent)

followed by trading/ (36 per cent). Only a small number of

respondents are in the manufacturing sector. It is because

of the fact that manufacturing industry involves lots of

complexities such as arrangement of capital money, land

shade, labour problems, locating buyers, raw materials anrl

other problems. But service industry does not requirA nll

these ingredients of a business and it is easier to make a

151

niche in the service sector industry and trading business.

The involvement of risk is comparatively lower in tradin~/

service sector as compared to manufacturing industry.

Because of these facts, majority of women

entrepreneurs have gone into service and trading sector, and

not in manufacturing industry.

Table XYIII: Constitution 2f Enterprise

Type %age of Total respondentR

Proprietorship

Partnership

84

16

It is evident from the table that majority of the

enterprises of women entrepreneurs (84 per cent) are

proprietorship in nature, whereas only very few enterprises

(16 per cent) are partnership venture. Most of the

partnership enterprises had been formed for the benefit of

tax benefits or to raise finance for setting up the

entrepreneurial venture.

152

Table ~ Source Qf ~ Generation

Source %age of Total respondents

Own desire 52

Advice from family members/ relatives 18

Advice from Govt. officials NIL

Business Family Background 26

Availability of Finance 4

Any other NIL

The above table reveals that 52 per cent of women

entrepreneurs decided to start their business ventures on

their own decision. It is followed by 26 per cent

respondents who have entered the entrepreneurial venture

because of their business family background. Only 18 per

cent of women entrepreneurs got advice from family members/

husband/relatives to take up to business. Very few (only 4

per cent) respondents have decided to go to business world

because there was availability of finance. It is thus clear

that the idea to establish an enterprise is basically one's

own desire with the majority of women entrepreneurs.

153

Table XX ~ Awareness Qf Special Scbemes 2f Assistance

Special Schemes for Women %age of Total respondents

Aware

Not aware

56

44

It is really surprising to find out from the above

table that a little more than half of the respondents (56

per cent) are aware of the special schemes of assistance for

women announced by the Government/Financial institutions/

other agencies whereas

entrepreneurs have no

nearly 44

idea about

per

any

cent of women

such schemes of

assistance for women. It may thus be surmised that due

publicity is not given to such measures taken by various

organisations and bodies for the benefits of women

entrepreneurs. Adequate effort through the help of means of

mass communication such as radio, television and print media

should be taken to make women entrepreneurs aware of the

various special schemes of assistance for women so offered

by myriad of governmental and non-governmental

organisations.

154

Table XXI :Availing Special Schemes 2f Assistance

Schemes of Assistance %age of Total respondents

Women having not availed it 96

Women having availed it 4

Table XXII: Utility 2f ~ Schemes ~ ~ Success 2f Women Entrepreneurs

' Utility of Schemes %age of Total respondents

Yes 20

No 64

To a certain extent 16

It is evident from the table XXI that 96 per cent of

the respondents have not availed these schemes whereas only

very few (4 per cent) have availed these schemes of

assistance. From table XXII, it is revealed that the

majority of respondents do not consider these special

schemes of assistance for women to be responsible for women

success as entrepreneurs. In numerical terms, 64 per cent

of the respondents believe that these schemes have not been

responsible for the success of women entrepreneurs whereas

155

20 per cent of respondents feel that the success of women

entrepreneurs is positively correlated with such schemes of

assistance. A mere 16 per cent women entrepreneurs are of

the view that these schemes are partly responsible for the

success of a woman entrepreneur.

It may be thus concluded from the above that the

success of majority. of women entrepreneurs is the result of

their own hard labour, innovativeness, risk-taking

willingness and strong achievement motivation. These

schemes, in their eyes, are simply eye-wash. A woman

entreprepreneur has to swim on her own. Responsible for her

entrepreneurial success are her own efforts and honest

endeavour, not these schemes of assistance.

Meabership ~ Professional Bodies

It is interesting to find out whether women

entrepreneurs are members of different professional bodies/

clubs/associations in order to share their views on common

problems.

156

Table XXIII:

Professional Bodies/ Association


Women with membership 68

Women having no membership 32

It is obvious from the table that a majority of women

entrepreneurs (68 per cent) belong to different associa-

tions/clubs whereas only 32 per cent women entrepreneurs

have not taken membership of such organisations. Most of

these entrepreneurs intend to become members of such bodies

as these bodies provide a common platform where they can

exchange their views on a number of issues/problems related

to entrepreneurship among women. These associations include

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

Ladies Organisation (FLO), Indian Council of Women Entrepre-

neurs, NAYE (women's wing) and other such organisations.

Assistance iD ~ enterprise ~ family aeabers

It is quite natural that a women do receive help from

their family members in th~ establishment and running of the

enterprise.

157

Help taken from

Husband

Father/In-laws

No one

Table XXII


19

37

A glance at the table shows that a majority of women

entrepreneurs (44 +19 = 63) are provided help by their

family members. But 37 per cent of women entrepreneurs are

operating independently without any help from any quarter.

The kind of help provided by husband, father, brother and

others pertained to moral and general administration, sales

and marketing, liaison and field work, technical and

accounts, exhibitions of the product at national and

international trade fairs etc.

Table XXY=Tbe question 2! satisfaction !z2m ~ ~ devoted iD looking after 2f th§ children

Time devoted to children %age of Total respondents

Women entrepreneurs satisfied 88

Women entrepreneurs not satisfied 12

158

The above table reveals that a majority of women

entrepreneurs (88 per cent) are satisfied with the time they

devote to their children whereas very few (12 per cent) are

in the category of unsatisfied women entrepreneurs in this

respect. It was found that most of the entrepreneurs

perform both the roles that of entrepreneur and that of a

caring mother very satisfactorily.

Reaction 2f ~ children wb§D aotber ~ t2 business premises/office

From the mother's perspective, it was found that most

of them feel satisfied with the amount of time they devote

to their children. But what is the reaction of children

when mother goes to business premises/office? In other

words, how does a child perceive the absence of mother away

from the home?

Table XXYl

Reaction of children

Bitter

Indifferent

Don't mind

Like it

159


NIL

NIL

62

38

An analysis of the above table indicates that most of

women entrepreneurs (62 per cent) feel that their children

don't mind their going to busines premises/offices. As far

as liking of the children for the entrepreneurial activity

of mother is concerned, it was found that only 38 per cent

children like it. Not a single case was found where women

entrepreneurs think that their children feel bitter or are

indifferent to their going to business pr-emises or office.

Efficiency children

2f 1m independent entrepreneur 1f1:th young

Are you confident that a mother with young children can

work efficiently as an independent entrepreneur? This

question was probed in detail. Almost all women

entrepreneurs share the same views that it is quite

difficult for a mother with young children to work

effectively.

Table XXVII

Efficiency of entrepreneur with young children


Yes 7

No 93

160

It is obvious from the table that 93 per cent of women

entrepreneurs are not confident that a mother with young

children can work effectively. They feel that a child needs

and seeks the attention, constant care and love of his/her

mother. No body in the family except the mother can give

such love and affection to the child. In fact, there is no

substitute for a mother.

Almost all women entrepreneurs are unanimous in their

thinking that a woman should not start an entrepreneurial

venture when their children are young. They point out that

when the children are grown up, at least upto the age of 10

or so, then one can take up business activities as it would

not affect them much. Majority of the respondents, in fact,

started their enterprise when their children were grown up.

It is thus found, without doubt, that a mother with

young children cannot work efficiently as a woman

entrepreneur.

Table XXYIII: Sociability 2f Women Entrepreneurs

Social Calls %age of Total respondents

Women making social calls

Women making no social calls

Entrepreneurs making very limited 'social calls

161

79

17

4

It is revealed from the table that the majority of

women entrepreneurs make social calls on their own. Very

few (17 per cent) do not make social calls whereas only 4

per cent of women entrepreneurs are making very limited

social calls. Most of the women entrepreneurs feeJ that the

nature of their business demands that they should be out

going and socializing with the people. But most of them

feel the constraint of limitation of time because of their

busy schedule in work life.

To the question whether they like if others come to

their house to visit them, almost all the entrepreneurs said

that they like it, rather they love it. It is thus clear

that the very nature of women entrepreneurs is that of

sociable and mixing.

~ Stress. ~ conflict

The issue of role stress and role conflict among women

entrepreneurs because of the very nature of their life at

work and life at home cannot be over emphasised. The

expectation at family level is different from

expectation at work. It was thus asked as to whether

have succeeded in adjusting their work life with

demands.

162

the

they

family

Table XXIX

Adjustment between work life and family demands


Fully

Partially

Not at all

76

24

NIL

A look at the table suggests that a majority of women

entrepreneurs have fully succeeded in adjusting their work

life with family demands whereas only 24 per cent

respondents feel that they have partially succeeded in

adjusting family demands with work life. It is surprising

to find out that there is not a single case of woman

entrepreneur who has not at all adjusted the work life with

family demands. Most of the women entrepreneurs are thus

capable enough to strike a balance between the conflicting

roles of entrepreneurial activities and household

activities.

In fact, some of the women entrepreneurs do have a

feeling that they are over burdened and overloaded with

responsibilities at home and at business premises.

Nevertheless, they are managing both their roles

satisfactorily.

163

Table XXX ~ Problemn SpecificallY because 2f being Wgmap

course 2f their Career/Experience.

Problems/Obstacles %age of Total respondent

Women facing problems 52

Women facing no Obstacles 48

Table :XXXI: Asnistance Received because 2f being Wollen iD

Course sd. their Career/Experience

Assistance %age of Total respondents

Women receiving assistance 28

Women receiving no assistance 72

An analysis of the comments from the respondents

on the obstacles encountered or assistance received

specifically because of being women in the course of their

career/experience reveals interesting facts.

164

A look at the above table shows that a little more

than half of the respondents (52 per cent) feel that they do

have to face problems because of being an woman. At the

first glance they are not considered seriously by the

persons with when they have to interact for their business

dealings. So, they have to convince a lot that they mean

business, nothing else. About 48 per cent or encounter any

obstacle specifically because of being woman. They find

treatment in business deals on equal footing with the men.

They don't have any hassels in the interaction process and

the smooth conduct of the enterprises.

From the table XXXI, it is obvious that a majority

of women entrepreneurs do not receive any help especifically

because of being woman. 72 per cent of the respondents fall

in its category while only 28 per cent women entrepreneurs

are found to have received assistance because of being

woman. They have got priority in appointment; their problems

are seriously attended to and they get their work done

comparatively with ease and comfort.

Table XXXII: Proble.s in Interaction Bitb Governaent

Officoals

Interaction with govt. Officials %age of Total respondents

Women facing no problem 68 I Women facing problem 32

I

165

What is obvious from the above table is the fact

that 32 per cent of women entrepreneursfeel problem

intracting with government officials regarding their work.

But a majority of them (68 per cent) donot feel any problem

in their interaction with the government officials.

Moreover, it is found that the probability /frequency of

interaction of women entrepreneurs with government officials

is very less as the nature of their gole does not provide

such occasions.

Table XXXIII: Position 2f Women iDA ~ Dominated Society

Position of Women entrepreneurs %age of Total respondents in Society

Comfortable 64

Uncomfortable 16

Sometimes O.K., Sometimes disgusting 20

Evident from the table is the fact that very few

women entrepreneurs (16 per cent only) find their position

in male dominated society as uncomfortable whereas majority

of them consider their position as very comfortable almost

on equal terms with male counterparts. They feel that there

is no feeling of deprivation, discrimination, rather they

get very good treatment everywhere.

166

The respondents who sometimes feel good and

sometimes very bad depending on the specific time and space

constitute 20 per cent of the total sample. So, the feeling

of one's place in a male dominated society in this case

keeps on changing in the context of patterns behaviour

response they are subject to.

Table XXXIY: Opinion 2f Wo.en Entrepreneurs 2D Extra-Marital

Extra-marital relationship %age of Total respondents

Those who subscribe to the view (yes) 44

Those not subscribing to the view (No) 56

It is quite interesting to find that more than

half of women entrepreneurs (56 per cent) donot believe that

a successful woman entrepreneur can have extra-marital

relationship because of her economic independence and

successful career. But a little than half of women

entrepreneurs feel that an woman entrepreneur may go for

extra marital affairs because of the very nature of her work

and the opportunity she gets. But they are quick to add

that indulging in extra-marital affairs is basically a

factor of individual tem~rament, family background and is

167

also the product of the nature of ongoing husband-wife

relationship. Indeed, if the relation between a husband and

wife is very cordial and smooth, it will act as a deterrent

force limiting the scope of indulgance in such affairs.

The role of socialisation, the background of the family and

the individual temperament also play an important role.

Success as an entrepreneur and concomitant economic

independence was not found to be a vital factor abetting to

extra-marital relationships of women entrepreneurs.

Table XXXV: Self-perception sd. Wolten EntrePreneurs

Self-Estem %age of Total respondents

Self-esteem increased on becoming entrepreneur

Self esteem not increased on becoming entrepreneur

100

nil

It is quite evident from the above table that all

women entrepreneurs ( 100 per cent respondents) are

unanimous in their perception that their self-esteem has

increased on becoming an entrepreneur. They feel that their

life is now more meaningful and they do contribute to the

socio-economic development process of the country. So, the

168

sense of doing something positive and productive, and not

sitting idle at home, have helped increase the self esteem

of women entrepreneurs.

Table XXXYI: Respect Received ~ Society. Neighbourhood ~ Family

Respect received

Women receing respect from Society, Family etc.

Women who feel that no body is bothered

% of Total respondents

76

24

A moment's reflection at the above table reveals

that a majority of women entrepreneurs (76 per cent) feel

that they receive respect from society, from neighbourhood

and from family and colleagues. But 24 per cent of women

entrepreneurs do not share the same views. They go on to

emphasise that in fact no body is bothered as to what you

are doing. This fact sheds some light on the nature of life

pattern prevailing in metropolitan cities. Indeed, body's

life in metropolitan city has become very formal and one

has little time to know what the person next door is engaged

in.

169

Table XXXVII _ Success Level 2f Women Entrepreneurs iD their .mm~

Success as Entrepreneur %age of Total respondents

An excellant success 28

Moderate success 64

Not a great success 8

How do they look upon their life so far as an

entrepreneur ? Do they regard their success in

entrepreneurial venture as excellant or moderate ? This

question was examined by knowing their responses.

An examination of the above table reveals the fact

that the majority of women entrepreneurs regard their life

as an entrepreneur as moderate success. Nearly 28 per cent

women entrepreneur consider it to be an excellant success

whereas very few (8 per cent) regard it as not a great

success because it was recently started and it is too early

to pass a judgment about the level of success their

enterprises have achieved.

It is thus an important finding of this study that

nearly 92 per cent of women entrepreneurs have been able to

achieve success in their entrepreneurial ventures. This is

largely due to the fact that majority of their enterprises

are in service and trading sector where probability of

failure is less as compared to enterprises in manufacturing

sector.

170

chapter iv women entrepreneurs in the setting of...

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